1. Voronezh State University
Faculty of Medicine and Biology
departmentmedicaldisciplines
Emergencies of a biological and social nature
Translated from Russian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.com

2. Study questions
• Introduction. The problem of biologicalsecurity
• emergencysituations of a biological and social nature.
Basic concepts.Classification
• Methodsfight against mass diseases of people,
animals, plants. Anti-epidemic measures in the
epidemichearth
• Preventioninfectiousdiseases

3. • Biological security in modern conditions is part of national security.
According to the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ “On the
sanitary and epidemic well-being of the population” (as amended
from August 3, 2018) “Sanitary and epidemiological well-being of
the population- the state of health of the population, the human
environment, in which there is no harmful effect of environmental
factors on a person and favorable conditions for his life are provided.
• One of the main factors destabilizing the biological safety of the
Russian Federation isinfectious pathology.

4. • Emergencies of a biological and social nature - the
situation in a certain territory, which has developed as
a result of the influence of a biological factor, in which
the normal conditions for the life of people, the
existence of agricultural animals and plants are
violated, there is a threat to the life and health of
people, the loss of agricultural animals and plants.
• The source of biological emergencies are mainly
infectious diseases of people, animals, plants.

6. • According to the type (object) of the disease, there are:
• epizootics- infectious animal diseases - a group of diseases
that have such common features as the presence of a
specific pathogen, cyclical development, the ability to be
transmitted from an infected animal to a healthy one and
take on epizootic spread.
• Epiphytoties - Infectious diseases of plants.
• Epidemics - a wide spread of infectious diseases among
people, significantly exceeding the incidence rate usually
recorded in a given territory.

7. • Epidemichearth -This is the location of the source of infection,
together with the surrounding area, within which, under specific
circumstances, the pathogen can spread. An epidemic focus can be an
apartment, a kindergarten, a school, a car in which the patient was.
• Epidemicprocess-it is a continuous chain of successive infections and
diseases.
• For the spread of infectious diseases in the human team, three
interacting links are needed (epidemic process factors):
• a source of infection that releases the microbe that causes the
disease;
• the mechanism of transmission of pathogens of an infectious disease;
• susceptible population.

8. • source of infectionin most diseases is a sick person or a sick animal,
from the body of whichpathogen is isolated.
Specific features of infectious agents:
• epidemic;
• high toxicity;
• toontogiosity;
• Availabilityincubation (latent) perioddiseases;
• possibilityconservationmicroorganisms;
• rangethe spread of an infection (pandemic);
• the difficulty of express indication (detection);
• strong psychological effect onperson.

9. • Ways of transmission of infectionvery varied. According to the
mechanism of action, they are combined into four groups.
• 1.Airborne or airborne (aerogenic, respiratory)-.
• 2.fecal-oralwaytransmission(water-food)
• 3.contact way transfers:
• direct (sexual transmission of venereal diseases)
• indirect contact (throughexternalitems: childrentoys, leather and fur
products, etc.).
• four.Transmissive way - transmission of pathogens through an
intermediate carrier (arthropods): lice, fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, flies,
etc.

10. • Susceptible population - the third link in the epidemic chain..
• Immunity-immunity of the body to infections. Distinguish between
innate and acquired immunity.

11. • Methods of combating mass diseases of people, animals, plants.
Anti-epidemic measures in the epidemic focus.
Complexanti-epidemic measures includes:
• sanitary and epidemiological intelligence and surveillance;
• organizationregime- restrictive measures (observation and
quarantine);
• emergency non-specific and specific prophylaxis;
• use of individual and collective means of protection;
• medical evacuation measures;
• disinfection (disinfection, disinsection, deratization);
• sanitization of persons who were in the epidemic focus.

12. • Underobservation is understood as a system of isolation-restrictive
and treatment-and-prophylactic measures aimed at preventing the
spread of infectious diseases.
• Quarantine - This is a system of administrative and medical-sanitary
measures aimed at the complete isolation of the epidemic focus and
the elimination of infectious morbidity in it.
• Quarantine is introduced when patients with especially dangerous
infections appear in the foci of catastrophes among the affected
population, group diseases among the population, in the case of
contagious infections with their increase in a short time.

13. •Observation and quarantine are canceledafter
the expiration of the maximum incubation period
of this infectious disease from the moment of
isolation of the last patient,final disinfectionand
sanitization of service personnel and the
population.

14. • Emergency non-specific and specific(special)preventionIt hasin order
to prevent disease in people who have been exposed topathogens.
• Emergency preventioncarried out until the type of pathogen that
caused the infectious pathology is established.
• From the moment of identification of the causative agent of a
dangerous infectious disease and determination of its sensitivity to
antimicrobial drugsstartsspecific prophylaxisusingspecific
antimicrobialdrugs (narrow-spectrum antibiotics, specific biologics).

15. • Exceptgeneral sanitarymeasures aimed at the prevention of infectious
diseases, of great importance in breaking the epidemic chain and
stopping the diseaseIt hasdisinfection:disinfection, disinsection and
deratization.
• Disinfection(disinfection) is the destruction of pathogenic microbes in
the human environment. There are two types of disinfection:
preventive and focal..
• Preventivedisinfection is carried out regularly, regardless of the
presence of infectious diseases in order to prevent them.

16. • Spot disinfection carried out in the
hearthinfections.It can be current or final.
• Currentdisinfection is the main event of the
hospitalmode.The purpose of this type of
disinfection is to stop the spread of foci of
infectious diseases.
• Final disinfection is carried out after
hospitalization, recovery or deathpatient (mainly
with AOI)in order to free the source of infection
from the pathogen. It happens once and is carried
out in the first 6-12 hours after isolation.patient
disinfection centers.

17. • Disinsection- this is a set of measures for the destruction of
harmful arthropods (insects and mites) - carriers of human
pathogens and agricultural pests.
• There are medical, veterinary and agricultural pest control.
• Deratization- this is a set of measures for the destruction of
rodents, which are a source of pathogens of human
infectious diseases and cause harm to the national economy.
Deratization is carried out by mechanical, chemical and
biological methods.

18. • To eliminate the epidemic focus and the possible
consequences of the epidemic,partial and complete special
processing.
• A partial special treatment is carried out in the focus, and a
complete special treatment is carried out at the exit from it.
• An epidemic focus is considered eliminated when all sources
of infection are neutralized,focaldisinfection and the
maximum incubation period has passed after isolation, and
in case of especially dangerous infections - after the last
patient was discharged from the hospital.

19. Prevention of infectious diseases
• Allocate public and individual prevention.
• Public (general) prevention includes state measures aimed at
improving material well-being, improving medical care, creating
healthy and safe working and rest conditionspopulation.
• Individual prevention provides for: vaccinations, hardening, a healthy
regimen, including good sleep, outdoor walks, sports, proper
nutrition, personal hygiene, and the rejection of bad habits. A healthy
lifestyle increases the body's resistance to infection.

20. •Thank you for attention