Antimicrobial use in African agriculture and its
implications
Delia Grace, Johanna Lindahl, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger and Tim Robinson
International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
National information sharing workshop on antibiotic use, management and potential risk of antibiotic resistance
National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
20 September 2016

International Livestock Research Institute
•a member of the CGIAR Consortium, ILRI conducts livestock, food and
environmental research
 to help alleviate poverty
 and improve food security, health & nutrition,
 while protecting the natural resource base.
Mali
Nigeria
Mozambique
Kenya
Ethiopia
India
China
Laos
Vietnam
Thailand

International Livestock Research Institute
• Founded in 1974
• Budget: nearly US$90 million
• Staff: 700: 130 Senior scientists from 39
countries: >half from developing
countries
• 34% of internationally recruited staff
are women --and 50% of the senior
leadership team
• Main campuses in Kenya and Ethiopia,
and offices in 17 other countries
around the world (including Hanoi)

Antimicrobial resistance
• AMR infections currently claim at
least 50,000 lives each year
across Europe and the USA alone
….. with many hundreds of
thousands more dying in other
areas of the world
• In 15 European countries more
than 10% of bloodstream
Staphylococcus aureus infections
are caused by methicillin-resistant
strains (MRSA)
….. closer to 50% in several of
these
Source: O’Neill (2014)
The O’Neill Report (2014)

Livestock trending up, fish slower, pulses down
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
Protein(gramspercapitaperday)
Livestock
Aquatic
Pulses

Antimicrobial resistance
Source: Van Boeckel et al. (2015)
Global antimicrobial consumption in livestock
(mg per 10km pixel)

Antimicrobial use in livestock
• Total consumption in the
livestock sector in 2010
estimated at 63,151 tons
• Global antimicrobial
consumption will rise by 67%
by 2030
• It will nearly double in BRICS
• Poultry>pork:
e.g. in Asia, chicken by 129%,
pork 124% by 2030

8
Africa: dozens of vets, tens of millions livestock

Situation: Uganda

Situation: Burkina Faso

• Africa: every year one in two young animals and one in
five adult animals die, mostly of preventable disease
• Better access to antimicrobials and other veterinary drugs and
services could reduce losses
Young Adult
Cattle 22% 6%
Shoat 28% 11%
Poultry 70% 30%
Otte & Chilonda,
IAEA
Annual mortality of African livestock
But access to antimicrobials also important
to improve animal health

Worried
welld
Hot spots
Cold spots

AM use in LMIC and its impacts
• Little information on AM use
• Some countries massively
over-use
• Large problem of
antimicrobial under-use
• Almost no evidence on
impacts on human or animal
disease

Global antimicrobial use in food animals
Source: Grace,. 2015
• Total consumption in the livestock sector in 2000s estimated at 400,000 tonnes
(vs. 64,000 tonnes from models)
China, USA, Thailand
France, Iran, S Africa
Norway, Kenya Sweden
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
Antibiotics (tn)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37
Antibiotic grams/VLU
China, Thailand
USA, Philippines, S Africa
Sw, Nor, Kenya

Kampala pork butcheries: Salmonella
Heilmann & Ndoboli, 2015.
All isolates were confirmed
Salmonella at FUB using species
primer

Drug sensitivity tests
• So far 25 of the 60 isolates tested (agar diffusion test)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
SA PRL PTZ AMC CZ AP FOX KF CPM CAZ CXM CTX AK MEM CIP IMI T GM C LEV OFX SXT
R
I
S

Way forward
• Some LMIC use AM high rates in certain
sectors, others at very low rates
• Very difficult to regulate use in the
developing and emerging economies
• Poorest should be privileged
➜ Global problem: Concerted action
➜ Emotion high, reason low problem:
Strengthen evidence base
➜ Goldilocks challenge: Address the “too
little” as well as “too much problem”

Acknowledgements
• The research featured in this presentation was funded by DFID, ACIAR,
the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health
(A4NH) and others
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