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WORKING
THROUGH

SCREENS
100 ideas for envisioning
powerful, engaging, and productive
user experiences
in knowledge work
By Jacob Burghardt




A publication of
FLASHBULB INTERACTION, Inc.

An extended, book length version of this work
is available in .html and .pdf formats at
www.FlashbulbInteraction.com
It is time to start holistically
The category of human efforts sometimes called
“knowledge work” is growing.
                                                                                 envisioning exemplary new tools
                                                                                 for thought that target valuable
In many contexts, the idea of
                                                                                 intersections of work activity and
knowledge work has become almost
                                                                                 technological possibility.
synonymous with using a computer,
to both positive and negative effect.                                            A suggested overall approach for product teams
                                                                                 envisioning new or improved interactive applications for
As a result of the design deficiencies in interactive
                                                                                 knowledge work:
products, people experience many frustrations in their
working lives.
                                                                                 Extensive concepting, based on
                                                                                 intensive questioning, driving
Collectively, we have an infrastructural
                                                                                 visionary, collaboratively defined
sense of what these technologies can
                                                                                 strategies for exemplary tools for
be that tends to limit our ability to
                                                                                 thought.
imagine better offerings.
                                                                                 In support of this suggested approach, this deck of
Targeted improvements in the design of these tools can
                                                                                 “idea cards” contains 100 considerations — along
have large impacts on workers’ experiences. Visionary
                                                                                 with many examples and questions — to help product
design can advance entire fields and industries.
                                                                                 teams generate design strategies and design concepts
                                                                                 that could become useful, meaningful, and valuable
Product teams can make significant progress by
                                                                                 onscreen offerings.
changing how they get started on designing their
products — by beginning with an emphasis on getting
to the right design strategy and design concepts long
before getting to the right design details.




                                                                                 All original contents of this publication are subject to the
                                                                                 creative commons license (Attribution-NonCommercial-
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                                 ShareAlike http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)
For more on the case for application envisioning, see the full version of this   unless otherwise noted. Please attribute the work to
book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_intro.html                                “Jacob Burghardt / FLASHBULB INTERACTION Consultancy.”
IDEA CATEGORIES
X
                                                                                              Needed
XX. X                                                                                                       Hard
                                                                                          Mismatched
 A. Exploring work mediation and determining scope (9)

                                                                                                          Typical
  B. Defining interaction objects (10)                                              Overly flexible
X C. Establishing an application framework (10)
                                                                                     Awkwardly dynamic
  D. Considering workers’ attentions (7)
                                                                                    Inconsistent Distracting
Questions for product teams to consider:
  E. Providing opportunities to offload effort (6)
                                                                                      Boring Circuitous
X F. Enhancing information representation (11)
                                                                                           Replaceable
  G. Clarifying central interactions (7)

  H. Supporting outcome exploration and cognitive tracing (4)

  I. Working with volumes of information (7)

  J. Facilitating communication (7)

  K. Promoting integration into work practice (13)

                                                                                          Wanted
  L. Pursuing aesthetic refinement (5)

                                                                                    Meaningful        Engaging
  M. Planning connection with use (4)

                                                                                                        Extraordinary
                                                                                   Clearly targeted
                                                                                  Eye opening         Dependable activity infrastructure

                                                                                                         Mastery building
                                                                                    Domain grounded

                                                                                                            Beautiful
                                                                                          Irreplaceable
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description, of the 100 and questions related to this idea, seeof this
     a complete listing examples, envisioning ideas, see the full version the
book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_TOC.html
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_XX.html
IDEA CATEGORY

A. Exploring Work Mediation
   and Determining Scope

                                                                                 This category contains 9 of the 100 application envisioning
Valued computing tools can seemingly “fit” into certain
                                                                                 idea cards in this deck:
parts of knowledge workers’ activities and thought
processes, usefully meshing within the flows of their own
                                                                                 A1. Influential physical and cultural environments
goals.
Designing for such a harmonious pairing requires critical                        A2. Workers’ interrelations and relationships
exploration of potential interventions into targeted
activities.                                                                      A3. Work practices appropriate for computer mediation

During application envisioning, product teams can                                A4. Standardization of work practice through mediation
model and rationalize knowledge work from a variety of
                                                                                 A5. Interrelations of operation, task, and activity scenarios
perspectives in order to understand how certain practices
might be usefully mediated by their own onscreen
                                                                                 A6. Open and emergent work scenarios
applications.

                                                                                 A7. Collaboration scenarios and variations
Teams can use these models to sketch divergent
functionality concepts, eventually drafting an appropriate
                                                                                 A8. Local practices and scenario variations
and desirable scope for their computing tool.

                                                                                 A9. High value ratio for targeted work practices




WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description of this idea category, see the full version of this book:
www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A.html
Part of doing this kind
                                                                              of trading is si�ng in
                                                                              this kind of room...
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE

A1. Influential Physical and
    Cultural Environments

                                                                                                    Financial
The environments that knowledge workers practice                                                       Trader
within — which includes both their multidisciplinary
organizations and the larger cultural context of their
professions — can pose key challenges and opportunities                       With a group of skilled people all si�ng at the same big desk...
for product teams as they attempt to outline appropriate
and compelling design strategies.

                                                                                      SHARED ENVIRONMENT


Questions for product teams to consider:

How could your team’s insights into the realities and
constraints of targeted knowledge workers’ physical and
cultural environments shape your application concepts?

How might your computing tool meaningfully and valuably
“fit” into these complex contexts?                                                                          Fellow Traders + Shared Ways of Working

                                                                                                +
                                                                                                                    Dependable Enabling Technologies




WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   And all of these technologies and applica�ons available for immediate use...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A1.html
The technologies that
                                                                              I use can either
                                                                              support or get in the
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE                                way of how I want to
                                                                              connect with differ-
A2. Workers’ Interrelations                                                   ent people who play
                                                                              roles in our building

    and Relationships                                                         projects...




                                                                                                 Architect
Social interactions in knowledge work activities often
involve multiple categories of organizational roles
and outside stakeholders. The cultural characteristics
of knowledge workers’ social worlds can pose key
challenges and opportunities for product teams as they                                    ONSCREEN INTERACTIONS +
attempt to outline appropriate and compelling design                                      COMMUNICATION
strategies.



Questions for product teams to consider:

How could your team’s insights into the connectivities and
qualities of targeted knowledge workers’ relationships
shape your application concepts?

How might your computing tool usefully and meaningfully
                                                                                                                 Construction Team
reflect these social realities?
                                                                                 Consultants




                                                                                                                                Client
                                                                                                      Internal Team
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A2.html
Not every part of our
                                                                              lab’s scien�fic
                                                                              workflow should be
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE                                supported by
                                                                              so�ware designed
A3. Work Practices Appropriate                                                specifically for it...


    for Computer Mediation

                                                                                                       Clinical
                                                                                                      Scientist
Interactive applications can provide knowledge workers
and their organizations more value in some activity
scenarios than in others. To drive an appropriate and
compelling application scope, product teams can balance
                                                                              It’s true that our lab’s informa�on management
the desire to usefully facilitate targeted workers’ goals                     and analysis applica�ons are always something we
and practices with contemporary limitations of the                            turn to when we are doing “produc�on” work...
computing medium.


                                                                                    EXPLORATORY WORK
Questions for product teams to consider:                                                                                     PRODUCTION WORK


Where in your team’s big picture characterizations of
knowledge workers’ activities do you see potential value
and possibility for useful and meaningful mediation by a
computing tool?
                                                                                    How does this method work?               How can we execute on this study
From a vantage point that emphasizes targeted workers’                              How might we use it in a study?          plan? What findings are in its data?
mental efforts, where is there less potential value and
possibility?                                                                                          Transi�on to use in a clinical study


                                                                                    Ac�vi�es understood as being             Interac�ons that scien�sts expect
                                                                                    too variable to be a func�onality        to be a func�onality focus in
                                                                                    focus in primary so�ware tools           their primary so�ware tools



                                                                              But I don’t expect those tools to support our leading edge, exploratory work.
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                              When we are trying out new things, we o�en turn to more generalized tools,
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   write our own rough code, or use scien�fic so�ware in unintended ways...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A3.html
Communica�on is
                                                                              what trading is about,
                                                                              and our group tries to
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE                                keep our interac�ons
                                                                              with the outside world
A4. Standardization of Work                                                   as consistent as
                                                                              possible...
    Practice through Mediation

                                                                                                   Financial
When interactive applications introduce new possibilities                                             Trader
in support of knowledge work practices, they often also
introduce new levels of standardization. Product team
can envision appropriate levels of freedom and constraint
                                                                              For example, we use an
in their application concepts, which can range from a                                                                               Cancella�on No�ce
                                                                              automa�c form to rapidly
slight narrowing of available choices to the restrictive                      email clear and legible
                                                                              trade cancella�ons...
organization of entire activities.



