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An Assessment of SSD Performance
    in the IBM System Storage DS8000


                         June 5, 2009




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved
Executive Summary



Solid State Drives (SSDs) enable dramatically higher throughput and lower response times, providing the
potential to significantly lower operational costs in the data center. IBM recently announced the IBM
System Storage DS8000 Turbo series with Solid State Drives (SSDs).


This paper will discuss the advantages of SSD, highlight SSD best practices, provide an assessment of
performance using DS8000s with SSD, and demonstrate energy, cooling, and space savings with SSD.




Why SSD


Solid State Drives (SSDs) are increasingly becoming a very attractive option for enterprise storage needs.
SSDs have no moving parts so they perform at electronic speeds without the mechanical delays
associated with traditional spinning Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). Because SSDs enable dramatically higher
throughput and lower response times than HDDs for random I/O, they provide the potential to significantly
lower operational costs in the data center despite higher current acquisition cost per GB. To realize these
benefits, it is critical to specifically target usage to applications that require high IOPS/GB and/or low
response times.



The IBM DS8000 now supports three performance tiers of storage:
• Tier 0: SSDs. Highest performance and cost/GB
• Tier 1: 15K RPM HDDs. High performance and lower cost/GB
• Tier 2: 7200 RPM HDDs. Lowest performance and cost/GB



Previously, IT managers needed to obtain large quantities of 15K RPM HDDs for certain applications and
use only a small portion of the capacity of each HDD to meet their performance requirements. This
practice can be costly as it reduces capacity utilization. Now a large number of HDDs may be replaced
with a small number of SSDs, fully utilizing the capacity of each SSD and realizing improved system
performance while also saving on space, energy, and cooling.



The next sections of the paper will discuss SSD best practices and the performance that can be achieved
with SSD.




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved

                                                     2
SSD Best Practices
Using the right mix of storage drives will provide optimal performance at the minimum cost, energy,
cooling and space usage. To maximize the benefit of SSDs it is important to place only data which
requires a high throughput and low response time on them. This data is referred to as “hot” data. Data
that requires lower throughput is referred to as “cold” data. Once “hot” data is moved to SSD, the
remaining data may be “cold” enough to allow moving a large portion of it to high capacity 7200 RPM
HDDs and still meet the required performance.

Determining the “temperature” of data and moving it to the proper tier can be difficult. Performance
management tools across platforms may be useful in assisting IT managers with these decisions.

AIX on IBM Power Systems provides performance tools that can be used to determine if a configuration
has hot data that would perform better if moved to SSDs. The IBM System z I/O architecture provides a
detailed breakdown of time spent executing I/O operations. SSDs are ideally suited to benefit workloads
that are incurring high numbers of cache misses (for example, random reads), which can be determined
from this data.

The DS8000 also provides the ability to obtain cache statistics for every volume in the storage system.
These measurements include the count of the number of operations from cache to the backend storage,
the number of random operations, the number of sequential reads and sequential writes, the time to
execute those operations, and the number of bytes transferred. Volumes with the highest device loads
may be considered for full volume migration to SSD. New z/OS tooling can identify the hottest data sets
on the most stressed volumes. Movement of individual data sets from these volumes could be
considered as an alternative to full volume migration when SSD space is limited.

In order to achieve maximum performance from SSDs, the input from performance tools and analysis can
be used along with the SSD best practices outlined below.

•     Place “hot” data on SSDs, “warm” data on 15K RPM HDDs, and “cold” data on 7200 RPM SATA
      HDDs.
•     Use SSDs for applications that require low response times and are cache unfriendly.
•     Place random data on SSDs and sequential data on HDDs.
•     Use SSDs for applications that traditionally “short stroke” (use a small portion of the capacity of) large
      numbers of 15K RPM HDDs with low capacity utilizations.
•     Consider using a smaller storage cache when using SSDs than might be used when using HDDs. For
      hybrid DS8000s containing both SSDs and HDDs, it is advisable to use the same size storage cache
      as for a configuration of all HDDs so that read hit ratios on the volumes placed on the HDDs are not
      reduced.
•     Perform the appropriate capacity planning before placing SSDs into a remote copy environment. If
      SSDs are used for remote copy source volumes they should also be used for the remote copy
      destination volumes. If not, then the secondary HDD based destinations may become the bottleneck
      in the system.
•     Use SSDs with FlashCopy either for source or destination volumes. If SSDs are used for source
      volumes while HDDs are used for the secondary, it is a good idea to do the FlashCopy with
      background copy and during a period when the write rate to source volumes does not exceed the
      capability of the destinations.
•     Use High Performance FICON (zHPF) with SSDs for higher throughput and additional reduction in the
      total response time.




