1.
Crop residue use in crop-livestock farms challenges & options of mulching in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia 5th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture Brisbane, Australia, 26-29 September 2011 Diego Valbuena Olaf Erenstein Sabine Homann Tahirou Abdoulaye Alan Duncan Bruno Gérard Nils Teufel

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mixed systems & SLP www.vslp.org Mixed systems = 2/3 population + food + value chains (Herrero et al. 2010) Biomass trade-offs : immediate demands & soil sustainability SLP : Bring livestock research on the agenda + links CGIAR Current project: crop residues use in mixed systems

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objectives D escribe crop residue use in diverse mixed systems I dentify main challenges of mulching L ook for options related to mulching

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crop residue use CA ideal situation http://www.iconpot.com http://www.openclipart.org

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crop residue use mixed crop-livestock farms $$ http://www.openclipart.org http://www.how-to-draw-funny-cartoons.com http://coloring-drawing.com www.clipartof.com http://www.iconpot.com

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working ideas C R : much more than mulch O ffer (intensification) & demand (pressure) matter O ptions need to include local specificities

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site & village selection site : agri. intensification & market village : market & road access

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selected sites after Valbuena et al. submitted Pot. pressure on biomass HIGH MEDIUM LOW Country India Bangla. Kenya Ethiopia India Ethiopia Zimb. Mozam. Niger Nigeria Malawi Niger Site ID H-I1 H-B H-K M-E2 M-I2 M-E1 L-Z L-MZ L-N1 L-NG L-MW L-N2 Location Karnal Dinajpur Kakamega Nekemte Rajasthan Kobo Nykayi Changara Fakara Kano Mzimba Maradi Symbol Market access +++ + + ++ + ++ + ++ + + +++ + ++ Intensification +++ ++ ++ + + + + + + ++ ++ + Agro-ecology semi-arid (irrigated) humid (irrigated) highlands highlands semi-arid semi-arid semi-arid semi-arid semi-arid semi-arid semi-arid semi-arid Rainfall 750 2000 1650 1050 650 700 600 650 500 800 700 600 Main crops wheat-rice rice maize, beans maize, teff maize sorghum, teff maize maize, millet, sorghum millet, cowpea sorgh. maize.gnt cpea maize millet, sorghum, cowpea Livestock buffalo cattle cattle goat cattle-dairy cattle cattle/buf goat cattle cattle cattle goats cattle shoats cattle shoats cattle goats cattle shoats

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potential biomass pressure after Valbuena et al. submitted M-E1 H-B L-N1 H-I1 L-NG L-N2 L-Z L-MW M-E2 M-I2 L-MZ H-K Grouping sites: pop. & livestock densities

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land & animals M-E1 H-B L-N1 H-I1 L-NG L-N2 L-Z L-MW M-E2 M-I2 L-MZ H-K land & livestock; livelihood for > ½ farms

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income & production M-E1 H-B L-N1 H-I1 L-NG L-N2 L-Z L-MW M-E2 M-I2 L-MZ H-K Range of agriculture & self-consumption Extremes in S. Asia

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CR more than mulch: cereals after Valbuena et al. submitted sites 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% H-I1 H-B H-K M-E2 M-I2 M-E1 L-Z L-MZ L-N1 L-NG L-MW L-N2 other traded left/mulch feed ↓ feed ↑ mulch ↑ feed, ↓ mulch NG: feed-fuel MW: feed-mulch

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CR more than mulch: legume H-K L-N1 % sold % fed % others L-NG L-N2 Legume residue high value or good for cooking (H-K). No mulching. In Southern Africa not mentioned.

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trends last 10yrs Overall increase of CR use as fuel & stall feed Increase left/mulch key sites: irrigation & fertilizers Increase of collection/privatisation of CR in ET % villages H-I1 H-B H-K M-E2 M-I2 M-E1 L-Z L-MZ L-N1 L-NG L-MW L-N2 increase fuel - 71 100 100 - 63 - - 100 88 - 57 stall feed 63 100 88 100 38 88 60 88 86 100 - 71 left/mulch 63 88 38 0 0 0 - 40 57 - 75 - decrease left/mulch 0 13 63 88 25 100 - 20 43 - 13 -

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CR as feed after Valbuena et al. submitted sites H-I1 H-B H-K M-E2 M-I2 M-E1 L-Z L-MZ L-N1 L-NG L-MW L-N2 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% ↑ feed: M & H- sites ↑ feed sources

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feed shortages 0 2 4 6 8 10 crop residues green fodder grazing sites H-I1 H-B H-K M-E2 M-I2 M-E1 L-Z L-MZ L-N1 L-NG L-MW L-N2 M-sites & West Africa: ↑ pressure on feed

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intensification matters after Valbuena et al. submitted M-ET1 H-BD L-NE1 H-IN1 L-NG L-NE2 L-ZW L-MW M-ET2 M-IN2 L-MZ H-KN ↑ pop: ↑ intensity (area) H ↑ pop: ↓ communal land ↑ pop ↓ int./prod (area) & ↓ com. land: ↑ pressure on CR

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other CA-related practices M-E1 H-B L-N1 H-I1 L-NG L-N2 L-Z L-MW M-E2 M-I2 L-MZ H-K > ½ area is tilled by animal; but also hand or tractor (not shown) Scarce legumes; market distortion & farming systems

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results show that: CR are short-term resources: feed & Co. CR to mulch with lower pressure (very ↑ production; or ↑ production + ↓ demand), but practices need to change. With higher pressure: increase of production is needed. Each region has its own potential, challenges & options for more sustainable agriculture = no silver-bullet exists

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work in progress household diversity linking better socio-economic, biophysical & institutional stakeholder involvement: R4D & demand-led R&D proposals