Questions for product teams to consider:

Where in your team’s big picture characterizations
of knowledge workers’ activities could inherent                               Which is very different from how we used to tell
                                                                              our trading partners about cancelled deals...
standardization be valuable in a supporting computing
tool?

Where might targeted individuals and organizations view                               CHANNELS USED PRIOR TO STANDARDIZATION OF WORK PRACTICE
standardization as restrictive and problematic?




                                                                                                Phone                        Fax              Mail



WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                              Everyone in our group did it differently, which was confusing
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   and eventually drove us to create a useful standard...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A4.html
It’s amazing to think
                                                                              of all of the different
                                                                              steps that I take in a
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE                                day, many of which
                                                                              touch my building
A5. Interrelations of Operation,                                              modeling so�ware in
                                                                              one way or another...

    Task, and Activity Scenarios

                                                                                                       Architect
Knowledge workers’ granular actions can be categorized
as operations, which overlap and interrelate into larger
tasks, which themselves overlap and interrelate into the
larger unit of activities. Explicit models of these multi-tiered
relationships can help product teams envision interactive
applications that are much more than haphazard
collections of unconnected, discrete functions.
                                                                               In the interval of
                                                                               this one ac�vity,
                                                                               there are several
                                                                               tasks, which are
Questions for product teams to consider:
                                                                               themselves
                                                                               comprised of
                                                                               many separate
From a vantage point that emphasizes knowledge workers’
                                                                               opera�ons
mental efforts, how might your team break down your big
picture characterizations of targeted workers’ practices
into a useful and meaningful hierarchy of activity, task,
and low level operation elements?




WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A5.html
When I’m visualizing
                                                                              our data in my analysis
                                                                              tool, my goals can
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE                                change at any �me,
                                                                              depending on what I
A6. Open and Emergent                                                         happen to discover...


    Work Scenarios

                                                                                                         Clinical
                                                                                                        Scientist
Some knowledge work tasks and larger activities involve
solving complex, undefined problems where workers’
goals and methods evolve within unfolding pathways of
effort. These emergent scenarios can be supported by
                                                                              Though I’m generally switching between some
interactive applications that present useful flexibilities,
                                                                              fairly standard types of goals...
which product teams can envision as largely unsequenced
but interrelated patterns of mediated work.


                                                                                GOAL TYPE 1       GOAL TYPE 2       GOAL TYPE 3       GOAL TYPE 4
Questions for product teams to consider:

What areas of your team’s emerging models of work
practice are accomplished through open and emergent
pathways of knowledge work rather than strict, process
                                                                                                         “Aha!”
oriented action?

From a vantage point that emphasizes targeted workers’                                                   “No...”
mental efforts, how much functional flexibility could be
required to valuably support these cases?


                                                                                                                    “Interes�ng...”




WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the                                                   “That’s a big finding!”
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A6.html
I’ve set up a mee ng to
                                                                              review the current
                                                                              version of this building
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE                                model...


A7. Collaboration Scenarios
    and Variations

                                                                                                   Architect
Even apparently individualistic knowledge work practices
can have key collaborative, or at least cooperative,
scenarios and variations. By actively envisioning how
these cases might be supported by an interactive
                                                                              And it looks like the
application, product teams can avoid common and                               people from our team
disruptive pitfalls in their approaches to mediating work.                    that I invited have
                                                                              joined the online
                                                                              workspace, and they
                                                                              are looking at the
                                                                              building’s details...
Questions for product teams to consider:

What areas in your team’s emerging models of knowledge
work practice can involve collaborative, or at least
cooperative, action?
How might attempting to mediate these complex
practices impact the functional forms and overarching
strategic directions of your application concepts?




                                                                                                                Distant Collaborators



WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      It’s not as good as mee ng face to face in front of some big
                                                                              printouts or the same screen, but I look forward to gathering
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   these experienced architects’ feedback on our current choices...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A7.html
This trading tool is
                                                                              remarkably adaptable.
                                                                              I think that the people
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE                                that designed it really
                                                                              know the small but
A8. Local Practices and                                                       important differences
                                                                              in how people trade...
    Scenario Variations

                                                                                                    Financial
Knowledge workers may continually refine their                                                         Trader
approaches to certain tasks and larger activities in order
to meet their local needs, performing adaptive variations
based on recognized contingencies. Product teams can
                                                                              All of the firms that I’ve worked at have been able to successfully
envision how diverse yet essential variations in workers’
                                                                              work with the same so�ware in their own slightly different ways...
practices might be supported by thoughtful flexibilities in
their application concepts.
                                                                                   PREVIOUS FIRM                             CURRENT FIRM

Questions for product teams to consider:

How might your team’s emerging models of knowledge
work practice call out key local variabilities between and
within targeted organizations?

Where in your mapped understandings could different
                                                                                                                      VS
scenarios for accomplishing the same goal be important?

How might those differences impact the overarching
functional forms and strategic directions of your
application concepts?
                                                                              At my last job, there was a                       At my current firm, they
                                                                              general emphasis on allowing                      have thought a lot about
                                                                              us traders to do things our                       where standard processes
                                                                              own way, which gave us just                       could be valuable and
                                                                              enough rope to hang ourselves...                  provided good tools to help
                                                                                                                                us get to those standards...
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      But when it came to nego�a�ng,
                                                                              they had specific processes that                   But in nego�a�on, they give
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   they wanted us to follow...                       us a lot of freedom...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A8.html
So many scien�fic
                                                                              applica�ons are huge
                                                                              and generic, filled
EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE                                with bloat, or small
                                                                              and focused but
A9. High Value Ratio for                                                      missing so much of
                                                                              what our lab needs
    Targeted Work Practices                                                   for our own research
                                                                              goals...



                                                                                                      Clinical
                                                                                                     Scientist
Not all of a product team’s sketched functionality
concepts have the same potential to provide compelling
utility in knowledge work. To promote usefulness and
cohesive design strategies in their application concepts,
teams can parsimoniously target certain work practices                             PREVIOUS USE OF SEVERAL                 CURRENT USE OF SINGLE
by including related, high value functionalities and                               ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS                   ANALYSIS APPLICATION
downplaying or eliminating unrelated, lower priority
                                                                                   Most of the func�onality in each        Main analysis applica�on
options.                                                                           of several applica�ons was le�          contains few op�ons that the
                                                                                   unused by the laboratory team.          laboratory team does not use.


Questions for product teams to consider:
                                                                                       ~10%              ~5%
Which areas of knowledge work practice might your team
want to target with your product?
                                                                                                                                      ~90%
                                                                                                                      VS
                                                                                       ~15%             ~20%
From a vantage point that emphasizes workers’ mental
efforts, which selective assembly from among your
sketched functionality concepts could provide compelling
value in targeted work, while at the same time coalescing                              ~5%              ~10%
into a sensible application concept that embodies
a well resolved design strategy?

                                                                                                                            And then we found our
                                                                              For example, it used to be that we
                                                                                                                            new analysis tool, which is
                                                                              would have to simultaneously use
                                                                                                                            designed for our type of
                                                                              bits and pieces from different
                                                                                                                            research, and meets I’d say
                                                                              analysis applica�ons in order to
                                                                                                                            90 percent of our needs...
                                                                              accomplish what we wanted...
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A9.html
IDEA CATEGORY

B. Defining Interaction Objects

                                                                                 This category contains 10 of the 100 application envisioning
Valued computing tools can present clearly articulated
                                                                                 idea cards in this deck:
and understandable collections of onscreen objects that
knowledge workers can act upon, with, and through.
                                                                                 B1. Named objects and information structures
Designing such clarity requires deliberate mapping and
careful simplification.                                                          B2. Flexible identification of object instances
During application envisioning, product teams can sketch                         B3. Coupling of application and real world objects
and explore the interaction objects that users might
encounter in different scenarios of mediated work.                               B4. Object associations and user defined objects
By taking time to generate diverse ideas about users’
                                                                                 B5. Object states and activity flow visibility
potential experiences of onscreen entities, teams
can codify essential characteristics, behaviors, and
                                                                                 B6. Flagged variability within or between objects
relationships.
                                                                                 B7. Object ownership and availability rules

                                                                                 B8. Explicit mapping of objects to work mediation

                                                                                 B9. Common management actions for objects

                                                                                 B10. Object templates




WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description of this idea category, see the full version of this book:
www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B.html
Se ng up a new
                                                                              clinical study in my
                                                                              lab’s informa on
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  management applica-
                                                                                on means crea ng
B1. Named Objects and                                                         a set of expected and
                                                                              familiar items for my
    Information Structures                                                    plans...




