chapter 1 defination of resarch and realted terms .pptx

1. Ethics of Scientific research Lecture no 1 Dr Hend Maarof

2. Introduction •A biology investigation usually starts with an observation—that is, something that catches the biologist’s attention. •For instance, a cancer biologist might notice that a certain kind of cancer can't be treated with chemotherapy and wonder why this is the case.

3. Most everyone who thinks about how to solve problems in a formal way has run across the concepts of deductive and inductive reasoning.

4. Inductive logic integrates the evidence to assess your hypothesis ‫المنهج‬ ‫االستقرائي‬ : ‫هو‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫مالحظة‬ ‫للظواهر‬ ‫لتجميع‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫عنها‬ ‫بهدف‬ ‫ا‬ ‫لتوصل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫عالقات‬ ،‫كلية‬ ‫ومبادئ‬ ،‫عامة‬ ‫ويمتاز‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫المنهج‬ ‫بانتقال‬ ‫الباحث‬ ‫من‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫إلى‬ ،‫العام‬ ‫أو‬ ‫من‬ ‫الجزء‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الكل‬ Deductive logic helps you identify a hypothesis’s surrounding ‫المنهج‬ ‫االستنباطي‬ : ‫هو‬ ‫استدالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫العام‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫أو‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكل‬ ‫إلى‬ ،‫الجزء‬ ‫و‬ ‫يبدأ‬ ‫من‬ ‫النظريات‬ ‫أو‬ ،‫المسلمات‬ ‫ويستنبط‬ ‫منه‬ ‫ما‬ ‫يصدق‬ ‫على‬ ،‫الكل‬ ‫وما‬ ‫ينطبق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫لى‬ ‫الجزء‬ ،‫المبحوث‬ ‫ويصدق‬ ‫على‬ ،‫الجزء‬ ‫ويمر‬ ‫بثالث‬ ‫خطوات؛‬ ‫كالمقدمة‬ ‫المنطقي‬ ‫ة‬ ،‫الكبرى‬ ‫والمقدمة‬ ‫المنطقية‬ ،‫الصغرى‬ ‫والنتيجة‬ .

5. deductive inductive ‫وللمنهج‬ ‫االستقرائي‬ ‫مكانة‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫لدى‬ ،‫العلماء‬ ‫ولدى‬ ‫ال‬ ‫منهج‬ ،‫العلمي‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫أن‬ ‫العلماء‬ ‫يعتمدون‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫رئيسي‬ ‫من‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يقوموا‬ ‫بتشكيل‬ ‫الفرضيات‬ ،‫والنظريات‬ ‫بينما‬ ‫يل‬ ‫جؤون‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المنهج‬ ‫االستداللي‬ ‫أو‬ ‫االستنباطي‬ ‫من‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يقوموا‬ ‫بت‬ ‫طبيق‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫النظريات‬ ،‫والفرضيات‬ ‫ويتأكدوا‬ ‫من‬ ،‫صحتها‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫ع‬ ‫لى‬ ‫نظريات‬ ‫وحاالت‬ ‫محددة‬ ‫فقط‬ . ‫االستقرائي‬ ‫االستداللي‬

6. ‫االستقرائي‬

7. A hypothesis is an educated guess, or an untested explanation, that is based upon observations or know facts. For example, if an entomologist guesses that gray moths survive better on gray tree trunks, he or she has constructed a hypothesis. This hypothesis can be tested in one or more experiments or tests. If a hypothesis has been repeatedly tested and has not been disproved, it may become accepted as a theory. Examples include cell theory and atomic theory. A law describes what happens, but does not explain how it happens. One example is the law of gravity.

8. ‫التجريبية‬ ‫واقعي‬

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