1.
1
ዧ፿೯ဲ։ᣊ
ऱ‫؁‬ऄჸ಻ፖඒᖂᚨ‫ش‬
໴‫ܫ‬ԳΚ๺ߐដ
‫؀‬᨜ՕᖂഏᎾဎ፿ઔ฾ࢬICLP

2.
2
ઔߒ೯ᖲΕփ୲
1. ‫ٗך‬ϺόѐǶȐؒѐǶȑ
2. *дࢂଯᑫǶ
*೭ঁᏢਠࢂӳӳǶ
3. *ሽᒲόёа‫׳‬ᅍǶ
4. *ଶ௘ၮǶ
* ଶॣ኷Ƕ
! ೯ဲုᇞΚ
" FV / SV (Yale U)
" V / SV <FE᎛ࣟ‫س‬੒ဎ፿>
" V / A <PCRኔ‫ش‬ዧ፿ᓰ‫ء‬>,
<ICխ֮ᦫᎅᦰᐊ>
! ૹᖞ೯ဲ։ᣊΚ
᧢֏೯ဲ
! ൶ߒ‫ڻ‬ᣊΚ
‫ဲ୲ݮ‬Κणኪ೯ဲ‫ڻ‬ᣊ
! ჸ಻Κ೯ኪΕ೫ဲ
! ဲ᙮Εඒ‫ޗ‬
! ඒᖂႉ‫ݧ‬
! ඒ‫ုޗ‬ᇞ
! ૻࠫፖ୶ඨ

3.
3
೯ဲΕ೯ဲิΕᘯ፿
! Chomsky (1957) ΚVP೯ဲิ
" S=NP+VP [S+V+O]
! Halliday (1967) Κߓอ፿ऄ
" ֗ढࢤ (transitivity)Εൣኪ (mood)Εॾஒ (theme)
" Clause (‫؁‬՗) : predicator/predication ‫׌‬፿Εᘯ፿ᣂএ
! Chafe (1970) Κ೯ဲխ֨ᓵ
" States and events vs. things
! Vendler (1967) Situation types ࠃٙᣊী
" ೯ဲ։ᣊፖࠃٙᣊী‫ܑڶ‬
! Tai (1984) : ࿨࣠೯ဲ = ‫ݙ‬࿨ࠃٙaccomplishment +
ሒ‫ٙࠃګ‬ achievementΛ

4.
4
֮᣸Κ೯ဲ፿ᆠ։ᣊऄ
! ‫)1791(ޕ‬ΚActivities; Quality/State ‫ޕ‬૎ୃ։ᣊ.doc
! խઔೃխ֮ဲवᢝ՛ิ(1989) Κխઔೃխ֮ဲवᢝ՛ิ.doc
Argument type; Action / State; Number of Argument
! ۶ᆄႉ(1990) Κ։ᣊ೶ᑇ
" ೯‫܂‬ΕणኪΕመ࿓process
! -active -process: णኪ೯ဲ (state) : ೏ΕᜣࣔΕᒔࡳΕუ࢚
! -active +process: መ࿓೯ဲ (process) : ఐΕ‫ڽ‬Εާ(լ֗ढ)Εၲ(լ֗ढ)
! +active -process: ೯‫܂‬೯ဲ (action) : ၒΕ‫װ‬Εՠ‫܂‬Εᎅ
! +active -process: ೯‫ྤ܂‬መ࿓೯ဲ (action-process) : ව‫ڽ‬Ε९ՕΕ࿇ઢΕၲ(֗ढ)
! He, Baozhang(1992) Κࠃٙፖ೯ဲψտ૿ωHeBaozhang.doc

5.
5
֮᣸Κ‫ဲ୲ݮ‬ऱ‫؁‬ऄᐋ‫ڻ‬ംᠲ
! ೯Ε‫ݮ‬Բ։
" DeFrancis (1966)
*adjective
! SV
" Ꮵ࿛(1983)
" ඒ‫ޗ‬
! խ֮ᦫᎅᦰᐊ
! ኔ‫ش‬ዧ፿ᦰ‫ء‬
! ီᦫဎ፿
! ‫ဲ୲ݮ‬Κᘯ፿
" ᎓ (1968)
" ‫ܨ‬ (1980)
" Li &Thompson (1981)
" Ꮵ࿛ (1983)
" ‫ק‬Օ <፿ऄᒧ> (1988)
" Yip & Don (1997):
“Adjectival predicates”
! ૎፿‫ဲ୲ݮ‬ፖ೯ဲ
" Quirk et. al (1985)
" Lakoff (1966)

