DAIRY INTENSIFICATION, GENDER AND CHILD NUTRITION: PRELIMINARY IMPRESSIONS Presented by Isabelle Baltenweck (ILRI) EADD Regional Advisory Committee Meeting Kigali, Rwanda, 18 February 2011

2. Income Mediated Hypothesis : With intensification, increasing dairy income will be associated with higher food and health expenditures, contributing to improved child and household nutrition. Conclusion : Dietary diversity, a proxy for food expenditures, increases across intensification levels, but possible confounding factors such as wealth need to be controlled with further analysis, as possible, given this type of study. This relationship would need to be confirmed through a larger scale quantitative study.

Managers of Morning and Evening Milk Income While the head of the household is increasingly managing the income with intensification, the percent of joint managers (both head and spouse) is also increasing across intensification levels. Emerging (n=21) Advanced (n=29) Head 33% 45% Spouse 52% 28% Joint 14% 28%

Who makes the decision on where to sell the evening milk? The reported number of spouses that determine where to sell the evening milk increased from 54% to 82% across intensification level (p-value=0.059). UNEXPECTED: This trend seems inconsistent with the literature and FGDs gave mixed impressions on this issue. Decision Maker Emerging (n=19) Advanced (n=22) Head 36% 5% Spouse 54% 82% Joint 16% 14%

“ MOST MONEY FROM MILK GOES TO WOMEN…THE HUSBAND TELLS THE WIFE TO USE THE MONEY AND BRING A BUDGET SO SHE SHALL NOT ASK FOR MORE MONEY.” – ADVANCED INTENSIFICATION FOCUS GROUP

Reported Monthly Income from Various Sources Milk income as a percentage of average monthly income Average acreage owned across sites and intensification levels. “ If I intensify, I would scale down on maize and scale-up on dairy.” - Male farmer, emerging group, Kipkelion Income Source No cows (n=30) Emerging (n=31) Advanced (n=31) Milk Sales 0% 9% 23% Average Monthly Income (in Ksh) 9,080 11,495 11,830 Site No Cows (n=30) Emerging (n=31) Advanced (n=31) Average Acreage Across Sites Cheborge 5 (n=10) 5 (n=10) 5 (n=10) 5 (n=30) Kipkelion 3 (n=10) 6 (n=11) 6 (n=12) 5 (n=33) Kebenet 7 (n=10) 8 (n=10) 17 (n=9) 10 (n=29) Average Acreage 5 6 9

“ MILK BELONGS TO THE WOMAN AND THE MONEY BELONGS TO THE MAN”- MALE FARMER, EMERGING GROUP, CHEBORGE “ MEAT IS A MUST WHEN WE GET PAID [FROM THE DAIRY].”- MALE FARMER, EMERGING GROUP, KIPKELION FROM THE FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS:

Workload of Primary Caregiver Results were consistent with what was learned in the FGDs about women’s busy schedules. When asked in the FGDs what would change with dairy intensification, a young mother in Kebenet said, “ More cows means more work .” Average Time Spent on Daily Activities (in minutes) No Milk Emerging Advanced Childcare Activities 201 228 219 Income Generating Activities 282 284 276 Cattle Activities 15 112 57

Childcare Strategies During Dairy Activities

Breastfeeding, Weaning and Complementary Feeding Practices for Children under 24 Months

Brucellosis: What is the reported rate of brucellosis in humans in these communities? Perceived % of community suffering from brucellosis Percent of households reporting a member affected by brucellosis, by intensification No milk (n=30) Emerging (n=31) Advanced (n=31) Cheborge 8-21 3 0 3 Kebenet 38-48 0 0 3 Kipkelion 4-6 6 0 12 Total 10 0 19