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved

                                                        3
Performance Results for SSD



Performance results in this section compare SSDs with HDDs in the IBM DS8000. IBM System z
measurements were taken on the DS8000 with SSDs and HDDs to compare performance.

The results in Figure 1 were measured by a DB2 I/O benchmark. They show random 4KB read
throughput and response times. SSD response times are very low across the curve. They are lower than
the minimum HDD response time for all data points.




                               20
           Response Time(ms)




                               15
                               10
                                5
                                0
                                    0   3       6          9         12         15         18
                                               Throughput (K IOPS)

                                        HDD Short seeks        HDD Long seeks        SSD




Figure 1 - DB2 on CKD Random Read Throughput/Response Time Curve




Figure 2 shows that SSDs provide approximately the same improvement on random writes as they do on
random reads. Note that random write performance is lower than random read performance on HDD and
SSD due to the extra drive I/Os done on RAID5 writes.




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved

                                                                     4
Figure 2 - FBA 4KB Random IO: SSD vs HDD on one RAID5 Rank




                                  20

                                  15
                         K IOPS




                                  10                                      15K HDD
                                                                          SSD
                                   5

                                   0
                                       Read              Write




For random I/O, SSDs provide much higher throughput at a much lower response time. The SSDs
supported in the DS8000 are so fast that the device adapter may become the performance bottleneck on
some random workloads. For sequential I/O, the device adapter was already the performance bottleneck
with HDDs so using SSDs for sequential I/O would not provide a substantial increase in performance.

Also note that:

•     Applications that require low response times may not be able to meet their requirement with HDDs no
      matter how much they short stroke their HDDs. SSDs are a good match for these applications.

•     Applications that traditionally use a very large storage cache may now be able to use a combination
      of SSDs and a small cache and save on the capital cost and energy usage of the large cache.

•     zHPF has a lower response time than standard FICON. When performing either cache hits or I/O to
      SSDs, using zHPF provides a significant additional reduction in the total response time.




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved

                                                     5
More Advantages of SSD


In addition to the dramatic performance advantages SSDs provide over their HDD counterparts for
transaction-intensive applications, SSDs boast other key advantages, such as reliability, lower energy
usage, less cooling requirements, and the ability to reduce data center footprints. When combined, these
advantages can add up to significant performance improvements as well as a lower costs structure for
business critical applications.



Long term, SSD has the potential to become much more reliable than HDD since there are no moving
parts. IBM is working with industry leading device providers to identify and leverage the best technology
to provide performance, reliability, availability, serviceability and other attributes for leadership devices in
IBM systems.



Since deploying SSDs can eliminate the expensive habit of “short stroking” HDDs to enable higher
throughput performance for critical applications, clients may see a considerable reduction in their storage
footprints. Recall that “short-stroking” HDDs require clients to use a small portion of the HDDs capacity,
which is the tradeoff for higher performance. By eliminating this tradeoff, virtually 100% of the SSD is
utilized, which can greatly reduce the number of drives needed. As clients continue to struggle with
managing the tremendous growth of data to manage, more efficient storage utilization may pay big
dividends, especially in metropolitan areas where real estate values are at a premium.



With respect to energy, each SSD uses approximately half of the energy of a 3.5” 15K RPM HDD. For
applications that are able to replace large numbers of HDDs with a small number of SSDs, energy
savings are compounded.



The technical brief “IBM System z® and System Storage DS8000: Accelerating the SAP® Deposits
Management Workload With Solid State Drives” provides an example of the potential energy, cooling and
space savings from SSDs. In this study, the hybrid SSD/HDD configuration provided the following
benefits:

            •     22% higher throughput at 50% lower response time
            •     60% floor space savings
            •     74% electrical power and cooling savings



In fact, using the SSD/HDD configuration, approximately 22.9 kilowatts were saved. At 15.78 cents per
kilowatthour (New York, all sectors, 1/2009), savings resulted in approximately $31,623 per year.




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved

                                                        6
Conclusion



SSDs are an emerging technology for enterprise storage clients that can show immediate benefits in
terms of performance as well as other operational characteristics. Given the distinct attributes and costs
of SSDs and HDDs, it is clear that both drive types will coexist for some time. This coexistence will require
a strong focus on smart data placement and the subsequent data migration, which are two strategic areas
for IBM SSD solutions.



