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1. 1
Global Positioning
System and its
Applications (GPS)
GPS
Presentation
TENDUA GEO-SPECIAL & CONSTRUCTION
(OPC) PRIVATE LIMITED
HIMANSHU SINGH
himsingh.singh@gmail.com
+918827585973

2. Finding a position in the Past
• For many centuries Celestial
Bodies like Sun Moon and Stars
were being observed to define a
position on Earth.
• A Sextant or Astronomical
theodolite is used to make precise
celestial observations of Sun, Moon
and Stars. It measures height of
the celestial bodies in degrees above
horizon which is used with the
exact time to calculate position.

3. Finding A Position in the Past
• Using Astronomical theodolite or navigational sextant
the angle between the horizon (with respect to magnetic
azimuth) and a notable celestial body is measured and
with precise time from a chronometer one can find his
position using a navigational almanac.
• Surveyors and explorers used the above method to
establish a reference point
• But the accuracy of that conventional system is about
1000m

4. The First Satellite Positioning System
• In the 1960’s the US Navy’s
NAVigation Satellite System
(NAVSAT) also known as
TRANSIT was developed to
provide more accurate position
for ships and submarines.
• TRANSIT was the first
operational satellite positioning
system. Six satellites gave
worldwide coverage.
• Accuracy within 200 meters,
system operated until 1996

5. The Global Positioning System
•In the 1970’s a new project was devised by the US DoD THE
Global Positioning System
•On April 1973 The US Navy and USAir force started a joint
effort to develop a Defense Navigation Satellite System DNSS
(later Become NAVSTAR – NAVigation System with Time And
Ranging)
•In February 22nd 1978, the First NAVSTAR GPS satellite was
launched.
•The Full system was achieved in 1994 with 24 satellites well
placed at an altitude of 20,200 KM in 6 orbits

6. The Three Segments of GPS
• The Global Positioning System comprises
of 3 distinct segments
• 1. The Space segment
• 2. The Control Segment
• 3. The User segment

7. The Space Segment
• The Space segment is
designed to have 24
satellites at an altitude
20,200KM orbiting the
earth every 12 hours
• Now there are 28 satellites
(24 operational and 4
spares)
• The satellite travels at
11500 km/h
• There are 6 orbits, 4
satellite in each orbit
Orbits shown in inertial space
and size relative to Earth is
correct

8. Satellite Segment
GPS Block II Satellite
GPS satellite launches began in 1978, and a second-
generation set of satellites ("Block II") was launched
beginning in 1989. Full GPS constellation consists of 24
Block II satellites.

9. The Control Segment
• The Master Control
Station is located at the
Colorado Spring,
Colorado in USA
• Five Monitoring Stations
are located at Colorado
Spring, Ascension Island,
Diego Garcia, Hawaii and
Kwajalein Atoll
• The Monitoring stations
track the satellite signals
and this information is
processed in Master
control station

10. The User Segment
• The user segment
comprises of GPS
receivers used by
anyone to receive the
GPS signals for the
determination of their
position and time.

11. Principle of GPS
• All GPS positions are based on measuring the
distance from satellite to GPS receiver on earth
• The GPS receiver determines distance to
satellites, when it receives signals from satellites.
• The position of satellites are monitored and
controlled in each nano seconds by the control
station, hence the position of satellites in each
nano seconds are well defined
• Hence the only unknown is the position of GPS
receiver on earth.

12. How does GPS work?
11,500 km
12,500 km
11,200 km

13. Principle of Getting Position
Positions are determined by intersecting distances
between the GPS satellites and the receiver.
Traditionally, the technique is called Trilateration
or Resection

14. Positioning is Based on Timing
X + 3
Distance between satellite and receiver
= “3” (times the speed of light)
X
Signal leaves satellite
at time “X”
Signal is picked up by
receiver at time “X + 3”

15. Principle of GPS
• To define a position on space we require three
parameters, the X, Y, and the Z coordinates
• When the the receiver gets signals form three
satellites it determines the ranges to respective
satellites. The three ranges are the X,Y,and Z
coordinates. The receiver gets its position by the
method of resection (establishing an unknown
point from three known points)
• By measuring 3 ranges the GPS receiver will give
a 2D positional value ie the latitude and
Longitude. But when the GPS receiver ranges
4th satellite the receiver will compute positional
value in 3D ie Latitude, Longitude and Altitude
from a datum by giving the time offset corrections

