Analysis of African Swine Fever epidemiology and pig value chains to underpin design of an ASF
risk management strategy on the Kenya‐Uganda border
Closing workshop of the BecA‐ILRI‐CSIRO‐AusAID project (2011‐13): Understanding
ASF epidemiology as a basis for control
2nd‐3rd October, 2013. Sarova PanAfric Hotel, Nairobi, Kenya
Project Presentation: Noelina Nantima
MAAIF, Uganda
Pathways for change: biosecurity to enhance food security
and strengthen animal industries

Pathways for change: biosecurity
to enhance food security and
strengthen animal industries
t
th
i li d t i
Noelina Nantima
Noelina Nantima
Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry
and Fisheries, Uganda
d Fi h i U d

Outline
1. Introduction
2. Objective of the study
2. Objective of the study
3. Significance of the study
4. Materials and Methods
5 Results
5. Results
6. Implications for ASF control
7. Way forward

1.0 Introduction
1 0 Introduction
• Pig rearing has considerable potential in raising
household incomes of the rural small holder poor
farmers
• Outbreaks of ASF hampering the development of the
pig sector
i
pg
g
y
g
• Almost all pigs that get affected by ASF die leading to
loss of income and food security
• Current strategies to control ASF are aimed at
Current strategies to control ASF are aimed at
improving biosecurity

2.0 Objective of the study
2 0 Objective of the study
To assess small holder pig farmers awareness, knowledge
and perception of appropriate ASF biosecurity practices
and feasibility of adoption in four neighboring districts
Study Area
along the Uganda-Kenya boarder
•
•
•
•
Uganda
Busia & Tororo districts
Kenya
Teso & Busia districts

3.0. Significance
Why assess feasible biosecurity measures?
Wh
f ibl bi
it
?
Only good biosecurity will
yg
y
prevent spread of ASF
Farmer awareness of ASF
biosecurity is a
prerequisite for adoption
Farmer Jennifer Swara using
a disinfectant foot bath for the first time
Smallholder capacity to
Smallholder capacity to
adopt ASF biosecurity
measures was unknown
k

4.0 Materials and Methods
4.0 Materials and Methods
• The project developed simple
biosecurity messages to explain
how ASF virus spreads and
simple measures to control it
Messages were developed on a
• Messages were developed on a
poster calendar
• Poster calendar produced for
Poster calendar produced for
Kenya and for Uganda
• Translated messages into local
g g
languages
7
|

Uganda-Luganda,
Uganda-Luganda
Samia, Ateso,
Japhadola
Kenya-Swahili,
Samia, Ateso,
Samia Ateso Luo
-Calendar distributed
after the crosssectional study to
avoid bias
-Meetings held to
explain the messages
to the farmers‘

In the study site, farmers
were not conscious that
were not conscious that
ASF virus could be spread
by infected pigs getting in
contact with healthy pigs or
contact with healthy pigs or
by people movement/on
people’s feet
In the study site, pigs
are tethered some of
the time, never
,
housed, some free
range during the
night and some after
g
crop harvest

In the study site ,
25% of farms fed
5% of farms fed
their pigs on swill
in addition to
other food stuffs
In the study site,
farmers said
that they used
swill that does
not contain pork
not contain pork

• Farmers said that it is
g
good to isolate pigs but
pg
it is not be possible for
breeding boars
In the study site,
farmers were not aware
that pigs looking
that pigs looking
apparently healthy
could be incubating ASF
g

In the study site, farmers
said that they have never
said that they have never
heard about disinfectants
nor knew that they are
supposed to be used
In the study site , 4%
of farmers
interviewed said
that they use
disinfectants on their
disinfectants on their
farms

Some farmers said that when
pigs die, they slaughter and share
meat with neighbors and
meat with neighbors and
relatives and sell the balance. it is
a taboo to bury pigs, it is
throwing away luck and wealth,
some said it is throwing away
id i i h
i
food and money. Some said they
throw in the bush.
• In the study site,
farmers were not
aware that ASFV can
aware that ASFV can
be spread through
infected dead pigs or
pg
pork or bones

