4. Synchronous Condensers
• Definition
• MVAR Control Leads to P.F. Control
• Condensers vs. Cap Banks
• Operation of an Electrical Generator
• Zion Nuclear Station – Big Cap Bank
5. High Voltage DC Stations
• Definition
• Dollars and Sizes
• Purposes
– Grid Connections
– Stability over Distances
– Configurations
• Automation Controls
13. Substation & Distribution
Automation
• SCADA – Traditional Functionality
• Functional Requirements
• Elements of Automation IEDs
• RTU Configuration
• Data Integration & Management
14. Traditional Functionality
• Automatic Voltage Control / Tap Position
• Breaker Failure Detection / Data Logging
• Load Shedding / Dead Bus Transfer
• RTU Provides Contact Based Local I/O
• Master Station Provides the User Interface
• Station Control System is Isolated from the
rest of the Enterprise
15. Functional Requirements
• Flexible Real Time Mass Data Management
• Security (NERC)
• Load Auto Sectionalizing / Auto Restoration
• Low Data Latency
• Scalability in Size and Function
• Substation Hardened with Noise Immunity
• Use of Standard H/W & F/W Components
16. Elements of Automation
• Cap Controls
• Regulators & LTCs
• SOE
• Digital Fault
Recording
• Protective Relays
• PLC Functions
17. Typical RTU Configuration
Multifunction Gateway
Local I/O
status
control
analog
Breaker
Control
Programmable
Logic Controllers
Metering
Protective
Relays
Local
HMI
GPS Time Base
ALARMSUMMARY
8:03:56PMNAHMWestSt.FeederBreakerLockout
8:03:52PMNAHMWestSt.FeederBreakerReclose
8:03:42PMNAHMWestSt.FeederBreakerTripped
8:03:36PMNAHMWestSt.FeederBreakerReclose
8:03:34PMNAHMWestSt.FeederBreakerTripped
8:02:24PMNAHMWestSt.Current620.5HiHiLimit
8:01:53PMNAHMWestSt.Current540.6HiLimit
NAHM
Traction Power SCADA Master
Enterprise
Network
19. Data Integration & Management
• Data must be Integrated and
Communicated
– Operational Data for Power Dispatchers
– Engineering Data for System Analysis
• Multifunction Gateway is Required
– Interoperability of Multiple Protocols
– Local I/O to Legacy Devices
– Must be easily Configurable
20. Relay Protection & Co-ordination
• Generator
• Transformers
• Line
• Bus
• Feeders
25. Smart Grid
• Enhanced
transmission
or distribution
networks that
utilize
network
technology,
distributed
computing,
associated
sensors and
software.
28. Smart Grid – Smart Metering
• Demand Response
• Distributed Generation Management
• Electrical Storage Management
• Thermal Storage Management
• Transmission Management
• Power Outage and Restoration Detection
• Power Quality Management
• Preventive Maintenance Improves the
Reliability, Security / Efficiency of the Grid
29. SCADA User’s Group Meeting
• Questions and Answers
• Thank You for Being Part of Our
Program this Week
Editor's Notes
Over-excited field produces VARs
Local over-excitement of motors
Hard vs. soft capacitance, caps have discrete steps
Generators must be continuously turn on it turning gear
Zion and SA, see diagram
High Voltage DC conversion stations, components
$1,000,000 per MW
Why HVDC?
Stability of non-synchronous systems
50 / 60 frequency conversion South America & Japan
Long distance – from island to island, or land mass to land mass, i.e. Italy to Corsica or Sicily
Back-to-back – conserves land, local and state ordinances
SA needed for substation control at both ends
Rocky Mountain crossing
Texas vs. the rest of the USA
New England to Canada
Back to back locations in Oklaunion, Texas and Miles City, Montana
Controls for 12 pulse stack
Controls for station
Controls for plenum room (Six 500 HP fans)
Windmills are 100 to 300 meters high, Palm Springs vs. Wisconsin
Distributed generation
SA must monitor or control Power, Blade Position, Nacelle Position, Wind Speed & Wind Direction
SA must calculate Available Power (Turbine, Substation, Farm)
SA must calculate turbines available & stopped (low wind, high wind, & low temperature)
Older style require batteries and inverters, more expensive but can be used when not needed
Newer style direct connect to the utility AC, less expensive but must be shutdown during slow speeds
It takes about 10 mph wind velocity to start the blades spinning.
Maximum blade pitch until to 0.4 PU power reached.
Alter blade pitch until 1.0 PU power output reached.
Reduce blade pitch to maintain 1.0 PU power output.
Right y-axis is fraction of generator speed.