                                                                                                       Clinical
                                                                                                      Scientist
Knowledge work applications can support specific work
practices with named interaction objects that are
equivalents of familiar workplace artifacts. In addition to
incorporating existing domain ideas and entities, product
teams may need to introduce new objects into workers’
vocabularies and practices in order to meaningfully
enable certain functionality concepts.
                                                                              These are the things that
                                                                              we talk about in our lab,
                                                                              that “live” in our lab’s
                                                                              shared database...
Questions for product teams to consider:

What artifacts do targeted knowledge workers currently
focus on in the work practices that your team is striving
                                                                               OBJECTS CREATED FOR A SMALL CLINICAL STUDY
to mediate, and how might these objects be embodied in
your application concepts?
                                                                                  Study File
What new interaction objects are implied in your sketches
of functional possibilities?
                                                                                  Automa on Procedure



                                                                                  Clinical Samples


WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                                  Test Tubes
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B1.html
There are so many
                                                                              trades made even in
                                                                              an hour, it’s hard to
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  remember very much
                                                                              informa�on about any
B2. Flexible Identification                                                   one given deal...


    of Object Instances

                                                                                                    Financial
In order to effectively support knowledge work practice,                                               Trader
certain types of interaction objects typically need to have
multiple instances. Especially for those object types that
are higher volume and a main focus of ongoing effort,                         One thing that is very helpful is that
                                                                              I can search by entering any
product teams can envision flexible, complimentary                            combina�on of different iden�fying
options that could allow workers to apply meaningful                          aspects for a trade...
identification schemes.

                                                                                     IDENTIFYING ATTRIBUTES

Questions for product teams to consider:

                                                                                         Unique Number
What flexible, complimentary methods might your team                                                                    Entered By
envision to allow targeted knowledge workers to identify                                        Descrip�on Tags
                                                                                                                             Transac�on Category
and easily recognize certain instances of interaction
objects within your application concepts?
                                                                                               Object State
                                                                                                                             Security
                                                                                                              Date
How might different identification options drive different                                                             Trader Notes
approaches to information structuring and seeking
behaviors?

                                                                              And eventually,
                                                                              I’ll figure out a
                                                                              way to navigate
                                                                              the informa�on in
                                                                              order to find a
                                                                              certain deal or
                                                                              whatever I’m
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                              looking for...
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B2.html
Our lab’s informa on
                                                                              management so -
                                                                              ware is set up to
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  “know,” in a limited
                                                                              way, where things
B3. Coupling of Application                                                   are in the lab...


    and Real World Objects

                                                                                                       Clinical
                                                                                                      Scientist
Some knowledge work applications contain interaction
objects that are extensions of, rather than replacements
for, offline artifacts. In these cases, product teams can
envision interactions that tightly couple onscreen and off
                                                                              So, for example, right now
screen equivalents in order to promote a more efficient,                      the applica on has no
direct, and unified experience.                                               data displayed...

                                                                              I’m going to put a test
                                                                              tube into the reader rack,
                                                                              and it will pull up related
Questions for product teams to consider:                                      data from the system...


What interaction objects in your team’s application
concepts could benefit from a preserved connection to
related off screen artifacts?

What functionality concepts might your team envision to
allow targeted knowledge workers to usefully recognize
and meaningfully act through these connections?

                                                                                         TEST TUBE READER RACK




                                                                              And now the reader has
                                                                              found the test tube and
                                                                              brought the sample up
                                                                              onto the screen...

WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      It shows related sample
                                                                              data because I’m in the
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   samples view of the tool...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B3.html
I’ve modeled a window
                                                                              assembly for our latest
                                                                              building design out of
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  a few different parts...


B4. Object Associations
    and User Defined Objects

                                                                                                   Architect
Interaction objects can carry default and worker defined
linkages to other objects within a computing application.
Product teams can envision how clear and actionable
presentations of these object associations could allow
                                                                              So I’m grouping it together
workers to offload effort while acting in informed and                        into a single object in the
confident ways.                                                               building modeling tool,
                                                                              which will preserve the
                                                                              details of the individual
                                                                              pieces that it’s made from
                                                                              and all the related info...
Questions for product teams to consider:

What connections and interrelations could be present in
the inventories of interaction objects that your team has
                                                                               ASSOCIATIONS WITHIN SELECTION
identified?

How might your sketched functionality concepts allow
targeted knowledge workers to define, recognize, make                             Object grouped by user
senses of, navigate, use, or even defend against these
associations?
                                                                                  Component objects



                                                                                  Proper es of objects



WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                                  Annota ons
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B4.html
I’m nego�a�ng a
                                                                              bunch of tougher
                                                                              deals at the same
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  �me, so I’m constantly
                                                                              going back to my
B5. Object States and                                                         messages to see what
                                                                              I need to respond to...
    Activity Flow Visibility

                                                                                                     Financial
Understanding the current state of interaction objects                                                  Trader
can be crucial for the effective planning and execution of
knowledge work. Especially for those object types that
are higher volume and a main focus of workers’ ongoing
efforts, product teams can envision appropriate states
that could communicate potent meaning and directive
pathways of action.
                                                                              All of the messages have
                                                                              easy to understand codes
                                                                              that tell me the state of
                                                                              each nego�a�on...
Questions for product teams to consider:

                                                                                     MESSAGES BY STATE CATEGORIES
What useful or necessary states can your team envision
for key interaction objects in your application concepts?
                                                                                     Nego�a�on with                  Nego�a�on with   Cancelled
                                                                                     Minor Changes                   Major Changes    Nego�a�on
How might these object states play meaningful and
directive roles in your functional responses for targeted                              1                              2                4
                                                                                           Message                        Messages         Messages
knowledge work practices?




                                                                              It looks like things aren’t going so
                                                                              well with most of these, but I’ll
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      wrap up the one with minor
                                                                              changes before moving on to
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   making new deals...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B5.html
I’m using our lab’s
                                                                              main data manage-
                                                                              ment applica�on to
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  find all of the samples
                                                                              that are involved with
B6. Flagged Variability within                                                our current clinical
                                                                              study...
    or between Objects

                                                                                                        Clinical
                                                                                                       Scientist
There are often aspects of interaction objects, outside of
any explicit states, that are important to call to knowledge
workers’ attentions in certain contexts. Product teams
can envision how adaptive flagging of central variabilities
                                                                              And I’ve got a set of search
could reduce the effort needed to examine key                                 results back that I’m
characteristics of individual objects.                                        scrolling through...




Questions for product teams to consider:

Beyond defined states, what specific pieces of information
about interaction objects might be especially interesting or                  And the tool is saying that
useful to targeted knowledge workers during the course of                     there is something wrong
                                                                              with one of the samples...
their practices?

How might your team informatively communicate these
key variabilities through perceptually salient cues?




                                                                              It looks like a treatment is
                                                                              being applied that is not
                                                                              found anywhere else in
                                                                              this study...

WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      That’s a simple data entry
                                                                              error from earlier that I
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   can fix right now...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B6.html
So next, I am going to
                                                                              work on that northern
                                                                              sec on of the building
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  model, where I need to
                                                                              make some changes...
B7. Object Ownership and
    Availability Rules

                                                                                                    Architect
Similar to offline, real world artifacts in a knowledge
workplace, onscreen interaction objects can benefit from
clear and consistent rules governing who can perform
actions on or with them at a given time. Product teams
                                                                              But it looks like one of our
can envision and communicate rules that are culturally
                                                                              consultants is currently
appropriate, logically feasible, and understandably clear.                    working there too. So that
                                                                              means that I can’t make
                                                                              any changes in the main
                                                                              model. That’s just the rules
                                                                              of the system, to help
                                                                              prevent conflicts...
Questions for product teams to consider:

Based on your team’s understanding of targeted cultural
                                                                                                                                        SEGMENT OF
environments and knowledge work practices, what rules
                                                                                                                                        BUILDING MODEL
can you envision for key interaction objects to ensure that
they are “owned” and accessed by workers in appropriate
and useful ways?

