DETECTION OF TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DISEASES
USING PARTICIPATORY DISEASE SURVEILLANCE IN
PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Mwapu Dika NDAHI, Ayi Vandi Kwaghe, Joy Gararawa Usman,
Samuel Anzaku, Alim Bulus, Jude Angbashim.
PENAPH Technical Workshop,
Chiang Mai, Thailand
11th – 13th December, 2012

Outline
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Results and Discussion
What went well and why?
What did not and why?
Conclusion

Introduction
Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs) are
epidemic diseases which are highly contagious and
have the potential for very rapid spread, irrespective
of national borders.
These diseases cause a high morbidity and mortality
in susceptible animal populations causing serious socio-
economic and possibly public health consequences.
Their economic importance is a major constraint in
international trade.

Objectives
To determine the presence or absence of TADs
using PE methods in Plateau State
To improve the detection & reporting of TADs in
Nigeria using PDS.

Methodology
The study was conducted in 35 villages from six
local government areas in the Northern senatorial
zone of the state
PDS Team – 3vets and 1 animal health worker
Pre-advocacy visits were conducted
All age groups of farmers and women were
interviewed for more viable results.

Methodology cont’d
The following tools were used
(a) Check list
(b) Scoring and Ranking
(c) Visualization

Data Analysis
Data was analyzed as indicated in “A Manual for
Participatory Disease Surveillance Practitioners:
Introduction to participatory epidemiology and its
application to highly pathogenic avian influenza
participatory disease surveillance”.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig I: Livestock species and ranking based on
population in 35 villages in Plateau state
Simple ranking
160
140
120
100
80
Simple ranking
60
40
20
0
Poultry Sheep Dogs Pigs Cattle Cats
and goats

Table 1: Poultry diseases and their local names in
35 villages of Plateau state
Diseases/ Infestation Local names in Hausa
language
Newcastle Disease (ND) Farin kasha, Farin zawo,
Zawo,
Ro chowo (Berom language)
Fowl pox Kuraje
Chronic Respiratory Tari, Mura
Disease (CRD)
Lousiness Kwarkwata
Coccidiosis Kashin jinni

Fig II: Diseases of poultry and ranking using
PP in 35 villages of Plateau state
Ranking using PP
180
160
140
120
100
80
60 Ranking using PP
40
20
0
Newcastle Fowl pox CRD Lousiness Coccidiosis
disease
(ND)

Table 2: Diseases of Sheep and goats and their
local names in 35 villages of Plateau state
Diseases/ Infestaion Local names in Hausa/Fulani
languages*
Peste de Petit Ruminant Zawo, Mura, Zawo da
(PPR) majina, Atini,
Faciolosis Hanta, Masassaku
Helminthosis Tsutsan ciki
Foot rot Ciwon Kafa
Mange Makenkero
CCPP Mura, Tari
Trypanosomosis Samore*
Streptothricosis Kirchi
Ectoparasitism Kaska, Kwarkwata

Fig III: Ranking of diseases of sheep and goats in
35 villages of Plateau state
Ranking usin PP, Matrix scoring
350
300
250
200
150
100 Ranking usin PP, Matrix
scoring
50
0

Table 3: Diseases/Infestation of cattle and local
names in 35 villages of Plateau state
Diseases/ Infestation Local names in Hausa/Fulani
languages*
Foot and Mouth Mboru *
Disease (FMD)
Faciolosis Ciwon hanta, Masassaku
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Huhu
(CBPP)
Helminthosis Zawo
Dermatophylosis Kirchi
Trypanosomosis Samore*
Lumpy skin disease Mbolo *
Ectoparasitism (tick Kaska
infestation)

Fig IV: Diseases of cattle and ranking in 35
villages of Plateau state
Ranking using PP, Matrix scoring and DIMS
160
140
120
100
80
60
40 Ranking using PP, Matrix
scoring and DIMS
20
0

Table 4: Diseases of pigs and their local names
in 35 villages of Plateau state
Diseases Local names in Hausa language
Helminthosis Ampul, Tsusan chiki
Lousiness Kwarkwata
African Swine Fever Zazzabi/ciwon aladu
(ASF)
Cysticercosis _
Mange _
Diamond skin disease _

Fig V: Diseases of pigs and ranking in 35
villages of Plateau state
Ranking using PP, Matrix scoring, DIMS
70 Ranking using PP, Matrix scoring
60 70
50 60
40 50
30 40
20 30
10 20 Ranking using PP, Matrix
0 10 Ranking usingDIMS
scoring, PP,
0 Matrix scoring