16. Sources of Signal Interference

17. Sources of GPS Error
Standard Positioning Service (SPS ):
Satellite clocks: 1.5 to 3.6 meters
Orbital errors: < 1 meter
Ionosphere: 5.0 to 7.0 meters
Troposphere: 0.5 to 0.7 meters
Receiver noise: 0.3 to 1.5 meters
Multipath: 0.6 to 1.2 meters
Selective Availability: 0 to 100 meters
User error: Up to a kilometer or more
Errors are cumulative and increased by PDOP.
GPS Overview

18. SELECTIVE AVAILABILITY (SA)
WAS TURNED OFF MAY 1, 2000
~10m
~100mWith SA On
With SA Off

19. Early GPS receivers
• MANPACK GPS Receiver
One of the first portable GPS
units available to soldiers in the
field was the PSN-8 "Manpack"
receiver. About 1,400 were
manufactured between 1988
and 1993. It weighed more than
25kilo grams and took nearly
20 to 30 minutes for a position
fix.

20. GPS Block II Satellite
• Weight: 930Kg
• Size – 5.1m
• Travel at 4Km/Sec
• Transmit L1 + L2
signal(1575.42 +
1227.60MHz)
• Receive at 1783.74MHz
• 2 cesium + 2 Rubidium
Clocks
• Design life 7.5 Years
• Launched by Delta Rockets

21. Basic Civil Positioning: Before May
2000
• C/A Code on L1, Selective availability On
• GPS IIA, IIR satellites, accuracy 100m
100 m
GPS I, GPS II A, &GPS II R

22. Basic Civil Positioning: Now
• C/A Code on L1
• Selective Availability turned off on May 2000 The Same
equipment gave increased accuracy of
• 6 to 12 meters
6-11 m
GPS II R

23. Basic Civil Positioning: By 2009
• C/A Code on L1, GPS IIR(M) Modified satellites First
Launch on 2003, fully operational capacity by 2009
• New Civil Code will be added to L2
• Accuracy 3-5 meters with code only
3-5 m
GPS II R(M)

24. Basic Civil Positioning: By 2014
• C/A Code on L1, Civil code on L2, New Code on L5
• GPS IIF Satellites, F- for follow on, First launch on
2005, and fully operation in 2014
1-3 m
Better resistance to
interference
GPS II F

25. Basic Civil Positioning: 2018
0.1m
GPS III
The next generation GPS satellite GPS-III is in its
design phase, First launches expected in 2009 with
fully operational capability in 2018. Accuracy may be
0.1m

26. Methods used for GPS Positioning
1. Absolute Positioning
• This involves the use of
single receiver at one
station location to collect
satellite data to determine
the position
• Not accurate for
surveying, accuracy being
25 meters (C/A Code
only), 3m(C/A code with
L1 carrier)
• Widely sued for Military
and navigational purposes
2. Differential Positioning
• Requires at least two
receivers set up at two
stations (one is at a known
position called Base station
and the other a rover) to
collect satellite data
simultaneously in order to
eliminate the errors.
• Can provide the accuracies
required for surveying and
scientific applications

27. Real-time DGPS
• Real-time DGPS involves two receivers: one placed over a
known station, and the known coordinates were fed
manually into the receiver.(Base station)
• The base station calculate its positional value and calculates
the offsets to be given to the satellite ranges to get the actual
value.
• These Offsets(Corrections) were transmitted through a radio
modem fitted with the Base station
• The Rover receiver roving around the field calculates its
positional value and receives the corrections from the base
receiver. When the rover receiver applies these corrections
to the computed value it gets the actual positional value
• The accepted format for the communication between the Base station
and Rovers in DGPS system is RTCM-104 format(Radio Technical
Commission for Maritime Services, study committee SC-104)

28. Post-Processed DGPS
• In Post Processed DGPS technique there are no
radio links between the Base and rover receivers
• The base receiver as well as the Rover receivers
records all the satellite signal data while observation
(Usually PCMCIA cards are used as Memory cards)
• While back in office using a post processing
software, taking time as constant, all errors were
eliminated and the real coordinates are evaluated.
• In this method, no radio link between the base and
reference receiver is required. Hence this method is
widely used for surveying.

