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The State of HBase Replication
Jean-Daniel Cryans
May 5th, 2014

2. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
About me
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• Software Engineer at Cloudera, Storage team
• Apache HBase committer since 2008, PMC
member

3. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation for HBase Replication
• Even though HBase is:
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4. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation for HBase Replication
• Even though HBase is:
• distributed;
3

5. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation for HBase Replication
• Even though HBase is:
• distributed;
• fault-tolerant;
3

6. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation for HBase Replication
• Even though HBase is:
• distributed;
• fault-tolerant;
• highly available; and
3

7. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation for HBase Replication
• Even though HBase is:
• distributed;
• fault-tolerant;
• highly available; and
• almost magic.
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8. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Motivation for HBase Replication
• Even though HBase is:
• distributed;
• fault-tolerant;
• highly available; and
• almost magic.
3

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The Current State
• It’s production-ready.
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The Current State
• It’s production-ready.
• It’s used to replicate data between thousands
of nodes across continents.
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11. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Current State
• It’s production-ready.
• It’s used to replicate data between thousands
of nodes across continents.
• It’s used for Disaster Recovery, geo-
distributed serving, and more.
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12. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Agenda
• Four Years of Replication
• Use Cases in Production
• Roadmap

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Design
• Clusters are distinct
• Pull VS push
• Sync VS Async
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Clusters are Distinct
• HBase doesn’t span DCs, HDFSs
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Master
20 RS
Slave
15 RS

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Clusters are Distinct
• HBase doesn’t span DCs, HDFSs
• .META. operations aren’t replicated
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Master
20 RS
Slave
15 RS

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Clusters are Distinct
• HBase doesn’t span DCs, HDFSs
• .META. operations aren’t replicated
• Regions can be different
7
Master
20 RS
Slave
15 RS

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Clusters are Distinct
• HBase doesn’t span DCs, HDFSs
• .META. operations aren’t replicated
• Regions can be different
• Security has to be configured for each cluster
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Master
20 RS
Slave
15 RS

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Push instead of Pull
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MySQL
Master
MySQL
Slave
Get binlog
Apply locally
MySQL Replication uses Pull
Cluster A Cluster B

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Push instead of Pull
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RS RSreplicate entries
Apply to cluster
HBase Replication uses Push
Cluster A Cluster B

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Async instead of Sync
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Cluster A Cluster B
RS
HLog
MemStore
RS
HLog
MemStore
Synchronous Replication

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Async instead of Sync
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Cluster A Cluster B
RS
HLog
MemStore
RS
HLog
MemStore
Put
2
3
1
Synchronous Replication

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Async instead of Sync
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Cluster A Cluster B
RS
HLog
MemStore
RS
HLog
MemStore
Put
2
3
1
Ack Ack
Put
5
6
4
78
Synchronous Replication

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Async instead of Sync
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Asynchronous Replication

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Async instead of Sync
11
Asynchronous Replication
Cluster A
RS
HLog
MemStore
Put
Ack
2
3
1
4

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Async instead of Sync
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Asynchronous Replication
Cluster A
RS
HLog
MemStore
Put
Ack
2
3
1
4
Cluster B
RS
HLog
MemStore
Ack
Put
3
4
2
5
HLog
Tailing
Thread
1

26. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
First Release - 0.90.0
• Simple master-slave (only one)
• Disabled by default
• Uses ZK as a metadata store
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Original Implementation
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replicateLogEntries()Replication
Source
ZooKeeper
Watcher
Region Server on
Master Cluster
Replication
Sink
HTable
Put
Delete
Region Server on
Slave Cluster

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First Lesson Learned
• HDFS doesn’t support tailing files being
written to. It requires:
• open()
• seek()// go where we stopped last time
• while (not EOF || enoughData)
• read()
• close()
• repeat
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Second Lesson Learned
• Single threaded, non-batched ZK is slow
• ZK didn’t have an atomic move operation
• Doubles # ops needed, race conditions
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Second Lesson Learned
• Single threaded, non-batched ZK is slow
• ZK didn’t have an atomic move operation
• Doubles # ops needed, race conditions
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/hbase
/replication
/RS1
/1
/hlog1
/hlog2
...
/hbase
/replication
/RS2
/1-RS1
/hlog1
1. create new hlog2
2. delete old hlog2

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Second Release - 0.92.0
• Cyclic replication
• Multi-slave (scope LOCAL or GLOBAL)
• Enable / disable peer
• Special configurations
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Cyclic Replication
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Cluster
1
Cluster
2
Cluster
3
Put Row X

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Cyclic Replication
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Cluster
1
Cluster
2
Cluster
3
Put Row X
Put Row X

34. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Cyclic Replication
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Cluster
1
Cluster
2
Cluster
3
Put Row X
Put Row X
Put Row X

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Cyclic Replication
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Cluster
1
Cluster
2
Cluster
3
Put Row X
Put Row X
Put Row X
Row X is from 1
Don’t replicate!

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Multi-Slave
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Cluster
1
Cluster
2
Cluster
3
Put Row X

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Multi-Slave
18
Cluster
1
Cluster
2
Cluster
3
Put Row X
Put Row X

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Multi-Slave
18
Cluster
1
Cluster
2
Cluster
3
Put Row X
Put Row X Put Row X

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Enable / Disable Peers
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Cluster 1
RS
HLog
Cluster 2
RSHLog
Tailing
Thread

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Enable / Disable Peers
> disable_peer ‘2’
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Cluster 1
RS
HLog
Cluster 2
RSHLog
Tailing
Thread
Is the peer enabled?