System check – Initialization of rotor and blade pitch position
Ready for operation – Apply parking brake, determine run duration
Start and brake release – With sufficient wind speed, brake is release
Grid connection – Generator and converter contactor is closed with speed matching
Power production – Pitch regulation to control power production
Grid disconnection – When wind is too low, disconnection is allowed
Freewheeling – When wind speed remains too low
Shutdown – Wind too low or too high, or diagnostics require a shutdown
Emergency shutdown – Beyond critical operation limits
Operation of systems will be shared between central and distributed generators. SA will allow control of distributed generation, power flow, and aggregation of micro-grids.
Review topology.
Wind farms are different in configuration and in the amount of information necessary for operation. A 110 MW site may have 30,000 data points.
Original designs required remote monitoring and control.
Present designs allow for more intelligent local fundamental operation with a sampling rate of 200 msec. Statistical computations are performed on a 10 minute cycle.
SA must manage the information and plan for non-continuous operation of their renewable energy production.
Many applications – thermal heating vs. photovoltaic.
Heating is essentially independent from the grid and supplements the heating requirements
Small independent stations are for off grid local operation
Large sites connect to the grid through inverters potentially with battery backup.
Solar farms allow for local disbursion of power generation, perhaps 10 MW
Micro Grids / Distributed generation – smaller generation sites from solar can be brought on line as needed for local power support potentially to sell power back to the grid.
Islands of generation
SA is required to monitor and control the configuration management of the grid as Generation Cells come on-line and as micro grids are able to back feed power back into local grids for local support and grid stability.
Topics to cover concerning Substation & Distribution Automation
Fault Location, Isolation and supply Restoration (FLIR)
PF / KVAR control via regulator taps and cap control
Breaker failure alarms with Sequence of Events SOE Logging
Load and fault regulation results in load management decisions and sectionalizing
MIS vs. Operational LAN requirements
Islands of information with data transfer
Sectionalizing overloads vs. faults
Sequential auto restoration in sections to maximize customer satisfaction
Unity power factor maintenance
Multi-step regulators
SOE, what’s first matters most
Programmable logic controls, If, Then, Else
1.0 msec. SOE time precision with sync pulse
RTU with connections to
IEDs (relays, meters, PLCs, cap controls, breaker & switchgear controls)
HMI interfaces
Global positioning satelite devices
Interfaces to Masters and LANs / WANs
Master Station with HMIs
Communications LAN / WAN
RTUs connected to IEDs
Cap Controls, Regulator Controls, Switch Controls, Meters, etc.
Demand-side management
Voltage regulation / VAR control
Real-time pricing, KWH, KVARH, PF penalty
Dispersed generation and storage dispatch
Fault diagnosis / location
Power quality, peak shifting, valley filling
System Reconfiguration
Power restoration
SA provides relay programming and parametric setup
Fault clearance is done automatically with subsequent reporting
Load data is sent to SA for analysis as needed
Generator protection is critical – OF/UF, slipped pole, winding short, ground fault
Transformer protection – winding fault, ground fault, transformer differential
Line protection – line faults, directional, instantaneous, inverse curve, reach
Bus protection – current summation, directional
Distribution feeder protection – over-currents with sectionalizing
TCCs – Time-current curves
C is fast, B is slow, A is never at I-fault
Three shots to lockout
Recloser, fuse, breaker co-orrdination
Typical ring bus with 3 radial lines and a source transformer
Each feeder and transformer is protected by dual redundant systems
Each breaker is protected by a single breaker relay panel
Older processors and SA not able to perform line protection, breaker failure, and reclosing
Newer processor controls and SA systems
Eliminate 5 breaker panels, shadow not double redundancy, reduction of wiring
Reduction of long term maintenance, increases system reliability, and lowers cost up to 50%
All aspects of Automation, standard power generation, and alternate energy are to be employed.
Coal, hydro, nuclear, city and industrial power production, local wind, local solar
Smart IEDs
Solar – clouds, weather, no sun
Wind – storms or no wind
House quiet but still producing power to the neighborhood
Reprogram reclosers, IED, and relays
SA Lower Level programming required for Micro-grids
Smart Grid combines energy and information technology to create a resilient network that links an increasingly clean and diverse supply of generation and storage with customers who are using electricity more wisely, and in more ways.
Smart monitoring for SA updates
Solar and Wind will take local and governmental intervention
FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission) – Static VAR Compensators
Centralized remedial action scheme (CRAS), high speed fiber / microwave communications
Advanced EMS with state estimation (condition based monitoring)
Changes on immediate weather conditions, daily changes and seasonal cycles
5.3 M meters to incorporate appliances and thermostats
Fault current limiting technology
Distribution feeders are typically uni-directional. With the appearance of “islands of generation”, system configuration must be adaptive with appropriate IED settings and fusing considerations.