6.
Teng (1974)ዧ፿೯ဲ։ᣊዧ፿೯ဲ։ᣊዧ፿೯ဲ։ᣊዧ፿೯ဲ։ᣊ
೯ဲ։ᣊ
ჸ಻
‫ࡳܡ‬ ‫ނ‬ Ա ‫ڇ‬ ထ ৰ
୏բ୏ຒ Ϸ‫ނ‬ ό/ؒ V V V V
όϷ‫ނ‬
‫ރ‬ᄊ୏ຒ Ϸ‫ނ‬ ό * V V
όϷ‫ނ‬
ᡂϯ୏ຒ Ϸ‫ނ‬ ؒ V
όϷ‫ނ‬

7.
೯‫܂‬೯ဲ‫ڻ‬ᣊ
7
‫ڻ‬ᣊ ೯ဲࠏ՗ ଥਘ
֗ढ೯‫܂‬೯ဲ֗ढ೯‫܂‬೯ဲ֗ढ೯‫܂‬೯ဲ֗ढ೯‫܂‬೯ဲ ଺Ȑ໭ȑǵѺȐౚ0ΓȑǵඤȐՊܺ0ᒲȑǵௗȐΓ0ႝ၉
ȑǵ‫ڇ‬Ȑ‫ݨ‬ᅊ0ьȑǵ༤Ȑ߄ȑǵ໒Ȑًؓȑ ǵ֋
ນǵᔅշǵྗഢǵीฝǵ೛ीǵൔ֋ǵ‫ډ‬ǵٰǵ૸
ፕǵǵԏࡵǵࣴ‫ز‬ǵᏢಞ
լ֗ढ೯‫܂‬೯ဲլ֗ढ೯‫܂‬೯ဲլ֗ढ೯‫܂‬೯ဲլ֗ढ೯‫܂‬೯ဲ ‫و‬ǵາǵনǵઢǵ०ǵഷǵҶ৲ǵπբǵѺࢎ
ৎႨ೯ဲৎႨ೯ဲৎႨ೯ဲৎႨ೯ဲ ʻʻʻʻլ֗ढլ֗ढլ֗ढլ֗ढʼʼʼʼ ֤ǵઠǵᅵǵ፴ǵᜇǵၤǵၧǵ᚛ǵՐ ˩˩˩˩‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬
ฝ‫ۯ‬೯ဲฝ‫ۯ‬೯ဲฝ‫ۯ‬೯ဲฝ‫ۯ‬೯ဲ ʻʻʻʻ֗ढ֗ढ֗ढ֗ढʼʼʼʼ ‫ܫ‬ǵ੮ǵଶǵ௠ǵးǵᅿǵཚǵхǵຠ ˩˩˩˩‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬ΕΕΕΕ‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬
௣౛೯ဲ௣౛೯ဲ௣౛೯ဲ௣౛೯ဲ Ӟǵസǵᐨǵ޸ǵ፤ǵఠǵࢱȐՊܺȑ ‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬
๠ᆜ೯ဲ๠ᆜ೯ဲ๠ᆜ೯ဲ๠ᆜ೯ဲ ఠԝǵѺઇǵ௢ᙌǵᐨขǵઅឳǵᄟࡧǵϪ࿗ǵঅӳ ‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬‫ڤڗނ‬ΙΙΙΙ޲޲޲޲
փ୲೯ဲփ୲೯ဲփ୲೯ဲփ୲೯ဲ
ΰΰΰΰᎏ፿ᎏ፿ᎏ፿ᎏ፿ΚΚΚΚᒤ໮௑ᒤ໮௑ᒤ໮௑ᒤ໮௑αααα
ၢȐᆸȑǵୠȐᄺȑǵࢱᐙǵᅵ᝺ǵᇥ၉ǵ‫ۺ‬ਜǵ௲ਜ
ǵቪ)ӷ*ǵ‫܍‬ᏼȐ॥ᓀ0ೢҺȑǵѺ‫ש‬ǵѺхǵुȐ
Տȑǵ೻Ȑຉȑǵ੮Ȑ၉ȑǵ֎Ȑྟȑǵ΢ፐǵ଺
Ȑ٣ȑǵ໒཮ǵӣเǵѺᆉǵѺȐႝတ0ႝ၉ȑǵୖ
ᢀǵ،‫ۓ‬
ʽʽʽʽਢਢਢਢˁˁˁˁˁˁˁˁऱऱऱऱ
‫ؾ‬ᑑ೯ဲ‫ؾ‬ᑑ೯ဲ‫ؾ‬ᑑ೯ဲ‫ؾ‬ᑑ೯ဲ
ΰΰΰΰᎏ፿ᎏ፿ᎏ፿ᎏ፿ΚΚΚΚ‫ؾ‬ᑑ௑‫ؾ‬ᑑ௑‫ؾ‬ᑑ௑‫ؾ‬ᑑ௑αααα
࣮ȐႝቹȑȐᄽрȑȐ৖ំȑǵວȐܿՋȑǵ฻ȐΓȑ
ǵ‫פ‬ǵચǵ৾ǵȐЋȑ܎ȐЋȑǵ‫ݙ‬ཀ
ࠩࠩࠩࠩ
‫࣠ګ‬೯ဲ‫࣠ګ‬೯ဲ‫࣠ګ‬೯ဲ‫࣠ګ‬೯ဲ ೷ȐᐏȑǵᇂȐ‫܊‬ηȑǵ଺Ȑ΋‫ע‬ශηȑ ‫ݙ‬‫ݙ‬‫ݙ‬‫ݙ‬˂˂˂˂‫ړ‬‫ړ‬‫ړ‬‫ړ‬ЀЀЀЀԱԱԱԱ
ၸ੄೯ဲၸ੄೯ဲၸ੄೯ဲၸ੄೯ဲ ଶȐًȑǵбȐᒲȑǵ፤ȐًȑǵວȐਜȑǵॷȐਜȑ
ǵચǵ໤ȐΓȑǵ௲ਜǵԵ၂ǵୢȐୢᚒȑǵᏢȐ
ᒳถȑǵว‫ق‬ǵวሇ
ʽʽʽʽထထထထΕΕΕΕ‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬‫ڇ‬
ԫ‫ࢤڻ‬೯‫܂‬೯ဲ ၢǵᄟǵѺǵࠏ჌ ˩˩˩˩ΰΰΰΰԫԫԫԫαααα˩˩˩˩ΚΚΚΚ೯‫܂‬਍೯‫܂‬਍೯‫܂‬਍೯‫܂‬਍
ᥛᥛᥛᥛ

