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Critical Care. 2017; 21(1): 207
doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1796-9
PMID: 28774325
Journal Club(2017.9.4) 佐藤担当
低血圧でコールされた・・・
ショック・・・?
脱水? 出血?
心不全?
アナフィラキシー?
血圧を規定する因子
一回拍出量×心拍数×末梢血管抵抗
心臓
前負荷
心収縮力
後負荷
Fluid challenge technique?
≒前負荷
一
回
拍
出
量
Fluid responsiveness?
一回拍出量が少なくとも10~15%増加
Fluid Challengeの方法は統一されていない
当院ICUではFlotracⓇ+EV1000Ⓡを採用
Clinical Question
Fluid challenge techniqueの方法
によって効果に差はあるのか?
Methods
MedlineとEMBASEで文献検索
成人を対象としたICUや手術室での観察研究
・英語論文のみ(参考文献含む,複数報告は排除)
・出版されていない研究は除く
・2人の評価者が文献をチェック
・PRISMA flowchartで研究の妥当性を複数人で評価
Outcome
Primary
Outcome
Fluid challenge
→Fluid responderの割合
Secondary
Outcome
輸液の量
輸液を投与速度
輸液の種類(晶質液 vs 膠質液)
データが正規分布に従うか:Shapiro-Wilk test
ICUと手術室のデータの分散はANOVAでチェック
Post Hoc testはBonferroni法で多重解析
有意差有り=P<0.05
Result
【除外基準】
小児や妊婦
データが欠損
FC*1>1回/1患者
輸液の種類>2種類
FR*2の定義が不明確
輸液投与が持続的
85の研究が選出
投与量による輸液反応性の有意差はなし
500ml未満
n=8
54.4%
500ml
n=50
57.2%
500ml超
n=5
60.5%
※体重換算で見ても有意差なし
p=0.71
晶質液vs膠質液でも有意差なし
p=0.14
晶質液
53.5%
膠質液
59.0%
※それぞれのnは不明。35%の研究が晶質液を使用
輸液速度は30分超で反応性低下
15-30分
57.7%
15分未満
59.2%
30分超
49.9%
P=0.03
※それぞれのnは不明。
+輸液終了後10分間までのどのタイミングで評価しても結果は変化なし
Discussion
Fluid challengeの手法により反応性に差がある。
輸液の量や種類で効果に差はない
投与時間は30分以内で行った方が効果的。
※最低4ml/kgでSV14%上昇が達成できる(J Clin Monit Comput. 2016; 30: 55-61)
膠質液について
Fluid challenge直後の評価では有意差なし
Hydroxyethyl starch vs 生食: AKIや凝固障害を起こす
アルブミン vs 生食:頭部外傷の予後悪化+敗血症の予後不変
N Engl J Med.2012; 367: 124-34. N Engl J Med.2012; 367: 1901-11.
N Engl J Med.2004; 350: 2247-56.
※時間をおいて評価した場合は優位性があるかも。
(晶質液より血管内に長くとどまるので)
Limitation
一回拍出量の計測法が研究により異なる
すべてRetrospectiveな観察研究
重症度や管理法にかたよりがある
患者背景が論文中に示されていない
それぞれのカテゴリーの症例数に差がありそう
Conclusions
① Fluid challengeの方法に結論は出せないが,方法
によって結果に差があるとは言えそう。
② 30分以内で投与して評価するのがよさそう。
My opinion
特に重症患者では輸液負荷が過剰になると肺水腫な
どの弊害が起こることもある。
重症患者ではFlotracⓇ使用
Stroke Volume Variationや心拍出量を数値で確認
心機能低下がない症例でFlotracⓇでチェックできない
ならFluid challenge
※時間的余裕があるならVisual EFやIVCのチェックをしてからがBest!

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Fluid challenge trial

Editor's Notes

  1. The gold standard for assessing fluid responsiveness to guide fluid administration in critically ill patients is to perform a fluid challenge. The rationale for volume expansion is to increase the cardiac output (CO) and oxygen delivery to ultimately improve tissue oxygenation.
  2. Fluid responsiveness is conventionally defined as an increase of at least 10% to 15% in SV in response to a fluid challenge, which is a reflection of the limits of precision of the technology used.