                                                                                                                                         ARCHITECT’S
                                                                                                                MAIN VERSION
                                                                                                                                         OWN SEPARATE
                                                                                                                “OWNED” BY
                                                                                                                                         VERSION
                                                                                                                CONSULTANT



                                                                                          Consulting
                                                                                          Engineer



WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                              So I can check out my own version of that segment. If there are any conflicts
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   when I check my version back in, the so ware will help us sort them out later...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B7.html
Things in this trading
                                                                              tool have concise,
                                                                              intelligent ac�on lists
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  that help me make
                                                                              faster decisions...
B8. Explicit Mapping of Objects
    to Work Mediation

                                                                                                        Financial
Even though a general understanding of an interaction                                                      Trader
object can carry with it expectations of certain related
actions in a knowledge work application, product teams
can prevent oversights and drive interaction clarity by                       For example, depending on the state of
explicitly mapping how important objects could fit into                       a trade form, I only get op�ons to act
targeted operations, tasks, and larger activities.                            that make sense given that state...


                                                                                     AVAILABLE OPTIONS BY STATE CATEGORIES

Questions for product teams to consider:
                                                                                     Blank                       Nego�a�on with                 Cancelled
                                                                                     Trade Form                  Major Changes                  Nego�a�on
How, specifically, could the interaction objects that
your team has envisioned fit into the knowledge work
operations, tasks, and larger activities that you are
striving to mediate with your application concepts?

What important relationships between objects and
                                                                                       4                            3                            1
                                                                                           Ac�on Op�ons                 Ac�on Op�ons                 Ac�on Op�on
actions might you be overlooking?


                                                                              I don’t want to see any bu�ons for op�ons that I can’t click...

                                                                              The people that made this tool understand how we trade,
                                                                              and so I don’t have to think about those li�le things...



WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B8.html
I’ve just finished this
                                                                              shape that I want to
                                                                              try out as a repea ng
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  element in the exterior
                                                                              of this new building
B9. Common Management                                                         that our team is
                                                                              currently genera ng
    Actions for Objects                                                       ideas for...




                                                                                                    Architect
Some types of interaction objects in computing
applications will typically require a conventional set of
management actions, such as create, copy, edit, and
delete. Product teams can map available management
                                                                              So I select the element
actions for different types of interaction objects, envisioning               in my modeling tool...
what common functionalities might look like in different
object contexts.



Questions for product teams to consider:

What common management actions, such as create, copy,
edit, and delete, could the interaction objects in your team’s                And then I repeat it...
application concepts require or benefit from?

What important management actions might you be
overlooking?




                                                                              And maybe that feels
                                                                              like one too many for
                                                                              what I want, so I’ve
                                                                              deleted one of them...

WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B9.html
Consistency and
                                                                              informa�on quality is
                                                                              incredibly important
DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS                                                  in research work,
                                                                              especially as volumes
B10. Object Templates                                                         of data increase
                                                                              exponen�ally...




When knowledge workers repeatedly generate instances
                                                                                                       Clinical
of interaction objects with similar attributes, they may
                                                                                                      Scientist
value the ability to create new objects from standard
“molds.” Product teams can envision functionality
concepts that could allow workers to offload tedious
data entry effort by tailoring and making use of object                       So when I’ve got a plan for
templates.                                                                    a study and I’m crea�ng
                                                                              an extended series of
                                                                              samples in the system...

Questions for product teams to consider:

Where might object templates valuably decrease the
effort needed to create common classes of complex
information structures in your team’s application
concepts?                                                                                                             Sample Template
                                                                              I can create one sample
                                                                              template...
                                                                                                                                S
What functional options could allow targeted knowledge
workers to define, share, modify, and use these
templates?
                                                                                                                      Individual Samples
                                                                                                                  S     S   S       S   S   S

                                                                                                                  S     S   S       S   S   S

                                                                                                                  S     S   S       S   S   S

                                                                                                                  S     S   S       S   S   S
                                                                              And then generate many              S     S   S       S   S   S
                                                                              individual, consistent
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                              samples in the so�ware              S     S   S       S   S   S
                                                                              that are slight varia�ons
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the                                       S     S   S       S   S   S
                                                                              on that template...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B10.html
IDEA CATEGORY

C. Establishing an
   Application Framework

                                                                                 This category contains 10 of the 100 application envisioning
Valued computing tools can tame complexity by
                                                                                 idea cards in this deck:
structuring workers’ interactions within comprehensible,
consistent, and cohesive overall frames.
                                                                                 C1. Intentional and articulated conceptual models
Designing such a clear organization requires deliberate
and critical exploration of an on-screen tool’s potential                        C2. Application interaction model
“shape” and “routes.”
                                                                                 C3. Levels of interaction patterns
During application envisioning, product teams can
synthesize common structural needs with their own                                C4. Pathways for task and activity based wayfinding
resonating design ideas in order to sketch guiding models
and larger interaction approaches for their products.                            C5. Permissions and views tailored to workers’ identities
Early ideation about these application structures can
                                                                                 C6. Standardized application workflows
“set the stage” for teams’ evolving functionality concepts
by both shaping and reflecting divergent ideas about                             C7. Structural support of workspace awareness
potential user experiences.
                                                                                 C8. Defaults, customization, and automated tailoring

                                                                                 C9. Error prevention and handling conventions

                                                                                 C10. Predictable application states




WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS

For more description of this idea category, see the full version of this book:
www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C.html
By adop�ng building
                                                                              informa�on modeling,
                                                                              we are considering
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         some unprecedented
                                                                              changes in how our
C1. Intentional and Articulated                                               team works...


    Conceptual Models

                                                                                                  Architect
Knowledge workers develop particular understandings
of which work practices an interactive application is
designed to support, how it essentially “works,” and how
it might fit into their own activities. Product teams can
communicate their computing tool’s intended conceptual                            OLD: CREATE ISOLATED DRAWING          NEW: MODEL CREATES OUTPUTS
models through application design and other channels.                             The en�rety of a building design is   Use of compu�ng applica�ons
                                                                                  thought of as the sum of a set of     aims to collabora�vely create and
                                                                                  separate architectural drawings.      evolve a unified virtual model of
                                                                                                                        a building project.
                                                                                  Use of compu�ng applica�ons
Questions for product teams to consider:
                                                                                  focuses on crea�ng individual         The informa�on in this unified
                                                                                  representa�ons of a building,         3D model can then be used to
What overall models could encapsulate the “what and                               which must be kept in                 automa�cally create all
                                                                                  coordina�on.                          tradi�onal architectural plans.
how” of your interactive application’s proposed roles in
targeted knowledge work?

How might those overall “functional stories” be
communicated to users?

Similarly, how could your team promote clear “sub-
stories” for each of your central functionality ideas?




                                                                              By comparison, the introduc�on of           Luckily, everything about this
                                                                              CAD had li�le impact on tradi�onal          tool seems like it is designed
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                              prac�ce. CAD changed who was                to clarify this new mindset
                                                                              doing some things, but the structure        and to help us to build it into
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   of work was mostly the same...              the way that we work...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C1.html
Each edge of my
                                                                              analysis applica�on
                                                                              has a clearly defined
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         purpose, and it’s
                                                                              clear where I should
C2. Application Interaction Model                                             turn to do different
                                                                              things...




Knowledge work applications can benefit from a
                                                                                                      Clinical
consistent and overriding interaction model that defines
                                                                                                     Scientist
a computing tool’s “shell” of navigation and overall
approach to interactivity. Product teams can envision
interaction models that are complementary to targeted
work practices, appropriate for their sketched design
strategies, and framed by workers’ experiences with
other tools.



Questions for product teams to consider:

What directions can your team generate for the deliberate
“shells” of your application concepts, including their
approach to containing, enabling, and shaping your
sketched functionality ideas?

What types of interaction models could effectively
support targeted knowledge work in a way that embodies
your strategic focus?
                                                                                     BOTTOM TICKER: Presents            TOP PANEL: Contains all of
                                                                                     collaborator status and            the controls that determine
                                                                                     �me sensi�ve messaging             how data is visualized in the
                                                                                     around the central data-           screen’s central area
                                                                                     base being visualized




                                                                              LEFT PANEL: Contains flexible        RIGHT PANEL: Presents saved
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      tables that can be transformed to   snapshots of users’ ac�ons,
                                                                              show several different types of      allowing them to retrace and
                                                                              rela�onships in clinical data       alter their naviga�on pathways
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C2.html
Everywhere I go in this
                                                                              so ware, there is this
                                                                              overall feeling of high
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         quality consistency...


C3. Levels of Interaction Patterns                                            I imagine this tool
                                                                              being created by a
                                                                              single person, even
                                                                              though I know it took
                                                                              a whole team...
Looking across the sketched functional offerings in a
product team’s application concepts, there are often                                                  Architect
opportunities to categorize and standardize certain
repeating patterns. Teams can capture and expand
upon internal consistencies at different levels of
granularity, promoting eventual learnability, usability, and
                                                                                LEVELS OF INTERACTION PATTERNS WITHIN APPLICATION
implementation efficiencies within their computing tools.



