Assessing
governance
for
climate
smart
landscapes:
A
case
from
Makueni
County,
Kenya
Enoch
On(ri
and
Lance
W
Robinson
Interna'onal
Livestock
Research
Ins'tute
Introduc<on
Among
the
obstacles
to
achieving
climate
smart
agriculture
are
low
levels
of
organiza'onal
capacity,
land
use
and
tenure
pa?erns,
and
upstream-­‐
downstream
interac'ons
within
agricultural
watersheds,
to
name
a
few.
We
understand
these
obstacles
as
being
primarily
challenges
of
governance.
We
assessed
the
organiza'ons,
formal
and
informal
ins'tu'ons,
networks
and
decision
making
procedures
which
together
cons'tute
the
governance
system
for
the
Middle-­‐Kai'
landscape
in
Makueni
County,
Kenya.
Pictures
Lance
Robinson
L.Robinson@cgiar.org
●
Box
30709
Nairobi,
Kenya
●
+254
20
422
3000
●
ilri.org
This
project
was
funded
by
CCAFS
This
document
is
licensed
for
use
under
a
Crea've
Commons
A?ribu'on
–Non
commercial-­‐Share
Alike
3.0
Unported
License
March
2015
March
2015
Steps
in
the
Assessment
1.
Ini<al
System
Analysis
1A.
Decide
on
Level
of
Analysis
1B.
Stakeholder
Analysis
1C.
Iden'fy
and
Priori'ze
Change
Adapta'on
Issues
2.
Iden<fica<on
of
Governance
Issues
&
Mechanisms
3.
Iden<fica<on
of
Relevant
Policies
&
Policy
Issues
4.
Assessment
of
Par<cular
Governance
Mechanisms
5.
Assessment
of
the
Ins<tu<onal
System
Governance
for
Climate
Smart
Landscapes
Ø Takes
place
beyond
the
bounds
of
any
single
organiza'on
or
ins'tu'on
Ø Needs
effec've
governance
systems
Ins<tu<onal
Linkages
Ø WRUAs
and
CFAs
are
pivotal
actors
in
the
governance
system
at
landscape
level.
Ø But
they
lack
resources
and
poli'cal
support.
Ø Linkages
among
CFAs
and
WRUAs
have
been
poor
but
are
now
improving
rapidly.
Ø Linkages
to
governance
actors
at
higher
levels,
especially
at
the
County,
are
poor.
Ø Different
actors
in
the
system
have
different
strengths
in
terms
of
accountability,
ability
to
generate
resources,
access
to
knowledge,
etc.
Ø Appropriate
ins'tu'onal
linkages
which
could
help
to
achieve
complementarity
among
these
strengths
are
lacking
or
very
weak.
Ø As
a
result,
the
governance
system
has
li?le
capacity
for
addressing
adapta'on
challenges
in
an
effec've
and
holis'c
way.
Government
processes
for
ins6tu6on
building,
community-­‐based
natural
resource
manage-­‐
ment
and
land
use
planning
could
have
a
great
impact
if
they
help
to
establish
linkages,
ver6cally
and
horizontally,
among
key
organiza6ons
and
ins6tu6ons.
Next
Steps
Ø Similar
case
studies
from
Ethiopia
and
Senegal
are
forthcoming
Ø Future
research
will
connect
these
studies
on
landscape
level
governance
to
governance
and
policy
processes
at
na'onal
level
Adapta<on
and
the
Landscape
Ø Key
governance
actors
on
these
issues:
a
Community
Forest
Associa'on
(CFA)
and
a
Water
Resource
Users
Associa'on
(WRUA)
Ø These
considera'ons
together
suggested
a
par'cular
landscape
defini'on
informed
both
by
watershed
boundaries
and
by
the
areas
of
opera(on
of
these
organiza(ons
Ø We
assessed
the
emergent
governance
system
for
this
landscape
Adapta<on
Challenges
at
the
Site
Ø Illegal
use/poor
manage-­‐
ment
of
dwindling
re-­‐
sources
Ø Soil
erosion,
including
gully
erosion
Ø Declining
availability
of
water
Ø These
challenges
are
inter-­‐
connected
through
forest
management
and
land
use
pa?erns
The
communica'on
[between
the
CFA
and
the
WRUA]
has
been
quite
okay….
CFA
used
to
work
alone
and
WRUA
alone
but
this
'me
round
now
is
when
we
want
to
work
together
because,
WRUA
cannot
work
without
CFA.
-­‐
An
execu(ve
of
KAMUKIMA
CFA
So
I
must
say
the
ini'al
mee'ngs
were
not
that
easy,
because
I
realised
some
people
in
WRUAs
didn’t
understand
what
CFAs
are,
some
people
in
CFAs
didn’t
understand
what
WRUAs
are.
Then
they
were
blaming
each
other:
some
were
saying
the
people
in
CFA
are
the
ones
who
destroyed
the
catchment.
-­‐
An
NGO
leader