8.
8
᧢֏೯ဲ‫ڻ‬ᣊ
‫ڻ‬ᣊ ೯ဲࠏ՗ ଥਘ
࿪ኙ᧢֏೯ဲ
(absolute)
ᒱǵᒬǵይǵੰǵԝǵ༥ǵࠥǵᘐǵᅝǵॹǵᚯǵઇǵ
ᚆ໒ǵ੃Ѩǵ౥཰ǵ่ஆǵྐΫǵᕭȐНȑǵԋࣁǵ
ᡂࣁǵѨ௳ǵౢғǵჴ౜ǵᡉҢǵԵ΢ǵளȐӜ/ዛ
ȑǵᕇዛǵགߵǵғੰǵଆ०ǵຬख़ǵफ़ሽ
ઌኙ᧢֏೯ဲ
(scalar)
ᅍǵ‫ؼׯ‬ǵ‫ׯ‬๓ǵ‫ׯ‬຾ǵϲଆǵӳᙯǵ܎εǵߏεǵ܎
ߏǵᕭอǵ৖ቨǵ‫ܫ‬᚞ǵᡂӳǵගଯǵуம
‫ڇ‬Ε
࿑პ

9.
9
णኪ೯ဲ‫ڻ‬ᣊ
‫ڻ‬ᣊ ೯ဲᜰࠏፖଥਘ
֗ढ֗ढ֗ढ֗ढ
णኪ೯ဲणኪ೯ဲणኪ೯ဲणኪ೯ဲ
ᣂএᣂএᣂএᣂএ
ፖ᥆ࢤፖ᥆ࢤፖ᥆ࢤፖ᥆ࢤ
ࢂǵ‫ۉ‬ǵ฻‫ܭ‬ ʽৰ
Ⴝ ৰ
ದរದរದរದរ ‫ޕ‬ၰǵᇡ᛽ǵ᝺ளǵ૶ளǵ૶Րǵբࣁǵаࣁ ʽৰ
ᔉǵ‫܂‬ǵᜅԋǵ౛ှǵᕕှǵ‫׆‬ఈ ৰ
ᑉழᑉழᑉழᑉழ ࣬ߞǵ഻៿ǵख़ຎǵངៈǵϸჹȐၸȑ ৰΕመ
྽ ʽৰΕመ
ၞ۩ၞ۩ၞ۩ၞ۩ ངǵࣰఈǵགྷǵௗ߈ ৰΕထΕመ
լ֗ढլ֗ढլ֗ढլ֗ढ
णኪ೯ဲणኪ೯ဲणኪ೯ဲणኪ೯ဲ
ΰΰΰΰ‫ဲ୲ݮ‬‫ဲ୲ݮ‬‫ဲ୲ݮ‬‫ဲ୲ݮ‬αααα
‫ױ‬ᘯ‫ױ‬ᘯ‫ױ‬ᘯ‫ױ‬ᘯΕΕΕΕ
‫ࡳױ‬‫ࡳױ‬‫ࡳױ‬‫ࡳױ‬
औǵଯǵआǵεǵӭǵ຦ǵჹǵߝǵᐭǵለǵཥǵᙑǵऍǵ࡚ǵԆǵᖃܴǵ
ߡ‫ە‬ǵऍ᜽ǵ଻εǵଳృǵӳ࣮ǵ໾ЈǵԖᒲǵӝ፾ǵख़ाǵᅆߝǵђԴǵ
‫܁‬ǵ‫و‬ၮǵགྷৎǵੵǵԖӳೀǵӳǵ዗ǵհǵᇻǵଯᑫǵ‫ז‬኷ǵӼᓉǵ࠼਻
ǵвಒǵ๤ܺǵ዗௃ǵ๱࡚ǵᆙ஭ǵᇡ੿ǵϦ໒
੿ǵᎈǵԖ‫ޜ‬ǵ࡚Ԇǵ΋ኬ
ഄᘯഄᘯഄᘯഄᘯΕΕΕΕ
ॺࡳॺࡳॺࡳॺࡳ
ཉǵ୼ǵ֮ǵϿǵԐǵఁǵ߈ǵ‫ז‬ǵᄌǵ֐ǵεᖂ
ഄࡳഄࡳഄࡳഄࡳΕΕΕΕ
ॺᘯॺᘯॺᘯॺᘯ
ϷਔǵઝஏǵВதǵคኧǵӀᄪǵቶᗡǵ๊ჹǵӄय़ǵϦӅǵε‫ץ‬ǵεࠠǵ
ঁձǵ཰Ꭹǵ΋૓ǵଷǵᐉǵ፛ǵྕǵ
ኩਔǵӅӕǵ߃‫؁‬ǵঁձǵεໆǵΓπǵᖏਔǵࡺཀǵ੿҅ǵЬाǵਥҁ
౨ᣋ೯ဲ౨ᣋ೯ဲ౨ᣋ೯ဲ౨ᣋ೯ဲ ૈǵ཮ǵёаǵᔈ၀ǵᜫཀǵ

10.
10
೯ኪ‫ဲܗ‬ፖ೯ဲ‫ڻ‬ᣊΚ”Ա”
! ೯‫܂‬೯ဲΚழၦΕ೯ၦΕದࡨΕ‫ګݙ‬
! ৎႨ೯ဲΚ᝟‫ٻ‬೯‫ဲܗ‬Εֱ‫ဲۯ‬Εழၦ
! ‫࣠ګ‬೯ဲΚၲࡨΕ ‫ګ/ړ‬
! ௣౛೯ဲΚ‫ނ‬Ѐ࠹ࠃᎏ፿
" መ‫ٙࠃװ‬ΚழၴဲΕԱ (ς࿶0খখ//Α)
! Chao (1968) “መ‫װ‬ԫٙ໢ᗑऱࠃ”
! ‫ܨ‬ (1992) ”೯ઌѧਝࠃઌ”
" ॺ๵৳ࢤΕॺክൄ᧯
! णኪ೯ဲΚ*ࢂΑǵᔉΑǵ‫ޕ‬ၰΑǵ഻៿΢ΑΕ‫ဲ୲ݮ‬ЀԱ
! ᧢֏೯ဲΚԱ1
! Ա…೯ၦ/ழၦԱΚψᝫ૞ᤉᥛΕբሒਬԫᑇၦωΰᏥ࿛1983α
! CRS(ፖᅝছழउઌᣂࢤ) Li & Thompson (1983)

