Theo Knight-Jones
Benefits and possibilities for the foot and mouth
disease progressive control pathway to be applied at
county level
Expert consultative workshop on foot and mouth disease risk-based strategic plan
Naivasha, Kenya
11–12 September 2019

FMD and poverty
Global burden of FMD in cattle (Sumption et al., 2008) –South America, Kazakhstan, North Africa
Density of poor livestock keepers, updated 2012 (Thornton et al., 2002).

CVO priorities, OIE 2015
Grace et al. (2015) https://hdl.handle.net/10568/56836

FMD Sero-prevalence studies
(McLaws et al., 2014)
Approx. 45% cattle infected per year - % with clinical disease?
Kibore et al. (2013), Chepkwony et al. (2012)

How are endemic countries affected?
Regular outbreaks + Each affecting many animals = Big impact
?
Modified from Rushton et al. 1999

FMD impact
• FMD was ranked as the most important livestock disease by
agro-pastoralists in North Tanzanian study (Casey et al., 2014)
• >80% of agro-pastoralists and pastoralists experienced FMD outbreaks in
the year assessed, with each outbreak affecting half of all cattle (71% of
adult female cattle) and a third of goats.
• For sedentary smallholders about a third experienced outbreaks within the
last year (Casey et al., 2014).
• Narok Pastoralists in Kenya found FMD was again ranked as
being the highest impact livestock disease after ECF (Onono et
al., 2013)
• An outbreak in a large herd causes losses of US$15 000 (Mulei
et al., 2001) to >US$100 000 per farm (Kimani et al., 2005)
• Growing livestock and meat export market

FMD impact
• Most visible for milk and pigs and trade bans
• Kenya smallholders account for 70% of milk production
(FAO, 2011)
• Burden to individual households may be variable but
with high prevalence, population level burden can
still be very large
• Individuals may not act to address population impact
• The role of government

Control options
• Biosecurity
• Movement controls – good surveillance
• Vaccination
• Education/awareness

Brazil - FMD outbreaks and vaccination.
Naranjo & Cosivi, Proc Roy Soc B, 2013
FMD and exports – South America

Brazil - FMD outbreaks and vaccination.
Naranjo & Cosivi, Proc Roy Soc B, 2013
South America – Export of meat
from FMD-susceptible species
FMD and exports – South America

France - FMD outbreaks and vaccination.
Lombard et al, OIE, Rev. sci. tech., 2007.
Don’t think it’s
hopeless!

France - FMD outbreaks and vaccination.
Lombard et al, OIE, Rev. sci. tech., 2007.
The Netherlands - FMD outbreaks
and vaccination. Dekker, A. Foot-
and-mouth disease vaccine induced
protection. (2010).

Progressive Control Pathway - PCP-FMD

PCP at County level
• Strategic application of vaccination, biosecurity
and movement controls
• When?
• Seasonal transmission
• Where?
• Risk hot spots – dealers, mixing points, markets
• How?
• Avoid vaccine bottlenecks
• Don’t obstruct those wanting to control FMD
• Utilise them

Veterinary Services role
• Plan strategy
• Facilitate – Implement
• Public - Private
• Educate
• Enforce
• Strategy will change with progress from individual
holding protection to mass control
• Growing benefits
• Reduced transmission - Better market access
• Allows more intensive breeds & production
• Evaluate – Learn - Improve

Questions and comments?
?

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