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Adolescent Experiences in Chittagong and Sylhet Divisions:
Baseline Report
Jennifer Seager, George Washington University
Maheen Sultan, BRAC Institute of Governance and Development
24th May 2021
Outline of Presentation
1
• Overview: Adolescent Student Programme (ASP)
2
•Chittagong and Sylhet COVID-19 study: quantitative and qualitative samples
3
•Findings and key priorities: Education and Learning; Psychosocial Well- Being and Economic
Empowerment
Nathalie Bertrams/GAGE
Overview: Adolescent Student
Programme (ASP)
Adolescent girl, Chittagong, Bangladesh © Nathalie Bertrams /GAGE 2019
Adolescent Student Program
Aims to alleviate constraints to
continued education of adolescent
girls and boys
- Grade 10 retention
- Re-enrollment post COVID-
19
- Concerns exacerbated by
COVID 19
Innovative evidence-based
approaches to prevent dropout in
improve re-enrollment
• Growth Mindset and Girl Rising
programming aimed at shifting
gender norms around education
• Currently being
implemented
Improving infrastructure,
supportive teacher training, and
community outreach
• 13.7 mil students receive sexual
and reproductive health training,
guidance and counselling,
• 3500 WASH block and drinking
water facilities
• 4.8 mil girls to receive MHM
grants
• 138,000 teachers trained
Collaboration between the Government of Bangladesh and World Bank and the GAGE Programme
Chittagong and Sylhet
COVID-19 study:
quantitative and qualitative
samples
Girls High School, Rangamati, Bangladesh © Nathalie Bertrams /GAGE 2019
Chittagong and Sylhet Sample
• 2,220 in-school adolescents attending grades 7 and 8 from Chittagong and Sylhet in
Bangladesh
• 109 schools, 31 Government and 78 MPO schools
• 12.8 years old on average, 54% female, 75% in Chittagong
• Surveyes took place February and March 2020 through face-to-face interviews
Adolescent characteristics Quantitative sample Qualitative sample
Total working adolescents 108 4
Total adolescents with disabilities 25* 4
Total adolescents from female-headed
households
207 6
Chittagong and Sylhet : qualitative sample
Chittagong urban Chittagong rural Sylhet urban Sylhet rural TOTAL
Adolescent girls - grade 7 4 (4%) 7 (7%) 4 (4%) 5 (5%) 20 (20%)
Adolescent girls - grade 8 5 (5%) 6 (6%) 4 (4%) 5 (5%) 20 (20%)
Adolescent boys - grade 7 5 (5%) 5 (5%) 3 (3%) 5 (5%) 18 (18%)
Adolescent boys - grade 8 5 (5%) 5 (5%) 3 (3%) 5 (5%) 18 (18%)
Mothers of adolescents 1 (1%) 1 (1%) 1 (1%) 2 (2%) 5 (5%)
Fathers of adolescents 1 (1%) 2 (2%) 2 (2%) 1 (1%) 6 (6%)
Teacher key informants 4 (4%) 3 (3%) 3 (3%) 3 (3%) 13 (13%)
TOTAL 25 (25%) 29 (29%) 20 (20%) 26 (26%) 100 (100%)
Findings and priorities:
Adolescents at a madrasa in Rangamati, rural Bangladesh, Bangladesh © Nathalie Bertrams /GAGE 2019
• Education and learning
• Psychosocial Well-being
• Economic Empowerment
Education and learning
Well, everyone needs support to continue his or her studies. You see, my sons are going to
school….However, I can’t always provide them with everything they need. Yet, I try my best
to support their studies (father of an adolescent boy from Sylhet urban)
• This has been internalised by adolescents, their parents and their communities
Education is seen as a social good and has intrinsic value
• 90% of adolescents aspire to at least some university education, and 91% aspire to a professional career,
such as a doctor, teacher, police officer, or engineer
Aspirations
• While parents typically support both boys’ and girls’ educational trajectories, adolescents believe that parents
prioritise boys’ education over that of girls.
• Nearly a third (30%) of adolescents agree with the statement that ‘if a family can only afford to send one child
to school, it should be the boy’.
• Boys were more likely to agree with this statement than girls (38% versus 23%).
Quantitative data reveals entrenched gender differences:
• Adolescents are aware and concerned about the quality of education and whether the atmosphere in
school is conducive to their studies.
• This is related to their concerns about their future.