SSDs have no moving parts and provide much higher throughput and much lower response times for
random I/O than traditional spinning HDDs. They can also significantly lower operational costs in the data
center. Since SSDs currently have a higher cost per GB than HDDs, they are specifically targeted at
applications that require high IOPS/GB and/or low response times and may eliminate the practice of
“short stroking” for these performance critical applications.



By eliminating the seek times of their spinning counterparts and providing direct access to data, SSDs
may dramatically boost performance and allow clients to maximize drive capacity utilization. This
consolidation may enable the replacement of a large number of HDDs with a much smaller quantity of
SSDs and can also lower cache memory requirements while maintaining the best levels of response
times. By reducing energy consumption, cooling expenses and floor space costs, SSDs are an important
part of the future in enterprise storage.




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved

                                                      7
References


System z® and System Storage DS8000: Accelerating the SAP® Deposits Management Workload With
Solid State Drives
http://www.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/WebIndex/WP101442



Stop spinning your storage wheels: z/OS Support for solid state drives in the DS8000 storage subsystem
in z/OS Hot Topics Newsletter, Issue 20
http://www.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/bkserv/hot_topics.html



IBM Corp. 2009. .IBM System Storage DS8000 Turbo series
ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/common/ssi/pm/sp/n/tsd00374usen/TSD00374USEN.PDF



IBM Corp. 2009. US Announcement Letter 109-120: IBM System Storage DS8000 series (Machine
types 2421, 2422, 2423, and 2424) delivers new security, scalability, and business continuity
capabilities.
http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=AN&subtype=CA&htmlfid=897/ENUS109-
120&appname=USN



SSD Performance and Power Advantage whitepaper, STEC Inc.
http://www.stec-inc.com/green/green_ssdsavings.php



Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved

                                                    8
© IBM Corporation 2009
                                                                                IBM Corporation
                                                                                Systems and Technology Group
                                                                                Route 100
                                                                                Somers, New York 10589
                                                                                Produced in the United States of America
                                                                                June 2009
                         The Power Architecture and Power.org wordmarks
                                                                                All Rights Reserved
                         and the Power and Power.org logos and related marks
                         are trademarks and service marks licensed by           This document was developed for products and/or
                         Power.org.                                             services offered in the United States. IBM may not
                                                                                offer the products, features, or services discussed in
                         UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in
                                                                                this document in other countries.
                         the United States, other countries or both.
                                                                                The information may be subject to change without
                         Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United
                                                                                notice. Consult your local IBM business contact for
                         States, other countries or both.
                                                                                information on the products, features and services
                         Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT and the Windows         available in your area.
                         logo are registered trademarks of the Microsoft
                                                                                All statements regarding IBM future directions and
                         Corporation.
                                                                                intent are subject to change or withdrawal without
                          Intel, Itanium and Xeon are registered trademarks     notice and represent goals and objectives only.
                         and MMX and Pentium are trademarks of Intel
                                                                                IBM, the IBM logo, ibm.com are trademarks or
                         Corporation in the United States and/or other
                                                                                registered trademarks of International Business
                         countries.
                                                                                Machines Corporation in the United States, other
                         AMD Opteron is a trademark of Advanced Micro           countries, or both. If these and other IBM trademarked
                         Devices, Inc.                                          terms are marked on their first occurrence in this
                                                                                information with a trademark symbol (® or ™), these
                         Java and all Java-based trademarks and logos are       symbols indicate U.S. registered or common law
                         trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. In the United     trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information
                         States and/or other countries.                         was published. Such trademarks may also be
                                                                                registered or common law trademarks in other
                                                                                countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available
                                                                                on the Web at "Copyright and trademark information"
                                                                                at www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml


                                                                                Other company, product, and service names may be
                                                                                trademarks or service marks of others.
                                                                                IBM hardware products are manufactured from new
                                                                                parts, or new and used parts. In some cases, the
                                                                                hardware product may not be new and may have been
                                                                                previously installed. Regardless, our warranty terms
                                                                                apply.
                                                                                Copying or downloading the images contained in this
                                                                                document is expressly prohibited without the written
                                                                                consent of IBM.
                                                                                This equipment is subject to FCC rules. It will comply
                                                                                with the appropriate FCC rules before final delivery to
                                                                                the buyer.
                                                                                Information concerning non-IBM products was
                                                                                obtained from the suppliers of these products or other
                                                                                public sources. Questions on the capabilities of the
                                                                                non-IBM products should be addressed with those
                                                                                suppliers.
                                                                                All performance information was determined in a
                                                                                controlled environment. Actual results may vary.
                                                                                Performance information is provided “AS IS” and no
                                                                                warranties or guarantees are expressed or implied by
                                                                                IBM. Buyers should consult other sources of
                                                                                information, including system benchmarks, to evaluate
                                                                                the performance of a system they are considering
                                                                                buying.
                                                                                When referring to storage capacity, 1 TB equals total
                                                                                GB divided by 1000; accessible capacity may be less.
                                                                                The IBM home page on the Internet can be found at:
                                                                                http://www.ibm.com.
                                                                                The IBM Power Systems home page on the Internet
                                                                                can be found at: http://www.ibm.com/systems/power/