In the study site , farmers
were not aware that they
supposed to report sick
d
i k
pigs to the vet. 6% said
they have ever reported
they have ever reported
• In the study site, farmers said that
there no vets in some area/vets are
too few & do not take action when
contacted, charge farmers & put
contacted charge farmers & put
quarantines , farmers have no
benefit in reporting ASF
p
g

4.0. Materials &
Methods
• F
Focus Group Discussions
G
Di
i
(FGDs) held to test and
get feedback from farmers
t f db k f
f
Study Area
on the messages
• 24 FGD in 13 villages
FGDs i
ill
• Villages selected
i l based on;
d
purposively b
• -poor and less poor
• -swill f di and not
ill feeding d t
• -near main town and more
remote
t
• ASF outbreak and no ASF

4.0. Materials &
Methods
Developed check
• Developed check
list to guide FGDs
• Conducted the
FGDs
• Meetings of 8‐12
people both men
l b h
and women
• 2 interviews
separate men&
separate men&
women
m
Farmer focus group about biosecurity
Alupe village, Uganda
p
g , g

5.0 RESULTS
5.1 Number of villages aware of each message
Number of villages with at least some people who were
aware of the biosecurity message.
highest awareness was movement of pigs
8
Numb of vil
ber
llages
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Confine pigs
Feeding
Bringing new
pigs on the
pigs on the
farm
Reporting
Cleaning
Disposal of
dead pigs
dead pigs
Movement of
pigs
pigs

5.2. Level of awareness
5.2. Level of awareness
Number of villages with at least some p p who were
g
people
aware of the biosecurity message.
Number o
of villages wh
here focus g
groups held
6
5
The level of awareness
of biosecurity messages
f bi
it
was generally very low
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
Number of messages
4
5
6
7

5.3 Capacity to change
5 3 Capacity to change
• Farmers said they
are willing to do
something but it
something but it
needs institutional
change

5.3 Capacity to change
p
y
g
What people need to improve
What people need to improve
• Provide better breeds that
mature fast
• Construct model pig units
Construct model pig units
• Provide learning Aids.
• Provide ready market for
selling pigs
selling pigs

5.3 Capacity to change
p
y
g
What people need to improve
What people need to improve
• Provide technical advice on
pig keeping, treatment and
disease control
• Provide loan facilities
through microfinance
through microfinance
institutions (feeds, drugs)
• Compensate farmers when
they lose pigs due to ASF
they lose pigs due to ASF

5.3 Capacity to change
p
y
g
What people need to improve
What people need to improve
• Provide regular training to
farmers in good pig
farmers in good pig
farming practices
• Compensate farmers
when they lose pigs due
when they lose pigs due
to ASF
• I
Increase availability and
il bilit
d
accessibility of affordable
veterinary services

6.0 Implications for ASF Control
6 0 Implications for ASF Control
•G
Generally farmers were not aware of
ll f
t
f
most of the biosecurity measures (aver
most of the biosecurity measures (aver
77.7%) this could be one of the reasons
why there are sporadic outbreaks of ASF
•D l
Develop a holistic and participatory
h li ti
d
ti i t
approach in the designing, development
approach in the designing, development
and implementation of feasible
biosecurity practices

6.0 Implications for ASF Control
6 0 Implications for ASF Control
•T
To understand what farmers know and perceive
d t d h tf
k
d
i
p
y
as barriers to adoption of biosecurity.
• If farmers do not understand and appreciate,
they will not adopt biosecurity practices.
• N df
Need for regular sensitization and training of
l
iti ti
dt i i
f
p
y
farmers on the importance of biosecurity in the
prevention and control of ASF

7.0 Way Forward
7 0 Way Forward
• Involve all stakeholders in ASF control; farmers,
;
,
traders, butchers, services providers (private,
government), agro vets, NGOs, law enforcement,
government) agro vets NGOs law enforcement
consumers etc.
• What innovations could help farmers to change?
compensation?
insurance for pig farmers?
incentives to farmers who report?

f
h
?
Construction of an abbattoir where sick pigs could
pg
be proceeded properly to kill the virus n the prok is
sold

ASF PROJECT TEAM
ASF PROJECT TEAM