‘A good education is very much needed. Getting a job depends on
that’ (16-year-old boy, grade 8, Chittagong rural district).
‘Yes, I like going to school because I can have very much fun with my friends.‘
(15-year-old girl in grade 8 from Chittagong urban)
Education and learning
• Girls had negative experiences of menstrual hygiene management provision at school – 46% of report attending schools with
no facilities or resources to use while menstruating
• Importance of social aspect of school life and extracurricular activities for adolescents
• 90% of adolescents say they have at least one friend outside of their household that they trust
I take everything that I will need to school. There's no arrangement for [menstrual management] in school, but I still
go. In many schools there's pads... or places to keep [and] share [sanitary napkins in a private space]. There's nothing
like that in our school.
Key priorities : Education and Learning
1
• Increasing the share of female teachers at the secondary level to improve adolescent outcomes
2
• Encouraging schools to use grants from MoE for Improving adolescent student outcomes and
streamline the grant application process.
3
• Teacher training should increasingly incorporate adolescent-specific topics, such as the importance
of non-violent discipline and pedagogy skills required for delivering adolescent-sensitive content.
4
• Prioritise improving menstrual hygiene management infrastructure at schools to support continued
education for adolescent girls
Psychosocial Well-Being
• These are some of the things that make adolescent boys and girls feel good: doing well in school and in exams, their parents’
appreciation of academic performance, spending time with their friends, buying new clothes, enjoying activities such as
listening to music or playing sports.
‘I feel sad because of my father's economic hardship, we can't eat
properly. My father is very weak, he can't work properly. If he
could work properly then he could fulfill all of our wishes.’
(A 13-year-old girl in grade 7 from Chittagong rural district
• Overall rates of depression appear to be low, at 1.3% of adolescents classified as being moderately to severely depressed,
with some variation by gender (1.9% girls vs 0.4% boys), demarcating additional levels of sadness and stress for girls.
• Some of the reasons for feeling sad include: being cut off from friends, and worries about poverty and the future of their
education
Support Systems
• 98% of parents are reported to pay for books and uniforms for schooling, as well as providing space and time for
adolescents to study,
• father plays the key role in ensuring monetary support for children
• Mothers provide practical support during girls’ menstruation
Support from parents: Practical
• 94% of adolescents report talking to their mothers about religion, 79% of adolescents speak to their fathers about religion
• 31.5% of adolescents talk to their mothers about harassment at school, and 15% talk to fathers about harassment at school
• 24% of girls and 8% of boys talk to their mothers about romantic relationships. and only 5% of girls and 3.5% of boys talk to
their fathers about romantic relationships.
• Qualitative data shows that adolescents share their good or bad news with their mother first.
Support from parents: Emotional
‘No counselling programmes here. We try to solve each problem with our caring.(…). We care for our students but have
no counselling for them.’ (teacher from Sylhet urban).
Support from teachers but lack of counseling services
Key Priorities: Psychosocial Well-Being
1
• Encouraging further collaboration between MoE and MoH at the local level to address
adolescent mental health. In order facilitate access to mental health support, greater
interdepartmental vision and services are required
2
• Enhancing and scaling up awareness raising on adolescent psychosocial needs – at present,
recognition of adolescents’ psychosocial health needs is extremely limited despite the GoB
Adolescent Health Strategy putting this centre stage
3
• Support would include more outreach by providing information to parents, teachers and
community leaders about adolescent mental health concerns, and enabling adolescents to
access counselling services at school and in the community.
Economic Empowerment and Voice and Agency
• Among working adolescents, the most common forms of labour were: non-agricultural wage work (45%); farm
work (21%); and other types of employment (19%).
5% reported being involved in paid work.
• Girls spend 1 hour per day on average, compared to 40 minutes for boys
‘Girls will do household chores, they have been doing it since ancient times, and they will raise ducks and chickens in
the house. On the other hand, boys will take care of domestic animals, help their father with his work. They [girls] are
different because of the division of labour. I mean, what boys can do, girls can’t and what girls can do, boys can’t.’
(12-year-old boy in grade 7 from Sylhet rural district)
Gender differences in the involvement of adolescents in unpaid household work,
with girls doing disproportionately more of such work
• 91% of adolescents report that they have a great deal of say in how much education to complete, with some
gender differences
• 90% report having at least a little say in how much time spent helping around the house, 48% a great deal of say
‘Boys can do whatever jobs they want, girls can’t. If the girls study too much then… they say, “what can you do with
that much study, you better get married”.’