11.
11
ழኪᑑಖፖ೯ဲ‫ڻ‬ᣊΚ”‫”ڇ‬Ε”ထ”
! ೯‫܂‬೯ဲЀ‫ڇ‬Κၞ۩ኪ
! ೯‫܂‬೯ဲЀထΚणኪ֏Δ༴૪าᆏ
" ު΢ᏼ๱޸᎐Ǵ޸᎐΢௠๱޸៶ǴЋύ৾๱޸ۤ)દᑔኄ*
" ၸ੄೯ဲȐбᒲǵୢୢᚒǵ ᏢύЎǾȑΚ‫ڇ‬Δ*ထ
! ᢅ (1997) փຝၸ੄stageЀ‫ڇ‬
" ፿ᆠਐ‫ٻ‬Κ΋ΠηǾӳ/‫ډ‬
! णኪ೯ဲΚ*‫ڇ‬Εထ
" *Ⴝ๱Ε*ཥ๱ vs. Ԗ๱ǵང๱ǵଯᑫ๱
! ᧢֏೯ဲΚྤփຝመ࿓Κ‫ڇ‬Ε*ထ
" ӧ‫ؼׯ‬ǵӧӳᙯ

12.
12
೫ဲፖ೯ဲ։ᣊ
! २ᆠဲΚ
" HSKΚψόଶȩΚ೯‫܂‬਍ᥛΙȨ΋‫ޔ‬ȩΚणኪ਍ᥛ
" ΋‫ޔ‬Κ೯‫܂‬೯ဲΕणኪ೯ဲΕ᧢֏೯ဲΕ‫ࡳܡ‬
" όଶΚ೯‫܂‬೯ဲ
" όᘐΚ೯‫܂‬೯ဲΕ᧢֏೯ဲ
! ั༾Κψ࿓৫೫ဲωΛ (HSKԬ్Ε‫0891ڹ‬ΕᏥ࿛1983)
" ೯‫܂‬೯ဲ
" ᧢֏೯ဲ

13.
13
೯ဲඈ‫ݧ‬Κဲ᙮Εඒ‫ޗ‬
! ೯ဲֺࠏΚ
" HSKဲნՕጼ3000ဲ
! ‫్ظ‬Κ300/1033Ι೯‫܂‬೯ဲ219/300
! Ԭ్Κ943/2018Ι೯‫܂‬೯ဲԫ‫את‬Ղ
" ෼‫ז‬ዧ፿᙮෷᢯ࠢဲ᙮Κ183 /436
! ៿።෷Κؓᘝ፿ற஄ছ95ଡ೏᙮೯ဲ
! ᎛ࣟ ԫ ϟ ԲΚ61/95
! ኔ‫ش‬ዧ፿ᦰ‫ء‬ ԫ & ԲΚ49/95ΙԫД؄Κ65/95
! ‫٨ټ‬ছૄऱ೯ဲ
" ‫ז‬ǵߏΚ᎛ࣟԫΕPCRรԲ‫ם‬৵‫ת‬
" ᝺ளΚ᎛ࣟԫL7ΕPCRԲL17
" ᎛ࣟΕኔ‫ش‬ዧ፿ᦰ‫ء‬Εխ֮ᦫᎅᦰᐊ ΰԫα٥ຏऱ೯ဲΚ20ଡ
! ‫פ‬౨Κ
" ຫࠠ‫ڙ‬ (2005) Κຫ૪Εᎅࣔ‫פ‬౨
" ٌᎾ‫פ‬౨Κᖴᖴǵӆ‫ـ‬ǵӳΦό‫ـ‬