Questions for product teams to consider:

Scanning the breadth of your team’s promising
functionality concepts, what typical or novel interaction
patterns might you identify and meaningfully reuse?

How might your team organize these valuable regularities
into different tiers of patterns within your application
proposals, ranging from large to more granular?



                                                                                  Applica on Views



                                                                                  Dialogs and Panes


WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS
                                                                                  Smaller Components
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C3.html
Even as I make what
                                                                              feel like very different
                                                                              choices, this tool is
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         always somehow
                                                                              stepping me through
C4. Pathways for Task and                                                     what I want to do...


    Activity Based Wayfinding

                                                                                                    Financial
Effective pathways through interactive applications can                                                Trader
be structured to allow knowledge workers to navigate
based on the emergent flow of their own efforts. Product
teams can derive these pathways from the interrelations
                                                                              For example, I search for
between different operations, tasks, and larger activities
                                                                              messages from a certain
in targeted work practices.                                                   trader at another firm...

                                                                              And the so�ware high-
                                                                              lights the messages from
                                                                              him that it recommends...
Questions for product teams to consider:

How might your team organize the structuring flow of
functional options in your application concepts around
understood pathways of meaningful action?                                                                       Recommended Trade
                                                                              It gives me the op�on to
                                                                              transform the incoming
How could navigation “naturally” and desirably unfold                         message into a trade
                                                                              �cket...
through the course of targeted knowledge workers’ own
decisions and efforts within your computing tool?                             And then I go through the
                                                                              highlighted steps to
                                                                              complete the deal...




                                                                              Next, once that deal is
                                                                              finished, the tool gives me
                                                                              messages right here about
                                                                              what I might want to do
                                                                              next, based on rules that
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      we set up in our group...

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C4.html
I’ve defined different
                                                                              levels of permissions
                                                                              for our lab’s analysis
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         applica�on...


C5. Permissions and Views
    Tailored to Workers’ Identities

                                                                                                        Clinical
                                                                                                       Scientist
Application displays that are tailored to knowledge
workers’ identities can support both organizational goals
and workers’ own preferred ranges of practice. Product
teams can envision how the content and functionalities
within their computing tools could be segmented into
                                                                                                                                           APPLICATION
areas and views that are intended for certain audiences                                                                                    FUNCTIONAL
within the same working culture.                                                                                                              OPTIONS




Questions for product teams to consider:
                                                                                        Collaborating
                                                                                         Scientists
Based on observed role segmentations and security
needs in the organizations that your team is targeting,
what approaches can you envision for meaningfully
categorizing knowledge workers’ identities in your
application concepts?

How might these categories drive differing access and
interactions with certain functionalities and content?


                                                                                         Laboratory
                                                                                                                             Other Staff
                                                                                         Technicians




WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      Scien�sts in our lab can do what ever they want within our data
                                                                              sandbox, but for security reasons, lab techs can only do some
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   limited tests, and other staff do not have any access at all...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C5.html
This huge trade could
                                                                              be just what we need,
                                                                              but the trading so�-
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         ware is probably
                                                                              going to require that I
C6. Standardized Application                                                  get sign off for it...


    Workflows

                                                                                                    Financial
Some cooperative processes in knowledge work can be                                                    Trader
supported by computing functionalities that facilitate
entire sequences of standardized effort. Product teams
can envision functionality concepts that could valuably
                                                                              And there’s the no�ce                        Pending Approval
distribute segments of larger work processes among                            saying I need sign off...
multiple users; however, restrictive workflows may not
always be an appropriate design response.                                     So it is sending my boss a
                                                                              message, and I’ll holler at
                                                                              him too...


Questions for product teams to consider:

What portions of the knowledge work that your team is
targeting truly follow standardized and routine processes                                                   Okay, I will check it
— but still require human judgment and action?                                                              out right now...

                                                                                                            Nice deal!
How might your application concepts meaningfully                                                            I’m approving it...
structure and usefully reduce burdens in these procedural
                                                                                          Trading
flows for all involved?
                                                                                          Manager



                                                                              And there’s the expected                     Trade Approved
                                                                              confirma�on message
                                                                              that says that it’s done,
                                                                              which I can close or just
                                                                              wait for it to go away in a
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      moment...

For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C6.html
My building modeling
                                                                              applica�on always lets
                                                                              me see at a glance
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         what my colleagues
                                                                              are working on,
C7. Structural Support of                                                     without going out of
                                                                              my way to look...

    Workspace Awareness

                                                                                                   Architect
Valuable functional support for cooperative or
collaborative knowledge work activities may impact the
larger structure of a computing tool. Product teams can
envision pervasive cues within their application concepts                     For example, I generally
that could highlight significant actions of other users                       know what’s going on with
                                                                              Jane, who is another
acting in the same “workspace.”
                                                                              architect on our team...




Questions for product teams to consider:

What structural, application level approaches might your
team envision to allow targeted knowledge workers to
stay usefully and meaningfully aware of others’ actions                                 “Hallway” checked out by Jane Yu
within the same data locale?

What might these awarenesses feel like in practice?
                                                                                  A SELECTION OF
                                                                                  AWARENESS CUES
                                                                                  AND INFORMATION
                                                                                                                  Jane Yu
                                                                                                                  Online - Edi�ng
                                                                                                                  “Hallway” - Main Version




                                                                              The accumula�on of these li�le clues really
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      changes the amount we have to communicate,
                                                                              as well as the topics that our team talks about
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the   when we do chat face to face...
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C7.html
Our analysis applica-
                                                                              �on has certain
                                                                              defaults in the way
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         it computes clinical
                                                                              result values...
C8. Defaults, Customization,
    and Automated Tailoring

                                                                                                       Clinical
                                                                                                      Scientist
Knowledge workers may want to make persistent changes
to default settings in order to tailor how they interact with
a computing tool. Product teams can endeavor to create
useful defaults; provide clear, consistent, and direct means
                                                                              I’m changing one of those
of changing them; and consider scenarios for useful                           defaults, because our lab
automation around some setting changes.                                       is finding that the so�ware
                                                                              is consistently compu�ng a
                                                                              certain variable too low
                                                                              when compared to our
                                                                              instrument readings...
Questions for product teams to consider:

How might your team clarify and reduce the effort needed
to understand and set important parameters in your
application concepts?                                                         And I’m having a look at
                                                                              what that change does...
How could the interplay of appropriate default values,
manual customization, and automated tailoring enhance
your product’s effectiveness across a breadth of targeted
contexts?




                                                                              Since it looks like the new
                                                                              se�ng is working the way
                                                                              I want it to, I’ll save that
                                                                              new se�ng as the default
                                                                              for any and all analyses
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      that we create in the
                                                                              future...
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C8.html
Traders have fat fingers
                                                                              like everyone else using
                                                                              a computer, and this
ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK                                         trading so�ware steps
                                                                              in to help prevent all
C9. Error Prevention and                                                      sorts of problems in a
                                                                              predictable way...
    Handling Conventions

                                                                                                    Financial
To ensure that potential errors in mediated knowledge                                                  Trader
work are preempted and managed in a consistent
and appropriate manner, product teams can develop
internal conventions for their application concepts.
                                                                              Like if I’m typing a price
These standards can promote learnability, usability,                          wrong, this tool doesn’t
and implementation efficiencies.                                              let me get too far before
                                                                              telling me about it...



Questions for product teams to consider:

Looking across the functionality concepts in your team’s
sketched application possibilities, what common classes
of error situations might you identify?                                       Which looks similar to the
                                                                              very useful message that
                                                                              comes up if I’m entering a
What interaction patterns could consistently and
                                                                              quan�ty for a security that
appropriately prevent or handle each of these error                           exceeds our holdings...
classes?