29. Reference
Station/Base
station

30. Rover/Navigator

31. Republic Plaza Building (RPB),
one of the tallest buildings in
Singapore.
GPS antenna on the 66th level
parapet of the RPB..
GPS and Building Monitoring - Case Study:
Republic Plaza Building, Singapore

32. Scatter plot of the antennae
coordinate residuals – 20 hour test.

33. Observation Station on the Bridge
[on Ganga Canal at Roorkee].
Cable stayed bridge on
Ganga canal at Roorkee
MEASUREMENT OF DEFLECTION OF BRIDGE USING GPS

34. Wide Area Augmentation System

35. European Geo-stationary Navigation Overlay Service
(EGNOS) Like WAAS
• Another Wide area Augmentation
System Provide by European Space
Agency. One of the geo-stationary
satellite is placed over Indian Ocean
Region IOR-I from which Indians
can receive EGNOS signals. System
will be operational from April 2004
• At present there are two geo-
stationary satellites serving the
WAAS area (Inmarsat IIIs: POR
(Pacific Ocean Region) and AOR-W
(Atlantic Ocean Region-West).

36. Advantages of GPS Surveying
• Inter-visibility between points is
not required
• Can be used at any time of day
or night and in any weather
• Produces results with very high
geodetic accuracy
• More work can be accomplished
in less time and with less man
power
• Limited calculation and
tabulation works
• Large area can be surveyed in
short time

37. Surveying using GPS
• Surveying that
previously required
hours or even days
using conventional
methods can be done in
minutes with GPS.
• GPS receivers can
display time accurate to
within 150 billionths of
a second

38. Limitations of the Survey using
GPS receiver
• Moderate Cost
• GPS Should have a clear
view of the sky
• Antenna must get direct
signals from at least 4
satellites
• Satellite can be blocked by
tall buildings trees etc
• Cannot be used in indoors
• Difficult to use in town
centers or dense forests

39. Type of GPS Receivers
• Survey Receivers with
single/duel frequency
• Geodetic Receivers
• Navigational
Receivers
• Receivers for GIS
application
• Receivers for
Scientific Applications

40. GPS in Civil Engineering
• In Traffic Engineering
• In Transport Planning
• In Fleet Management
• In Structural Analysis
(Dynamic Analysis)
• In Geo-technical
Engg.
• In Land Surveying
• In Hydrographic
Surveying
• In Mapping
• In GIS applications
• In Geodetic Studies
• In Crustal
Deformation Studies
• In Irrigation
• In Land Management
• In Disaster
management
• In Railways
• In Civil Aviation

41. • Digitized and Scanned Maps
– purchased, donated, free (Internet)
– created by user
• Databases, Tables, Charts &
Spreadsheets
• GPS – Global Positioning System
• Field Sampling
• Remote Sensing &
Aerial Photography
The Geographical Information System
The tools required

42. Vehicles fitted with GPS tracking
the satellites and transmitting the
positional values
GSM tower Control station
GIS based
Mapping engine
GPS satellites
GPS based Fleet Management
System

43. Field Trials
• C-DAC, Thiruvananthapuram
– Installed in one vehicle
• Trip Report
• HPCL, Mumbai
– Installed in four tankers
• Trip Report
• Speed Violation Report
• Running time Violation Report
• Halt at Petrol bunk report
• Vehicle utility report

44. Field Trials
• KSRTC, Thiruvananthapuram
– Installed in two Volvo buses
• Trip Reports
• Delay Reports
• Speed Reports
• VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram
– Installed in one truck
• Trip Reports
• Halt Report
• Route Traveled Report
• Speed Violation Report
• Running time Violation Report

45. Kollam

46. GPS applications

47. GPS Navigation Land

48. GPS navigation Land-2

49. GPS navigation Land-3

50. GPS navigation sea

51. GPS navigation Air

52. GPS surveying

53. GPS Mapping

54. GPS Mapping

55. GPS mapping archeology

56. GPS in agriculture

57. GPS in Agriculture
• GPS and Agriculture
GPS receivers installed in farm
equipment provide accurate position
information. This enables farmers to
apply fertilizers and harvest crops
with great precision
• Yield Map
Maps of crop yield can be made using
agricultural GPS systems. The map
shown here indicates how crop yield
varies across a field. These maps can
be created during harvesting, allowing
farmers to accurately plan how the
fields should be used and fertilized for
future crops.