14.
14
ඒ‫ޗ‬೯ဲုᇞࢬીೣᎄ
1. ೯ဲ։ᣊፖ೯ဲ֗ढࢤ
! *дᚯΑܿՋǶ
д‫ע‬ՊܺᠢΑǶ
! ‫ך‬ჹдࡐғ਻Ƕ *?‫ך‬ჹдࡐᏼЈǶ
2. ೯ኪ‫ဲܗ‬ፖ೯ဲ։ᣊΚᚯΑǵᒱΑǵ‫ב‬Α
3. ‫ࡳܡ‬ଥਘፖ೯ဲ։ᣊΚ*ؒ‫ܫ‬Ј *όԖ
ΰ᎛ࣟรԫ‫ם‬รԲᓰΚլΕ޲Ι‫پ‬ΕᔄΕঁࡵΕ၆α
4. ೯ဲኙ‫׌‬፿ऱ૞‫ޣ‬Κ‫ׯ‬ᡂǵᡂ ΰ᎛ࣟรԲ‫ם‬รԲᓰΚ‫ٵ‬ԫဲයα
5. ೯ဲૹᦤऱ૞‫ޣ‬ΚHSKψԫ౳೯ဲωΕψ೯ဲૹᦤω
6. ࿨ዌ‫ۖۿݮ‬፿ᆠլ‫ٵ‬ΰ‫ݮٵ‬ฆᆠဲα
" ‫ܫז‬ଷΑǶΰီဎԫα ‫وז‬Ƕ‫ז‬΢ًփǶΰ᎛ࣟԲα
7. VOհ‫شج‬
" Ѻౚǵෞ‫ݚ‬ǵԖ‫ޜ‬ǵр٣ *Ԗࡐӭ‫ޜ‬..Ζ*р٣рள..Ζ
8. լᑑಖᠦ‫ဲٽ‬
" ‫س‬ఐΚΰࠏ‫؁‬αգғ‫ࢂޑ‬ϙሶੰǻ
" ‫س‬௛Κдғ‫਻ޑך‬Ζ‫ݺ.ڔ૿ߠݺ‬ৰఐ.?‫ݺ‬ኙ‫ה‬ৰ‫س‬௛.

15.
15
ዧ፿೯ဲඒᖂ፿ऄ
ѧᖂ฾ृ‫ش‬೯ဲ፿ऄ๵ঞ༴૪
! Grammar for Learners
! ‫׌‬૞ຫ૪ major statement
" ೯ဲଥਘ፿֗ࠡ‫ۯ‬ᆜ
" ೯ဲ‫׌‬૞։ᣊ
" ೯ဲ‫ڻ‬ᣊ
" ‫؁‬ऄѧ֗ढΕլ֗ढΕ‫ױࡳױ‬ᘯΕഄᘯ..
" ψ‫ဲ୲ݮ‬ω
" ᠦ‫ဲٽ‬
! ‫ش‬ऄॵု note
! ೯ဲѧᎏ፿
! ೯ኪᑑಖ
! …
! ‫شױ‬ፖլ‫شױ‬ Dos’ & Don’ts’
! णኪ೯ဲΚ լ‫ᦤૹױ‬Εྤ‫ױ‬ૠၦ
! ᧢֏೯ဲΚፖ”Ա”٥෼

16.
16
೯ဲऱඒᖂᐋ‫ڻ‬
! ᐋ‫ڻ‬ԫΚ೯‫܂‬ΕणኪΕ᧢֏ԿՕ‫׌‬ᣊ
! ᐋ‫ڻ‬ԲΚ‫ܗ‬೯ဲΕ‫ဲ୲ݮ‬
! ᐋ‫ڻ‬ԿΚ֗ढࢤΕࡳ፿ࢤ
! ᐋ‫؄ڻ‬Κ։ᠦࢤΕ೯৵‫׌‬፿
! ‫ב‬દኔ۩Κ
" ඒ‫ޗ‬Λ
" ᓰ࿓᜔ᓵΛ
! ඒஃߡ‫ۥ‬Κٚૹሐ᎛

17.
17
ઔߒհૻࠫፖ৵ᥛ
! ‫᧯ࠠޓ‬ऱ೯ဲ‫׌‬ᣊΕ‫ڻ‬ᣊ։ᣊࠉᖕ
! ‫ܜ‬ຝЈ౛୏ຒǺ‫ݙ‬ཀǵ،‫ۓ‬
! ֗ढΕլ֗ढΚ೯ဲᚈᎁଖ(default)Λ
! ᔉVs, Vst?Ι”ԙϺЈೖፋᆸ៪ȹ
! ဲΕဲิΕ࿨ዌΚඒᖂய෷
" ፿ऄΛဲნΛ
! Ѻઇǵఠԝ
! ౨ᣋ‫ܗ‬೯ဲΕणኪ೯ဲऱ։ມ
! ،Јว୏‫ݓ‬းࡹᡂ
! ᄮຏ‫פ‬౨Ε፿ऄ࿨ዌΚඒᖂႉ‫ؓݧ‬ᘝរ

18.
ᄃᓮਐඒΜ