                                                                              Which is similar to the
                                                                              error stopper that appears
                                                                              when a trade �cket’s
                                                                              contents happen to go
                                                                              against the complex mesh
WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS                                      of no-trade rules that our
                                                                              group is always upda�ng...
For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the
full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C9.html
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Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html
Working through Screens Idea Cards  |  www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html

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Working through Screens Idea Cards | www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS.html

  • 1. WORKING THROUGH SCREENS 100 ideas for envisioning powerful, engaging, and productive user experiences in knowledge work By Jacob Burghardt A publication of FLASHBULB INTERACTION, Inc. An extended, book length version of this work is available in .html and .pdf formats at www.FlashbulbInteraction.com
  • 2. It is time to start holistically The category of human efforts sometimes called “knowledge work” is growing. envisioning exemplary new tools for thought that target valuable In many contexts, the idea of intersections of work activity and knowledge work has become almost technological possibility. synonymous with using a computer, to both positive and negative effect. A suggested overall approach for product teams envisioning new or improved interactive applications for As a result of the design deficiencies in interactive knowledge work: products, people experience many frustrations in their working lives. Extensive concepting, based on intensive questioning, driving Collectively, we have an infrastructural visionary, collaboratively defined sense of what these technologies can strategies for exemplary tools for be that tends to limit our ability to thought. imagine better offerings. In support of this suggested approach, this deck of Targeted improvements in the design of these tools can “idea cards” contains 100 considerations — along have large impacts on workers’ experiences. Visionary with many examples and questions — to help product design can advance entire fields and industries. teams generate design strategies and design concepts that could become useful, meaningful, and valuable Product teams can make significant progress by onscreen offerings. changing how they get started on designing their products — by beginning with an emphasis on getting to the right design strategy and design concepts long before getting to the right design details. All original contents of this publication are subject to the creative commons license (Attribution-NonCommercial- WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS ShareAlike http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) For more on the case for application envisioning, see the full version of this unless otherwise noted. Please attribute the work to book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_intro.html “Jacob Burghardt / FLASHBULB INTERACTION Consultancy.”
  • 3. IDEA CATEGORIES X Needed XX. X Hard Mismatched A. Exploring work mediation and determining scope (9) Typical B. Defining interaction objects (10) Overly flexible X C. Establishing an application framework (10) Awkwardly dynamic D. Considering workers’ attentions (7) Inconsistent Distracting Questions for product teams to consider: E. Providing opportunities to offload effort (6) Boring Circuitous X F. Enhancing information representation (11) Replaceable G. Clarifying central interactions (7) H. Supporting outcome exploration and cognitive tracing (4) I. Working with volumes of information (7) J. Facilitating communication (7) K. Promoting integration into work practice (13) Wanted L. Pursuing aesthetic refinement (5) Meaningful Engaging M. Planning connection with use (4) Extraordinary Clearly targeted Eye opening Dependable activity infrastructure Mastery building Domain grounded Beautiful Irreplaceable WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description, of the 100 and questions related to this idea, seeof this a complete listing examples, envisioning ideas, see the full version the book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_TOC.html full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_XX.html
  • 4. IDEA CATEGORY A. Exploring Work Mediation and Determining Scope This category contains 9 of the 100 application envisioning Valued computing tools can seemingly “fit” into certain idea cards in this deck: parts of knowledge workers’ activities and thought processes, usefully meshing within the flows of their own A1. Influential physical and cultural environments goals. Designing for such a harmonious pairing requires critical A2. Workers’ interrelations and relationships exploration of potential interventions into targeted activities. A3. Work practices appropriate for computer mediation During application envisioning, product teams can A4. Standardization of work practice through mediation model and rationalize knowledge work from a variety of A5. Interrelations of operation, task, and activity scenarios perspectives in order to understand how certain practices might be usefully mediated by their own onscreen A6. Open and emergent work scenarios applications. A7. Collaboration scenarios and variations Teams can use these models to sketch divergent functionality concepts, eventually drafting an appropriate A8. Local practices and scenario variations and desirable scope for their computing tool. A9. High value ratio for targeted work practices WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description of this idea category, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A.html
  • 5. Part of doing this kind of trading is si�ng in this kind of room... EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE A1. Influential Physical and Cultural Environments Financial The environments that knowledge workers practice Trader within — which includes both their multidisciplinary organizations and the larger cultural context of their professions — can pose key challenges and opportunities With a group of skilled people all si�ng at the same big desk... for product teams as they attempt to outline appropriate and compelling design strategies. SHARED ENVIRONMENT Questions for product teams to consider: How could your team’s insights into the realities and constraints of targeted knowledge workers’ physical and cultural environments shape your application concepts? How might your computing tool meaningfully and valuably “fit” into these complex contexts? Fellow Traders + Shared Ways of Working + Dependable Enabling Technologies WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the And all of these technologies and applica�ons available for immediate use... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A1.html
  • 6. The technologies that I use can either support or get in the EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE way of how I want to connect with differ- A2. Workers’ Interrelations ent people who play roles in our building and Relationships projects... Architect Social interactions in knowledge work activities often involve multiple categories of organizational roles and outside stakeholders. The cultural characteristics of knowledge workers’ social worlds can pose key challenges and opportunities for product teams as they ONSCREEN INTERACTIONS + attempt to outline appropriate and compelling design COMMUNICATION strategies. Questions for product teams to consider: How could your team’s insights into the connectivities and qualities of targeted knowledge workers’ relationships shape your application concepts? How might your computing tool usefully and meaningfully Construction Team reflect these social realities? Consultants Client Internal Team WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A2.html
  • 7. Not every part of our lab’s scien�fic workflow should be EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE supported by so�ware designed A3. Work Practices Appropriate specifically for it... for Computer Mediation Clinical Scientist Interactive applications can provide knowledge workers and their organizations more value in some activity scenarios than in others. To drive an appropriate and compelling application scope, product teams can balance It’s true that our lab’s informa�on management the desire to usefully facilitate targeted workers’ goals and analysis applica�ons are always something we and practices with contemporary limitations of the turn to when we are doing “produc�on” work... computing medium. EXPLORATORY WORK Questions for product teams to consider: PRODUCTION WORK Where in your team’s big picture characterizations of knowledge workers’ activities do you see potential value and possibility for useful and meaningful mediation by a computing tool? How does this method work? How can we execute on this study From a vantage point that emphasizes targeted workers’ How might we use it in a study? plan? What findings are in its data? mental efforts, where is there less potential value and possibility? Transi�on to use in a clinical study Ac�vi�es understood as being Interac�ons that scien�sts expect too variable to be a func�onality to be a func�onality focus in focus in primary so�ware tools their primary so�ware tools But I don’t expect those tools to support our leading edge, exploratory work. WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS When we are trying out new things, we o�en turn to more generalized tools, For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the write our own rough code, or use scien�fic so�ware in unintended ways... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A3.html
  • 8. Communica�on is what trading is about, and our group tries to EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE keep our interac�ons with the outside world A4. Standardization of Work as consistent as possible... Practice through Mediation Financial When interactive applications introduce new possibilities Trader in support of knowledge work practices, they often also introduce new levels of standardization. Product team can envision appropriate levels of freedom and constraint For example, we use an in their application concepts, which can range from a Cancella�on No�ce automa�c form to rapidly slight narrowing of available choices to the restrictive email clear and legible trade cancella�ons... organization of entire activities. Questions for product teams to consider: Where in your team’s big picture characterizations of knowledge workers’ activities could inherent Which is very different from how we used to tell our trading partners about cancelled deals... standardization be valuable in a supporting computing tool? Where might targeted individuals and organizations view CHANNELS USED PRIOR TO STANDARDIZATION OF WORK PRACTICE standardization as restrictive and problematic? Phone Fax Mail WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS Everyone in our group did it differently, which was confusing For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the and eventually drove us to create a useful standard... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A4.html
  • 9. It’s amazing to think of all of the different steps that I take in a EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE day, many of which touch my building A5. Interrelations of Operation, modeling so�ware in one way or another... Task, and Activity Scenarios Architect Knowledge workers’ granular actions can be categorized as operations, which overlap and interrelate into larger tasks, which themselves overlap and interrelate into the larger unit of activities. Explicit models of these multi-tiered relationships can help product teams envision interactive applications that are much more than haphazard collections of unconnected, discrete functions. In the interval of this one ac�vity, there are several tasks, which are Questions for product teams to consider: themselves comprised of many separate From a vantage point that emphasizes knowledge workers’ opera�ons mental efforts, how might your team break down your big picture characterizations of targeted workers’ practices into a useful and meaningful hierarchy of activity, task, and low level operation elements? WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A5.html
