Can we turn crop residues into concentrates?
Michael Blümmel, G.V.M. Sharma, K. Ravindranath, V. Padmakumar, H. Rahman
and C. Jones
Workshop on transforming livelihoods in South Asia through sustainable
livestock research and development
Kathmandu, Nepal, 13-14 November 2018

Leveraging spin-off technologies from 2nd generation biofuel
to convert crop residue into concentrates
Three potential spin off technologies explored:
• Steam treatment, Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX), 2CCT
• Tested in vitro with a wide range of cereal residues from India
• Tested in vivo steam treatment and 2CCT using TMRs based 70& untreated and
treated rice straw
• Ex-ante assessment suitability to be used in SMEs

Spin-off technology n In vitro GP after 48 h
(ml/200 mg)
True IVOMD after 48 h
(%)
U T U T
Steam Treatment 4 48.6 53.6 62.9 71.8
AFEX Treatment 10 42.9 51.5 65.1 84.4
2CC Treatment 11 39.7 66.7 55.9 94.1
Summary of effects of steam, ammonia fiber expansion and 2CC treatment on in
vitro gas production (GP) and true in vitro digestibility-1 (IVOMD) after 48 h of
incubation. U = untreated; T = Treated
-1The average difference between true and apparent IVOMD is about 12.9 percentage units (van Soest, 94).
Increments in digestibility were similar independent of expression as apparent or true digestibility.
Blümmel et al. (2018)

Intake and weight gain in sheep fed complete diets consisting of
70% untreated and steam and 2CCT treated rice straw
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 0
W e e k s o f e x p e rim e n ta tio n
Intake(g/kgLW)
T M R w ith 2 C C tre a te d rice s tra w
T M R w ith ste a m tre a te d rice s tra w
T M R w ith u n tre a te d rice stra w l
x = 4 1 .4
x = 5 2 .3
x = 3 6 .7
+ 3 .9 2 k g L W G
+ 6 .1 2 k g L W G
+ 1 .6 6 k g L W G
R e s p o n s e o f s h e e p fe d to ta l m ix e d ra tio n s c o n ta in in g 7 0 % o f
u n tre a te d , 2 C C T tre a te d a n d s te a m tre a te d ric e s tra w

Would rice straw with a digestibility of more than 80% still
burn?

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