© IBM Corporation 2009
All Rights Reserved

                                                    9

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An Assessment of SSD Performance in the IBM System Storage DS8000

  • 1. An Assessment of SSD Performance in the IBM System Storage DS8000 June 5, 2009 © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved
  • 2. Executive Summary Solid State Drives (SSDs) enable dramatically higher throughput and lower response times, providing the potential to significantly lower operational costs in the data center. IBM recently announced the IBM System Storage DS8000 Turbo series with Solid State Drives (SSDs). This paper will discuss the advantages of SSD, highlight SSD best practices, provide an assessment of performance using DS8000s with SSD, and demonstrate energy, cooling, and space savings with SSD. Why SSD Solid State Drives (SSDs) are increasingly becoming a very attractive option for enterprise storage needs. SSDs have no moving parts so they perform at electronic speeds without the mechanical delays associated with traditional spinning Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). Because SSDs enable dramatically higher throughput and lower response times than HDDs for random I/O, they provide the potential to significantly lower operational costs in the data center despite higher current acquisition cost per GB. To realize these benefits, it is critical to specifically target usage to applications that require high IOPS/GB and/or low response times. The IBM DS8000 now supports three performance tiers of storage: • Tier 0: SSDs. Highest performance and cost/GB • Tier 1: 15K RPM HDDs. High performance and lower cost/GB • Tier 2: 7200 RPM HDDs. Lowest performance and cost/GB Previously, IT managers needed to obtain large quantities of 15K RPM HDDs for certain applications and use only a small portion of the capacity of each HDD to meet their performance requirements. This practice can be costly as it reduces capacity utilization. Now a large number of HDDs may be replaced with a small number of SSDs, fully utilizing the capacity of each SSD and realizing improved system performance while also saving on space, energy, and cooling. The next sections of the paper will discuss SSD best practices and the performance that can be achieved with SSD. © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved 2
  • 3. SSD Best Practices Using the right mix of storage drives will provide optimal performance at the minimum cost, energy, cooling and space usage. To maximize the benefit of SSDs it is important to place only data which requires a high throughput and low response time on them. This data is referred to as “hot” data. Data that requires lower throughput is referred to as “cold” data. Once “hot” data is moved to SSD, the remaining data may be “cold” enough to allow moving a large portion of it to high capacity 7200 RPM HDDs and still meet the required performance. Determining the “temperature” of data and moving it to the proper tier can be difficult. Performance management tools across platforms may be useful in assisting IT managers with these decisions. AIX on IBM Power Systems provides performance tools that can be used to determine if a configuration has hot data that would perform better if moved to SSDs. The IBM System z I/O architecture provides a detailed breakdown of time spent executing I/O operations. SSDs are ideally suited to benefit workloads that are incurring high numbers of cache misses (for example, random reads), which can be determined from this data. The DS8000 also provides the ability to obtain cache statistics for every volume in the storage system. These measurements include the count of the number of operations from cache to the backend storage, the number of random operations, the number of sequential reads and sequential writes, the time to execute those operations, and the number of bytes transferred. Volumes with the highest device loads may be considered for full volume migration to SSD. New z/OS tooling can identify the hottest data sets on the most stressed volumes. Movement of individual data sets from these volumes could be considered as an alternative to full volume migration when SSD space is limited. In order to achieve maximum performance from SSDs, the input from performance tools and analysis can be used along with the SSD best practices outlined below. • Place “hot” data on SSDs, “warm” data on 15K RPM HDDs, and “cold” data on 7200 RPM SATA HDDs. • Use SSDs for applications that require low response times and are cache unfriendly. • Place random data on SSDs and sequential data on HDDs. • Use SSDs for applications that traditionally “short stroke” (use a small portion of the capacity of) large numbers of 15K RPM HDDs with low capacity utilizations. • Consider using a smaller storage cache when using SSDs than might be used when using HDDs. For hybrid DS8000s containing both SSDs and HDDs, it is advisable to use the same size storage cache as for a configuration of all HDDs so that read hit ratios on the volumes placed on the HDDs are not reduced. • Perform the appropriate capacity planning before placing SSDs into a remote copy environment. If SSDs are used for remote copy source volumes they should also be used for the remote copy destination volumes. If not, then the secondary HDD based destinations may become the bottleneck in the system. • Use SSDs with FlashCopy either for source or destination volumes. If SSDs are used for source volumes while HDDs are used for the secondary, it is a good idea to do the FlashCopy with background copy and during a period when the write rate to source volumes does not exceed the capability of the destinations. • Use High Performance FICON (zHPF) with SSDs for higher throughput and additional reduction in the total response time. © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved 3