  • 10. When I’m visualizing our data in my analysis tool, my goals can EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE change at any �me, depending on what I A6. Open and Emergent happen to discover... Work Scenarios Clinical Scientist Some knowledge work tasks and larger activities involve solving complex, undefined problems where workers’ goals and methods evolve within unfolding pathways of effort. These emergent scenarios can be supported by Though I’m generally switching between some interactive applications that present useful flexibilities, fairly standard types of goals... which product teams can envision as largely unsequenced but interrelated patterns of mediated work. GOAL TYPE 1 GOAL TYPE 2 GOAL TYPE 3 GOAL TYPE 4 Questions for product teams to consider: What areas of your team’s emerging models of work practice are accomplished through open and emergent pathways of knowledge work rather than strict, process “Aha!” oriented action? From a vantage point that emphasizes targeted workers’ “No...” mental efforts, how much functional flexibility could be required to valuably support these cases? “Interes�ng...” WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the “That’s a big finding!” full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A6.html
  • 11. I’ve set up a mee ng to review the current version of this building EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE model... A7. Collaboration Scenarios and Variations Architect Even apparently individualistic knowledge work practices can have key collaborative, or at least cooperative, scenarios and variations. By actively envisioning how these cases might be supported by an interactive And it looks like the application, product teams can avoid common and people from our team disruptive pitfalls in their approaches to mediating work. that I invited have joined the online workspace, and they are looking at the building’s details... Questions for product teams to consider: What areas in your team’s emerging models of knowledge work practice can involve collaborative, or at least cooperative, action? How might attempting to mediate these complex practices impact the functional forms and overarching strategic directions of your application concepts? Distant Collaborators WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS It’s not as good as mee ng face to face in front of some big printouts or the same screen, but I look forward to gathering For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the these experienced architects’ feedback on our current choices... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A7.html
  • 12. This trading tool is remarkably adaptable. I think that the people EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE that designed it really know the small but A8. Local Practices and important differences in how people trade... Scenario Variations Financial Knowledge workers may continually refine their Trader approaches to certain tasks and larger activities in order to meet their local needs, performing adaptive variations based on recognized contingencies. Product teams can All of the firms that I’ve worked at have been able to successfully envision how diverse yet essential variations in workers’ work with the same so�ware in their own slightly different ways... practices might be supported by thoughtful flexibilities in their application concepts. PREVIOUS FIRM CURRENT FIRM Questions for product teams to consider: How might your team’s emerging models of knowledge work practice call out key local variabilities between and within targeted organizations? Where in your mapped understandings could different VS scenarios for accomplishing the same goal be important? How might those differences impact the overarching functional forms and strategic directions of your application concepts? At my last job, there was a At my current firm, they general emphasis on allowing have thought a lot about us traders to do things our where standard processes own way, which gave us just could be valuable and enough rope to hang ourselves... provided good tools to help us get to those standards... WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS But when it came to nego�a�ng, they had specific processes that But in nego�a�on, they give For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the they wanted us to follow... us a lot of freedom... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A8.html
  • 13. So many scien�fic applica�ons are huge and generic, filled EXPLORING WORK MEDIATION AND DETERMINING SCOPE with bloat, or small and focused but A9. High Value Ratio for missing so much of what our lab needs Targeted Work Practices for our own research goals... Clinical Scientist Not all of a product team’s sketched functionality concepts have the same potential to provide compelling utility in knowledge work. To promote usefulness and cohesive design strategies in their application concepts, teams can parsimoniously target certain work practices PREVIOUS USE OF SEVERAL CURRENT USE OF SINGLE by including related, high value functionalities and ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS APPLICATION downplaying or eliminating unrelated, lower priority Most of the func�onality in each Main analysis applica�on options. of several applica�ons was le� contains few op�ons that the unused by the laboratory team. laboratory team does not use. Questions for product teams to consider: ~10% ~5% Which areas of knowledge work practice might your team want to target with your product? ~90% VS ~15% ~20% From a vantage point that emphasizes workers’ mental efforts, which selective assembly from among your sketched functionality concepts could provide compelling value in targeted work, while at the same time coalescing ~5% ~10% into a sensible application concept that embodies a well resolved design strategy? And then we found our For example, it used to be that we new analysis tool, which is would have to simultaneously use designed for our type of bits and pieces from different research, and meets I’d say analysis applica�ons in order to 90 percent of our needs... accomplish what we wanted... WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_A9.html
  • 14. IDEA CATEGORY B. Defining Interaction Objects This category contains 10 of the 100 application envisioning Valued computing tools can present clearly articulated idea cards in this deck: and understandable collections of onscreen objects that knowledge workers can act upon, with, and through. B1. Named objects and information structures Designing such clarity requires deliberate mapping and careful simplification. B2. Flexible identification of object instances During application envisioning, product teams can sketch B3. Coupling of application and real world objects and explore the interaction objects that users might encounter in different scenarios of mediated work. B4. Object associations and user defined objects By taking time to generate diverse ideas about users’ B5. Object states and activity flow visibility potential experiences of onscreen entities, teams can codify essential characteristics, behaviors, and B6. Flagged variability within or between objects relationships. B7. Object ownership and availability rules B8. Explicit mapping of objects to work mediation B9. Common management actions for objects B10. Object templates WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description of this idea category, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B.html
  • 15. Se ng up a new clinical study in my lab’s informa on DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS management applica- on means crea ng B1. Named Objects and a set of expected and familiar items for my Information Structures plans... Clinical Scientist Knowledge work applications can support specific work practices with named interaction objects that are equivalents of familiar workplace artifacts. In addition to incorporating existing domain ideas and entities, product teams may need to introduce new objects into workers’ vocabularies and practices in order to meaningfully enable certain functionality concepts. These are the things that we talk about in our lab, that “live” in our lab’s shared database... Questions for product teams to consider: What artifacts do targeted knowledge workers currently focus on in the work practices that your team is striving OBJECTS CREATED FOR A SMALL CLINICAL STUDY to mediate, and how might these objects be embodied in your application concepts? Study File What new interaction objects are implied in your sketches of functional possibilities? Automa on Procedure Clinical Samples WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS Test Tubes For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B1.html
  • 16. There are so many trades made even in an hour, it’s hard to DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS remember very much informa�on about any B2. Flexible Identification one given deal... of Object Instances Financial In order to effectively support knowledge work practice, Trader certain types of interaction objects typically need to have multiple instances. Especially for those object types that are higher volume and a main focus of ongoing effort, One thing that is very helpful is that I can search by entering any product teams can envision flexible, complimentary combina�on of different iden�fying options that could allow workers to apply meaningful aspects for a trade... identification schemes. IDENTIFYING ATTRIBUTES Questions for product teams to consider: Unique Number What flexible, complimentary methods might your team Entered By envision to allow targeted knowledge workers to identify Descrip�on Tags Transac�on Category and easily recognize certain instances of interaction objects within your application concepts? Object State Security Date How might different identification options drive different Trader Notes approaches to information structuring and seeking behaviors? And eventually, I’ll figure out a way to navigate the informa�on in order to find a certain deal or whatever I’m WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS looking for... For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B2.html
  • 17. Our lab’s informa on management so - ware is set up to DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS “know,” in a limited way, where things B3. Coupling of Application are in the lab... and Real World Objects Clinical Scientist Some knowledge work applications contain interaction objects that are extensions of, rather than replacements for, offline artifacts. In these cases, product teams can envision interactions that tightly couple onscreen and off So, for example, right now screen equivalents in order to promote a more efficient, the applica on has no direct, and unified experience. data displayed... I’m going to put a test tube into the reader rack, and it will pull up related Questions for product teams to consider: data from the system... What interaction objects in your team’s application concepts could benefit from a preserved connection to related off screen artifacts? What functionality concepts might your team envision to allow targeted knowledge workers to usefully recognize and meaningfully act through these connections? TEST TUBE READER RACK And now the reader has found the test tube and brought the sample up onto the screen... WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS It shows related sample data because I’m in the For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the samples view of the tool... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B3.html
  • 18. I’ve modeled a window assembly for our latest building design out of DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS a few different parts... B4. Object Associations and User Defined Objects Architect Interaction objects can carry default and worker defined linkages to other objects within a computing application. Product teams can envision how clear and actionable presentations of these object associations could allow So I’m grouping it together workers to offload effort while acting in informed and into a single object in the confident ways. building modeling tool, which will preserve the details of the individual pieces that it’s made from and all the related info... Questions for product teams to consider: What connections and interrelations could be present in the inventories of interaction objects that your team has ASSOCIATIONS WITHIN SELECTION identified? How might your sketched functionality concepts allow targeted knowledge workers to define, recognize, make Object grouped by user senses of, navigate, use, or even defend against these associations? Component objects Proper es of objects WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS Annota ons For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B4.html