Most adolescents reported that they are able to make decisions about what they prefer doing
Economic Empowerment and Voice and Agency: Key priorities
1
• Improving financial literacy and access to banking services
2
• There is a pressing need for policy dialogue with mobile financial service providers and banking associations to
allow less rigid criteria for opening student accounts, especially in rural areas.
3
• Providing ‘home economics’ classes in school so as to valorise unpaid household work
4
• A transformative approach to gender norms needs to be introduced for adolescents at school and family level.
5
• Building awareness through formal (e.g. policies and programmes) and informal channels (e.g. role models, the
media, community-level dialogues) can help transform gender norms and reduce gender disparity
Contact Us
Maheen Sultan, GAGE Bangladesh Research
Uptake and Impact Coordinator:
maheen.sultan@bracu.ac.bd
About GAGE:
 Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence
(GAGE) is a nine-year (2015-2024) mixed-
methods longitudinal research
programme focused on what works to
support adolescent girls’ and boys’
capabilities in the second decade of life
and beyond.
 We are following the lives of 18,000
adolescents in six focal countries in Africa,
Asia and the Middle East.
www.gage.odi.org
www.bigd.bracu.ac.bd
www.sph.bracu.ac.bd
www. Jpgph.org
@GAGE_programme
@JamesPGrant
@BIGD_BRACU
GenderandAdolescence
BIGDBRACUniversity
BRACJPGSPH

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Adolescent Experiences in Chittagong and Sylhet Divisions: Baseline Report

  • 1. Adolescent Experiences in Chittagong and Sylhet Divisions: Baseline Report Jennifer Seager, George Washington University Maheen Sultan, BRAC Institute of Governance and Development 24th May 2021
  • 2. Outline of Presentation 1 • Overview: Adolescent Student Programme (ASP) 2 •Chittagong and Sylhet COVID-19 study: quantitative and qualitative samples 3 •Findings and key priorities: Education and Learning; Psychosocial Well- Being and Economic Empowerment
  • 3. Nathalie Bertrams/GAGE Overview: Adolescent Student Programme (ASP) Adolescent girl, Chittagong, Bangladesh © Nathalie Bertrams /GAGE 2019
  • 4. Adolescent Student Program Aims to alleviate constraints to continued education of adolescent girls and boys - Grade 10 retention - Re-enrollment post COVID- 19 - Concerns exacerbated by COVID 19 Innovative evidence-based approaches to prevent dropout in improve re-enrollment • Growth Mindset and Girl Rising programming aimed at shifting gender norms around education • Currently being implemented Improving infrastructure, supportive teacher training, and community outreach • 13.7 mil students receive sexual and reproductive health training, guidance and counselling, • 3500 WASH block and drinking water facilities • 4.8 mil girls to receive MHM grants • 138,000 teachers trained Collaboration between the Government of Bangladesh and World Bank and the GAGE Programme
  • 5. Chittagong and Sylhet COVID-19 study: quantitative and qualitative samples Girls High School, Rangamati, Bangladesh © Nathalie Bertrams /GAGE 2019
  • 6. Chittagong and Sylhet Sample • 2,220 in-school adolescents attending grades 7 and 8 from Chittagong and Sylhet in Bangladesh • 109 schools, 31 Government and 78 MPO schools • 12.8 years old on average, 54% female, 75% in Chittagong • Surveyes took place February and March 2020 through face-to-face interviews Adolescent characteristics Quantitative sample Qualitative sample Total working adolescents 108 4 Total adolescents with disabilities 25* 4 Total adolescents from female-headed households 207 6
  • 7. Chittagong and Sylhet : qualitative sample Chittagong urban Chittagong rural Sylhet urban Sylhet rural TOTAL Adolescent girls - grade 7 4 (4%) 7 (7%) 4 (4%) 5 (5%) 20 (20%) Adolescent girls - grade 8 5 (5%) 6 (6%) 4 (4%) 5 (5%) 20 (20%) Adolescent boys - grade 7 5 (5%) 5 (5%) 3 (3%) 5 (5%) 18 (18%) Adolescent boys - grade 8 5 (5%) 5 (5%) 3 (3%) 5 (5%) 18 (18%) Mothers of adolescents 1 (1%) 1 (1%) 1 (1%) 2 (2%) 5 (5%) Fathers of adolescents 1 (1%) 2 (2%) 2 (2%) 1 (1%) 6 (6%) Teacher key informants 4 (4%) 3 (3%) 3 (3%) 3 (3%) 13 (13%) TOTAL 25 (25%) 29 (29%) 20 (20%) 26 (26%) 100 (100%)
  • 8. Findings and priorities: Adolescents at a madrasa in Rangamati, rural Bangladesh, Bangladesh © Nathalie Bertrams /GAGE 2019 • Education and learning • Psychosocial Well-being • Economic Empowerment
  • 9. Education and learning Well, everyone needs support to continue his or her studies. You see, my sons are going to school….However, I can’t always provide them with everything they need. Yet, I try my best to support their studies (father of an adolescent boy from Sylhet urban) • This has been internalised by adolescents, their parents and their communities Education is seen as a social good and has intrinsic value • 90% of adolescents aspire to at least some university education, and 91% aspire to a professional career, such as a doctor, teacher, police officer, or engineer Aspirations • While parents typically support both boys’ and girls’ educational trajectories, adolescents believe that parents prioritise boys’ education over that of girls. • Nearly a third (30%) of adolescents agree with the statement that ‘if a family can only afford to send one child to school, it should be the boy’. • Boys were more likely to agree with this statement than girls (38% versus 23%). Quantitative data reveals entrenched gender differences:
  • 10. • Adolescents are aware and concerned about the quality of education and whether the atmosphere in school is conducive to their studies. • This is related to their concerns about their future. ‘A good education is very much needed. Getting a job depends on that’ (16-year-old boy, grade 8, Chittagong rural district). ‘Yes, I like going to school because I can have very much fun with my friends.‘ (15-year-old girl in grade 8 from Chittagong urban) Education and learning • Girls had negative experiences of menstrual hygiene management provision at school – 46% of report attending schools with no facilities or resources to use while menstruating • Importance of social aspect of school life and extracurricular activities for adolescents • 90% of adolescents say they have at least one friend outside of their household that they trust I take everything that I will need to school. There's no arrangement for [menstrual management] in school, but I still go. In many schools there's pads... or places to keep [and] share [sanitary napkins in a private space]. There's nothing like that in our school.
  • 11. Key priorities : Education and Learning 1 • Increasing the share of female teachers at the secondary level to improve adolescent outcomes 2 • Encouraging schools to use grants from MoE for Improving adolescent student outcomes and streamline the grant application process. 3 • Teacher training should increasingly incorporate adolescent-specific topics, such as the importance of non-violent discipline and pedagogy skills required for delivering adolescent-sensitive content. 4 • Prioritise improving menstrual hygiene management infrastructure at schools to support continued education for adolescent girls
  • 12. Psychosocial Well-Being • These are some of the things that make adolescent boys and girls feel good: doing well in school and in exams, their parents’ appreciation of academic performance, spending time with their friends, buying new clothes, enjoying activities such as listening to music or playing sports. ‘I feel sad because of my father's economic hardship, we can't eat properly. My father is very weak, he can't work properly. If he could work properly then he could fulfill all of our wishes.’ (A 13-year-old girl in grade 7 from Chittagong rural district • Overall rates of depression appear to be low, at 1.3% of adolescents classified as being moderately to severely depressed, with some variation by gender (1.9% girls vs 0.4% boys), demarcating additional levels of sadness and stress for girls. • Some of the reasons for feeling sad include: being cut off from friends, and worries about poverty and the future of their education
  • 13. Support Systems • 98% of parents are reported to pay for books and uniforms for schooling, as well as providing space and time for adolescents to study, • father plays the key role in ensuring monetary support for children • Mothers provide practical support during girls’ menstruation Support from parents: Practical • 94% of adolescents report talking to their mothers about religion, 79% of adolescents speak to their fathers about religion • 31.5% of adolescents talk to their mothers about harassment at school, and 15% talk to fathers about harassment at school • 24% of girls and 8% of boys talk to their mothers about romantic relationships. and only 5% of girls and 3.5% of boys talk to their fathers about romantic relationships. • Qualitative data shows that adolescents share their good or bad news with their mother first. Support from parents: Emotional ‘No counselling programmes here. We try to solve each problem with our caring.(…). We care for our students but have no counselling for them.’ (teacher from Sylhet urban). Support from teachers but lack of counseling services
  • 14. Key Priorities: Psychosocial Well-Being 1 • Encouraging further collaboration between MoE and MoH at the local level to address adolescent mental health. In order facilitate access to mental health support, greater interdepartmental vision and services are required 2 • Enhancing and scaling up awareness raising on adolescent psychosocial needs – at present, recognition of adolescents’ psychosocial health needs is extremely limited despite the GoB Adolescent Health Strategy putting this centre stage 3 • Support would include more outreach by providing information to parents, teachers and community leaders about adolescent mental health concerns, and enabling adolescents to access counselling services at school and in the community.