  • 4. Performance Results for SSD Performance results in this section compare SSDs with HDDs in the IBM DS8000. IBM System z measurements were taken on the DS8000 with SSDs and HDDs to compare performance. The results in Figure 1 were measured by a DB2 I/O benchmark. They show random 4KB read throughput and response times. SSD response times are very low across the curve. They are lower than the minimum HDD response time for all data points. 20 Response Time(ms) 15 10 5 0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Throughput (K IOPS) HDD Short seeks HDD Long seeks SSD Figure 1 - DB2 on CKD Random Read Throughput/Response Time Curve Figure 2 shows that SSDs provide approximately the same improvement on random writes as they do on random reads. Note that random write performance is lower than random read performance on HDD and SSD due to the extra drive I/Os done on RAID5 writes. © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved 4
  • 5. Figure 2 - FBA 4KB Random IO: SSD vs HDD on one RAID5 Rank 20 15 K IOPS 10 15K HDD SSD 5 0 Read Write For random I/O, SSDs provide much higher throughput at a much lower response time. The SSDs supported in the DS8000 are so fast that the device adapter may become the performance bottleneck on some random workloads. For sequential I/O, the device adapter was already the performance bottleneck with HDDs so using SSDs for sequential I/O would not provide a substantial increase in performance. Also note that: • Applications that require low response times may not be able to meet their requirement with HDDs no matter how much they short stroke their HDDs. SSDs are a good match for these applications. • Applications that traditionally use a very large storage cache may now be able to use a combination of SSDs and a small cache and save on the capital cost and energy usage of the large cache. • zHPF has a lower response time than standard FICON. When performing either cache hits or I/O to SSDs, using zHPF provides a significant additional reduction in the total response time. © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved 5
  • 6. More Advantages of SSD In addition to the dramatic performance advantages SSDs provide over their HDD counterparts for transaction-intensive applications, SSDs boast other key advantages, such as reliability, lower energy usage, less cooling requirements, and the ability to reduce data center footprints. When combined, these advantages can add up to significant performance improvements as well as a lower costs structure for business critical applications. Long term, SSD has the potential to become much more reliable than HDD since there are no moving parts. IBM is working with industry leading device providers to identify and leverage the best technology to provide performance, reliability, availability, serviceability and other attributes for leadership devices in IBM systems. Since deploying SSDs can eliminate the expensive habit of “short stroking” HDDs to enable higher throughput performance for critical applications, clients may see a considerable reduction in their storage footprints. Recall that “short-stroking” HDDs require clients to use a small portion of the HDDs capacity, which is the tradeoff for higher performance. By eliminating this tradeoff, virtually 100% of the SSD is utilized, which can greatly reduce the number of drives needed. As clients continue to struggle with managing the tremendous growth of data to manage, more efficient storage utilization may pay big dividends, especially in metropolitan areas where real estate values are at a premium. With respect to energy, each SSD uses approximately half of the energy of a 3.5” 15K RPM HDD. For applications that are able to replace large numbers of HDDs with a small number of SSDs, energy savings are compounded. The technical brief “IBM System z® and System Storage DS8000: Accelerating the SAP® Deposits Management Workload With Solid State Drives” provides an example of the potential energy, cooling and space savings from SSDs. In this study, the hybrid SSD/HDD configuration provided the following benefits: • 22% higher throughput at 50% lower response time • 60% floor space savings • 74% electrical power and cooling savings In fact, using the SSD/HDD configuration, approximately 22.9 kilowatts were saved. At 15.78 cents per kilowatthour (New York, all sectors, 1/2009), savings resulted in approximately $31,623 per year. © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved 6