Table V: Diseases of dogs and their local names
in 35 villages of Plateau state
Diseases/ Infestation Local names in Hausa language
Rabies Huakan Kare
Helminthosis Tsusan Chiki
Myiasis Tsusan Jiki
Parvovirus enteritis _
Ectoparasitism (lice and Kwarkwata, Kaska
tick infestation)
Mange _

Fig VI: Diseases of dogs and ranking in 35
villages of Plateau state
Ranking using PP, Matrix scoring, DIMS
120
100
80
60
40
20 Ranking using PP, Matrix
scoring, DIMS
0

Transboundary animal diseases of livestock
species in 35 villages of Plateau state
Poultry: Newcastle Disease (ND)
Sheep and goats: Peste de Petit Ruminant
(PPR)
Cattle: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD),
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
and Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD).
Pigs: ASF
Dogs: Rabies

Challenges faced in livestock rearing
Challenges faced by the farmers in these villages
include:
Diseases
Access to veterinary services.
Drought during dry season.
Predation of chicks by hawks.
Lack of housing for local birds.
Poverty still poses challenges in the use of veterinary
drugs and services by the farmers in these communities.

Table VI: Ethno-veterinary practices in the 35
villages in Plateau state
Specie Disease/symptom Local treatment
Poultry Newcastle Disease Cactus, Decoction of cactus
+ gautan kaji (a plant fruit
in hausa language), Pepper
in water.
Fowl pox Use of palm oil on affected
areas.
Sheep and Goats Peste de Petit Ruminant Grounded Boaboa leaves
(PPR). (kuka in Hausa language)+
Maize or guinea corn bran,
orally.
Mange Hawa (fish poison) in Hausa
dialect, applying it on the
Affected areas.
Contagious ecthyma Mahogany oil + balm,
rubbed on the affected
area

Table VI: Ethno-veterinary practices in the 35
villages in Plateau state
Species Disease/Symptom Local tretment
Sheep and goats Cough Lemon extract administered
orally.
Diarrhea kuka (boaboa leaves)
grounded + potash,
administer orally
Loss of appetite Daddawan baso (Hausa
dialect) made from locust
bean seeds is given to
increase appetite.
Cattle Lumpy Skin Disease Branding.
Fasciolosis Mahogany.
Trypanosomosis Mahogany + salt + potash
Swellings Branding
Dogs Rabies Use of pia or cocoyam
Myiasis / Helminthosis Ogogoro (locally brewed
beer) administered orally

What went well?
Commitment of the team (committed to the work, time
conscious and cooperative)
Good relationship with fieldworkers (Animal health
workers at the rural level)
Know the livestock species kept and disease profile
Ability to acquire disease status and season of
occurrence in communities which gives information for
effective disease control

What went well? Cont’d
Identification and recognition of seasonal
occurrences - planning of intervention programmes
(ND vaccination in rural poultry).
Increase awareness on disease reporting in the
grassroots
Exposure of Animal Health workers to PE
Exposure to most parts of the state, opportunity to
meet and interact with communities with different
ethnic diversities

What went well? Cont’d
Potential for private veterinary practice identified
Federal Government intervention through Sanitary
mandate Veterinarian
Proffer solution to some problems that farmers face
(control of ND don’t buy sick chickens from the market
and introduce to your own) and other biosecurity
measures.
Enlightenment of farmers on zoonotic/notifiable
diseases

What went well? Cont’d
Pictorial presentation of animal and their disease
conditions elicits quick response from respondents
The communities were receptive and cooperative
Promises were not made to raise their expectation
(Appraisal team are not decision makers!)

What did not go well?
Inability to proffer immediate solutions to some of
their problems
Difficult terrain
Hoarding of knowledge on traditional remedies
Inability to identify some of the trees and plants
used for ethno veterinary medicine
Dominance by opinion leaders

Conclusion
PDS has revealed the presence of transboundary
animal diseases in Plateau state.
PDS has provided insight on the challenges faced
by rural farmers in livestock rearing.
PDS also revealed the existence of
ethnoveterinary practices in rural areas and the
need for veterinary services.
This study shows that there is a need for PDS to be
integrated into our surveillance system

Acknowledgement
Early Detection Response Surveillance for Avian
Influenza in Africa (EDRSAIA)
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
National Animal Disease Information and
Surveillance, Nigeria (NADIS)
Support Programme for National Action Plan for
Avian Influenza (SPINAP)

Thank you