  • 15. Economic Empowerment and Voice and Agency • Among working adolescents, the most common forms of labour were: non-agricultural wage work (45%); farm work (21%); and other types of employment (19%). 5% reported being involved in paid work. • Girls spend 1 hour per day on average, compared to 40 minutes for boys ‘Girls will do household chores, they have been doing it since ancient times, and they will raise ducks and chickens in the house. On the other hand, boys will take care of domestic animals, help their father with his work. They [girls] are different because of the division of labour. I mean, what boys can do, girls can’t and what girls can do, boys can’t.’ (12-year-old boy in grade 7 from Sylhet rural district) Gender differences in the involvement of adolescents in unpaid household work, with girls doing disproportionately more of such work • 91% of adolescents report that they have a great deal of say in how much education to complete, with some gender differences • 90% report having at least a little say in how much time spent helping around the house, 48% a great deal of say ‘Boys can do whatever jobs they want, girls can’t. If the girls study too much then… they say, “what can you do with that much study, you better get married”.’ Most adolescents reported that they are able to make decisions about what they prefer doing
  • 16. Economic Empowerment and Voice and Agency: Key priorities 1 • Improving financial literacy and access to banking services 2 • There is a pressing need for policy dialogue with mobile financial service providers and banking associations to allow less rigid criteria for opening student accounts, especially in rural areas. 3 • Providing ‘home economics’ classes in school so as to valorise unpaid household work 4 • A transformative approach to gender norms needs to be introduced for adolescents at school and family level. 5 • Building awareness through formal (e.g. policies and programmes) and informal channels (e.g. role models, the media, community-level dialogues) can help transform gender norms and reduce gender disparity
  • 17. Contact Us Maheen Sultan, GAGE Bangladesh Research Uptake and Impact Coordinator: maheen.sultan@bracu.ac.bd About GAGE:  Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) is a nine-year (2015-2024) mixed- methods longitudinal research programme focused on what works to support adolescent girls’ and boys’ capabilities in the second decade of life and beyond.  We are following the lives of 18,000 adolescents in six focal countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. www.gage.odi.org www.bigd.bracu.ac.bd www.sph.bracu.ac.bd www. Jpgph.org @GAGE_programme @JamesPGrant @BIGD_BRACU GenderandAdolescence BIGDBRACUniversity BRACJPGSPH

Editor's Notes

  1. Of course , concerns exacerbated by COVID-19 . Institutions will be covered in phases. ASP programme has provisioned for development of WASH block and drinking water facilities in 3500 institutions. More than 13.7 million students (including 7.9 million girls) will be benefitted by ASP program in areas of Awareness, hygiene facilities and medical check-up. Furthermore, around 4.8 million girls will receive Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) grants. Additionally, more than 19,000 institutions will be benefitted under awareness campaign and more than 138,000 teachers will be trained in total. The DLR states 68% retention rate should be achieved (ASP beneficiaries G10) by year 4. This program will also help to reach retention rate of 73% girls (75% including boys) which is the TSERO program development objective by 2022.
  2. *213 including those with assistance devices
  3. QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTED: July-August 2020 Qualitative data for this study was collected from 39 adolescent interviews and 13 key informant interviews with school teachers. The 39 adolescents were purposefully selected from a GAGE baseline impact evaluation survey with more than 2,000 randomly selected adolescents attending grades 7 and 8 in public (government) and semi-private (Monthly Pay Order, or MPO) schools in Chittagong and Sylhet division. We will hear more about the baseline study a bit later on during this webinar. [Monthly Pay Order (MPO) schools are private schools that receive funding for payroll from the Government of Bangladesh and follow the official curriculum] - qualitative data collected between August and September 2020. - Qualitative data was collected via virtual, telephone-based semi-structured interviews using interactive tools to understand adolescent experiences across the six GAGE capability domains - Although not the focus of this report, it is notable that while the quantitative data was collected just prior to the covid-19 pandemic and subsequent school closures, the qualitative data coincided with the covid-19 school closures.