  • 7. Conclusion SSDs are an emerging technology for enterprise storage clients that can show immediate benefits in terms of performance as well as other operational characteristics. Given the distinct attributes and costs of SSDs and HDDs, it is clear that both drive types will coexist for some time. This coexistence will require a strong focus on smart data placement and the subsequent data migration, which are two strategic areas for IBM SSD solutions. SSDs have no moving parts and provide much higher throughput and much lower response times for random I/O than traditional spinning HDDs. They can also significantly lower operational costs in the data center. Since SSDs currently have a higher cost per GB than HDDs, they are specifically targeted at applications that require high IOPS/GB and/or low response times and may eliminate the practice of “short stroking” for these performance critical applications. By eliminating the seek times of their spinning counterparts and providing direct access to data, SSDs may dramatically boost performance and allow clients to maximize drive capacity utilization. This consolidation may enable the replacement of a large number of HDDs with a much smaller quantity of SSDs and can also lower cache memory requirements while maintaining the best levels of response times. By reducing energy consumption, cooling expenses and floor space costs, SSDs are an important part of the future in enterprise storage. © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved 7
  • 8. References System z® and System Storage DS8000: Accelerating the SAP® Deposits Management Workload With Solid State Drives http://www.ibm.com/support/techdocs/atsmastr.nsf/WebIndex/WP101442 Stop spinning your storage wheels: z/OS Support for solid state drives in the DS8000 storage subsystem in z/OS Hot Topics Newsletter, Issue 20 http://www.ibm.com/systems/z/os/zos/bkserv/hot_topics.html IBM Corp. 2009. .IBM System Storage DS8000 Turbo series ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/common/ssi/pm/sp/n/tsd00374usen/TSD00374USEN.PDF IBM Corp. 2009. US Announcement Letter 109-120: IBM System Storage DS8000 series (Machine types 2421, 2422, 2423, and 2424) delivers new security, scalability, and business continuity capabilities. http://www.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=AN&subtype=CA&htmlfid=897/ENUS109- 120&appname=USN SSD Performance and Power Advantage whitepaper, STEC Inc. http://www.stec-inc.com/green/green_ssdsavings.php Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, by State: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved 8
  • 9. © IBM Corporation 2009 IBM Corporation Systems and Technology Group Route 100 Somers, New York 10589 Produced in the United States of America June 2009 The Power Architecture and Power.org wordmarks All Rights Reserved and the Power and Power.org logos and related marks are trademarks and service marks licensed by This document was developed for products and/or Power.org. services offered in the United States. IBM may not offer the products, features, or services discussed in UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in this document in other countries. the United States, other countries or both. The information may be subject to change without Linux is a trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United notice. Consult your local IBM business contact for States, other countries or both. information on the products, features and services Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT and the Windows available in your area. logo are registered trademarks of the Microsoft All statements regarding IBM future directions and Corporation. intent are subject to change or withdrawal without Intel, Itanium and Xeon are registered trademarks notice and represent goals and objectives only. and MMX and Pentium are trademarks of Intel IBM, the IBM logo, ibm.com are trademarks or Corporation in the United States and/or other registered trademarks of International Business countries. Machines Corporation in the United States, other AMD Opteron is a trademark of Advanced Micro countries, or both. If these and other IBM trademarked Devices, Inc. terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with a trademark symbol (® or ™), these Java and all Java-based trademarks and logos are symbols indicate U.S. registered or common law trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. In the United trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information States and/or other countries. was published. Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Web at "Copyright and trademark information" at www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml Other company, product, and service names may be trademarks or service marks of others. IBM hardware products are manufactured from new parts, or new and used parts. In some cases, the hardware product may not be new and may have been previously installed. Regardless, our warranty terms apply. Copying or downloading the images contained in this document is expressly prohibited without the written consent of IBM. This equipment is subject to FCC rules. It will comply with the appropriate FCC rules before final delivery to the buyer. Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of these products or other public sources. Questions on the capabilities of the non-IBM products should be addressed with those suppliers. All performance information was determined in a controlled environment. Actual results may vary. Performance information is provided “AS IS” and no warranties or guarantees are expressed or implied by IBM. Buyers should consult other sources of information, including system benchmarks, to evaluate the performance of a system they are considering buying. When referring to storage capacity, 1 TB equals total GB divided by 1000; accessible capacity may be less. The IBM home page on the Internet can be found at: http://www.ibm.com. The IBM Power Systems home page on the Internet can be found at: http://www.ibm.com/systems/power/ © IBM Corporation 2009 All Rights Reserved 9