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Enable / Disable Peers
> disable_peer ‘2’
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Cluster 1
RS
HLog
Cluster 2
RSHLog
Tailing
Thread
HLog
Is the peer enabled?

42. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Enable / Disable Peers
> disable_peer ‘2’
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Cluster 1
RS
HLog
Cluster 2
RSHLog
Tailing
Thread
HLog
HLog
Is the peer enabled?

43. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Enable / Disable Peers
> disable_peer ‘2’
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Cluster 1
RS
HLog
Cluster 2
RSHLog
Tailing
Thread
HLog
HLog
HLog
Is the peer enabled?

44. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Enable / Disable Peers
> disable_peer ‘2’
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Cluster 1
RS
HLog
Cluster 2
RSHLog
Tailing
Thread
HLog
HLog
HLog
HLog
Is the peer enabled?

45. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Enable / Disable Peers
> disable_peer ‘2’
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Cluster 1
RS
HLog
Cluster 2
RSHLog
Tailing
Thread
HLog
HLog
HLog
HLog
HLog
Is the peer enabled?

46. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Special Configurations
• KEEP_DELETED_CELLS
• Must be used on slaves with replication when
deleting data.
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Special Configurations
• KEEP_DELETED_CELLS
• Must be used on slaves with replication when
deleting data.
• MIN_VERSION
• With TTL, makes it easy to configure a slave that
contains only the last few days of data.
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48. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third Lesson Learned
• It’s easy to DDOS yourself.
• Replication was using the normal handlers...
• ... and using them to write back!
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Handler1: Put
Handler2: Delete
Handler3: Replicate
Handler4: Get
Handler5: Put
Replicated Put goes in the queue

49. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fourth Lesson Learned
• Instinctively, what would something called
stop_replication do?
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50. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fourth Lesson Learned
• Instinctively, what would something called
stop_replication do?
• Good intentions, bad outcomes, HBASE-8861
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start/stop_replication
X

51. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Third Release - 0.96.0 / 0.98.0
• Replication enabled by default!
• Completely refactored for readability/
extensibility (Chris Trezzo)
• ReplicationSyncUp tool (HBASE-9047)
• Throttling (HBASE-9501)
• Finer grained replication controls
(HBASE-8751)
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ReplicationSyncUp Tool
• Works on an offline cluster
• Can finish replicating the queues in ZK
• Useful to finish draining a master cluster
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HBase
HDFS
ZooKeeper
HBase
HDFS
ZooKeeper
ReplicationSyncUp

53. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Finer Grained Replication Controls
> set_peer_tableCFs '2', "table1;
table2:cf1,cf2; table3:cfA,cfB"
• Meaning: enable replication to peer #2 for:
• All of table1
• cf1 and cf2 from table2
• cfA and cfB from table3
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54. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Agenda
• Four Years of Replication
• Use Cases in Production
• Roadmap

55. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Flurry
• Two data centers, coast to coast
• Three clusters, in master-master pairs
• 1200 nodes
• 800 nodes
• 30 nodes
• Replication traffic: 2Gbps
• Latency between DCs: 85ms
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56. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Opower
• Two clusters, same data center
• Master: tens of nodes
• Slave: tens of nodes
• Replication traffic: 1GB/day
• Bulk load replication traffic: 180GB/day
• Recent use case
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57. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Lily HBase Indexer
• Collaboration between NGData & Cloudera.
• NGData are the creators of the Lily data
management platform.
• Lily HBase Indexer
• Service which acts as a HBase replication listener.
• Custom sink writes to SolrCloud.
• Integrates Cloudera Morphlines library for ETL of
rows.
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58. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Agenda
• Four Years of Replication
• Use Cases in Production
• Roadmap

59. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stop Relying on Permanent Znodes
• Current rule is to never rely on znodes to
survive cluster restarts, upgrades, etc.
• State data should be kept in an HBase table.
• Notification done through a new mechanism
• See: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/
HBASE-10295
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60. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Define a Replication Interface
• Replication is somewhat extendable but it
lacks stable interfaces.
• The HBase Indexer is such an extension and it
required surgery every time a committer
sneezed.
• See: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/
HBASE-10504
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Distributed Counters
• Incrementing consists of:
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Distributed Counters
• Incrementing consists of:
1.Taking a lock;
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63. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distributed Counters
• Incrementing consists of:
1.Taking a lock;
2.Get’ing the current value; and
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64. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distributed Counters
• Incrementing consists of:
1.Taking a lock;
2.Get’ing the current value; and
3.Put’ing the newly incremented value.
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65. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distributed Counters
• Incrementing consists of:
1.Taking a lock;
2.Get’ing the current value; and
3.Put’ing the newly incremented value.
• This breaks in Master-Master because the
Puts are overwriting each other.
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66. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Distributed Counters
• Incrementing consists of:
1.Taking a lock;
2.Get’ing the current value; and
3.Put’ing the newly incremented value.
• This breaks in Master-Master because the
Puts are overwriting each other.
• See https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/
HBASE-2804
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67. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
More Tooling
• Replication management console, one shell to
rule all the clusters!
• Replication bootstrapping tool.
• Tool that can move queues between region
servers.
• Tool that can throttle replication on a live
cluster.
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68. ©2014 Cloudera, Inc. All rights reserved.
Questions?
• Or ping me async:
• @jdcryans
• jdcryans@cloudera.com
• jdcryans on #hbase irc.freenode.net
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