58. GPS in agriculture-2

59. GPS Timing

60. Scientific application of GPS
• Scientists use GPS for a wide
range of applications. Scientific
analysis that formerly had to be
conducted in a laboratory can
now be done quicker and easier
in the field.
• In this photograph, a scientist is
using GPS to perform a
topographic survey of a volcano
in South America.

61. GPS is used for the correction of
Nautical Chart Errors
• Nautical Chart Error
The data collected from
satellite navigation systems
provide more accurate
information for maps and
nautical and aeronautical
charts. This example
demonstrates how charts
are updated to prevent
navigational mishaps

62. More GPS applications

63. New Generation GPS receivers
• This GPS receiver
incorporates such
capabilities as navigation
tools, internet access, and a
digital camera.
• Donated by Seiko Epson
Corporation.
Image

64. New GPS products
14 channel GPS receiver with radio facility,
GPS Camera,
and GPS cell phone combined

65. Defense Application
More than 9000 GPS
receivers were used
in “OPERATION
SAND STORM” IN
1991 (Kuwait
by the US and allied
forces
About 180,000 GPS
receivers were used
by allied forces for
attacking Iraq
(Washington Post)

66. GPS in Fleet Management Systems
• GPS integrated In Vehicle
Unit is used for Automatic
Vehicle Tracking Systems.
• KSRTC(Kerala) and
BMTC Bangalore are
examples of institutions
where GPS based vehicle
tracking systems are used
• After the World Trade
Centre disaster in New
York, on Sept.11th 2001,
the authorities used an
effective fleet management
system using 235 GPS
fitted trucks to remove
1.8million tons of debris
from the site. The time
spent by truck in queues,
the loading time and travel
time are calculated from
GPS data

67. The GLONASS
• Russian Project started in 1982
• GLONASS the GLObal
Navigational Satellite System
• 24 satellites in 3 orbital planes
• Achieved full system in 1996
• Due to the non-replacement of the
satellites from 1996, the number of
working satellites reduced to 6 in
2001. Uses PZ-90 datum
• Now new launches commenced
from December 2001, and the total
number of satellites increased to 12.
• The Russian Space officials hope
that they can achieve full system in
2004.

68. The Galileo
• European Union initiated a project to develop a
civil satellite navigation system of its own named
Galileo.
• The European Council decided on funding the
development phase of the System on March 25th
2002.
• The full constellation of satellite will have 27
satellites in 3 orbits
• The Officials of ESA hope that the full system
will be operational around 2008.

69. The Beiudo
• China Successfully put its first
home made navigation
positioning satellite “the Beiudo
Navigation Testing Satellite into
orbit on October 31, 2000, with a
Long March 3A rocket
• China successfully put its second
home-made navigation
positioning satellite, the Beiudo
Navigation Testing Satellite, into
orbit on 2-11-2000marking that
the country will have its first
generation of satellite navigation
positioning system

70. The Indian Regional Navigation
Satellite System (IRNSS), being developed
by the Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO), Bangalore, to ensure continuous
earth observation of India and to facilitate
continuous flow of scientific information
about the various geographical regions, will
be ready by 2012, according to G. Madhavan
Nair, ISRO Chairman and Secretary,
Department of Space. India will have self-
sufficiency in Satellite Based Navigation
System area. INDIA have completed the
design for the IRNSS, and the work is
progressing on schedule so that INDIA can
have the indigenous system by 2012.”

71. Thank You
Presentation Given By
HIMANSHU SINGH
TENDUA GEO-SPECIAL & CONSTRUCTION
(OPC) PRIVATE LIMITED
Himsingh.singh85@gmail.com
+918827585973