  • 19. I’m nego�a�ng a bunch of tougher deals at the same DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS �me, so I’m constantly going back to my B5. Object States and messages to see what I need to respond to... Activity Flow Visibility Financial Understanding the current state of interaction objects Trader can be crucial for the effective planning and execution of knowledge work. Especially for those object types that are higher volume and a main focus of workers’ ongoing efforts, product teams can envision appropriate states that could communicate potent meaning and directive pathways of action. All of the messages have easy to understand codes that tell me the state of each nego�a�on... Questions for product teams to consider: MESSAGES BY STATE CATEGORIES What useful or necessary states can your team envision for key interaction objects in your application concepts? Nego�a�on with Nego�a�on with Cancelled Minor Changes Major Changes Nego�a�on How might these object states play meaningful and directive roles in your functional responses for targeted 1 2 4 Message Messages Messages knowledge work practices? It looks like things aren’t going so well with most of these, but I’ll WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS wrap up the one with minor changes before moving on to For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the making new deals... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B5.html
  • 20. I’m using our lab’s main data manage- ment applica�on to DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS find all of the samples that are involved with B6. Flagged Variability within our current clinical study... or between Objects Clinical Scientist There are often aspects of interaction objects, outside of any explicit states, that are important to call to knowledge workers’ attentions in certain contexts. Product teams can envision how adaptive flagging of central variabilities And I’ve got a set of search could reduce the effort needed to examine key results back that I’m characteristics of individual objects. scrolling through... Questions for product teams to consider: Beyond defined states, what specific pieces of information about interaction objects might be especially interesting or And the tool is saying that useful to targeted knowledge workers during the course of there is something wrong with one of the samples... their practices? How might your team informatively communicate these key variabilities through perceptually salient cues? It looks like a treatment is being applied that is not found anywhere else in this study... WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS That’s a simple data entry error from earlier that I For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the can fix right now... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B6.html
  • 21. So next, I am going to work on that northern sec on of the building DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS model, where I need to make some changes... B7. Object Ownership and Availability Rules Architect Similar to offline, real world artifacts in a knowledge workplace, onscreen interaction objects can benefit from clear and consistent rules governing who can perform actions on or with them at a given time. Product teams But it looks like one of our can envision and communicate rules that are culturally consultants is currently appropriate, logically feasible, and understandably clear. working there too. So that means that I can’t make any changes in the main model. That’s just the rules of the system, to help prevent conflicts... Questions for product teams to consider: Based on your team’s understanding of targeted cultural SEGMENT OF environments and knowledge work practices, what rules BUILDING MODEL can you envision for key interaction objects to ensure that they are “owned” and accessed by workers in appropriate and useful ways? ARCHITECT’S MAIN VERSION OWN SEPARATE “OWNED” BY VERSION CONSULTANT Consulting Engineer WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS So I can check out my own version of that segment. If there are any conflicts For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the when I check my version back in, the so ware will help us sort them out later... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B7.html
  • 22. Things in this trading tool have concise, intelligent ac�on lists DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS that help me make faster decisions... B8. Explicit Mapping of Objects to Work Mediation Financial Even though a general understanding of an interaction Trader object can carry with it expectations of certain related actions in a knowledge work application, product teams can prevent oversights and drive interaction clarity by For example, depending on the state of explicitly mapping how important objects could fit into a trade form, I only get op�ons to act targeted operations, tasks, and larger activities. that make sense given that state... AVAILABLE OPTIONS BY STATE CATEGORIES Questions for product teams to consider: Blank Nego�a�on with Cancelled Trade Form Major Changes Nego�a�on How, specifically, could the interaction objects that your team has envisioned fit into the knowledge work operations, tasks, and larger activities that you are striving to mediate with your application concepts? What important relationships between objects and 4 3 1 Ac�on Op�ons Ac�on Op�ons Ac�on Op�on actions might you be overlooking? I don’t want to see any bu�ons for op�ons that I can’t click... The people that made this tool understand how we trade, and so I don’t have to think about those li�le things... WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B8.html
  • 23. I’ve just finished this shape that I want to try out as a repea ng DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS element in the exterior of this new building B9. Common Management that our team is currently genera ng Actions for Objects ideas for... Architect Some types of interaction objects in computing applications will typically require a conventional set of management actions, such as create, copy, edit, and delete. Product teams can map available management So I select the element actions for different types of interaction objects, envisioning in my modeling tool... what common functionalities might look like in different object contexts. Questions for product teams to consider: What common management actions, such as create, copy, edit, and delete, could the interaction objects in your team’s And then I repeat it... application concepts require or benefit from? What important management actions might you be overlooking? And maybe that feels like one too many for what I want, so I’ve deleted one of them... WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B9.html
  • 24. Consistency and informa�on quality is incredibly important DEFINING INTERACTION OBJECTS in research work, especially as volumes B10. Object Templates of data increase exponen�ally... When knowledge workers repeatedly generate instances Clinical of interaction objects with similar attributes, they may Scientist value the ability to create new objects from standard “molds.” Product teams can envision functionality concepts that could allow workers to offload tedious data entry effort by tailoring and making use of object So when I’ve got a plan for templates. a study and I’m crea�ng an extended series of samples in the system... Questions for product teams to consider: Where might object templates valuably decrease the effort needed to create common classes of complex information structures in your team’s application concepts? Sample Template I can create one sample template... S What functional options could allow targeted knowledge workers to define, share, modify, and use these templates? Individual Samples S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S And then generate many S S S S S S individual, consistent WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS samples in the so�ware S S S S S S that are slight varia�ons For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the S S S S S S on that template... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_B10.html
  • 25. IDEA CATEGORY C. Establishing an Application Framework This category contains 10 of the 100 application envisioning Valued computing tools can tame complexity by idea cards in this deck: structuring workers’ interactions within comprehensible, consistent, and cohesive overall frames. C1. Intentional and articulated conceptual models Designing such a clear organization requires deliberate and critical exploration of an on-screen tool’s potential C2. Application interaction model “shape” and “routes.” C3. Levels of interaction patterns During application envisioning, product teams can synthesize common structural needs with their own C4. Pathways for task and activity based wayfinding resonating design ideas in order to sketch guiding models and larger interaction approaches for their products. C5. Permissions and views tailored to workers’ identities Early ideation about these application structures can C6. Standardized application workflows “set the stage” for teams’ evolving functionality concepts by both shaping and reflecting divergent ideas about C7. Structural support of workspace awareness potential user experiences. C8. Defaults, customization, and automated tailoring C9. Error prevention and handling conventions C10. Predictable application states WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS For more description of this idea category, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C.html
  • 26. By adop�ng building informa�on modeling, we are considering ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK some unprecedented changes in how our C1. Intentional and Articulated team works... Conceptual Models Architect Knowledge workers develop particular understandings of which work practices an interactive application is designed to support, how it essentially “works,” and how it might fit into their own activities. Product teams can communicate their computing tool’s intended conceptual OLD: CREATE ISOLATED DRAWING NEW: MODEL CREATES OUTPUTS models through application design and other channels. The en�rety of a building design is Use of compu�ng applica�ons thought of as the sum of a set of aims to collabora�vely create and separate architectural drawings. evolve a unified virtual model of a building project. Use of compu�ng applica�ons Questions for product teams to consider: focuses on crea�ng individual The informa�on in this unified representa�ons of a building, 3D model can then be used to What overall models could encapsulate the “what and which must be kept in automa�cally create all coordina�on. tradi�onal architectural plans. how” of your interactive application’s proposed roles in targeted knowledge work? How might those overall “functional stories” be communicated to users? Similarly, how could your team promote clear “sub- stories” for each of your central functionality ideas? By comparison, the introduc�on of Luckily, everything about this CAD had li�le impact on tradi�onal tool seems like it is designed WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS prac�ce. CAD changed who was to clarify this new mindset doing some things, but the structure and to help us to build it into For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the of work was mostly the same... the way that we work... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C1.html
  • 27. Each edge of my analysis applica�on has a clearly defined ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK purpose, and it’s clear where I should C2. Application Interaction Model turn to do different things... Knowledge work applications can benefit from a Clinical consistent and overriding interaction model that defines Scientist a computing tool’s “shell” of navigation and overall approach to interactivity. Product teams can envision interaction models that are complementary to targeted work practices, appropriate for their sketched design strategies, and framed by workers’ experiences with other tools. Questions for product teams to consider: What directions can your team generate for the deliberate “shells” of your application concepts, including their approach to containing, enabling, and shaping your sketched functionality ideas? What types of interaction models could effectively support targeted knowledge work in a way that embodies your strategic focus? BOTTOM TICKER: Presents TOP PANEL: Contains all of collaborator status and the controls that determine �me sensi�ve messaging how data is visualized in the around the central data- screen’s central area base being visualized LEFT PANEL: Contains flexible RIGHT PANEL: Presents saved WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS tables that can be transformed to snapshots of users’ ac�ons, show several different types of allowing them to retrace and rela�onships in clinical data alter their naviga�on pathways For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C2.html
  • 28. Everywhere I go in this so ware, there is this overall feeling of high ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK quality consistency... C3. Levels of Interaction Patterns I imagine this tool being created by a single person, even though I know it took a whole team... Looking across the sketched functional offerings in a product team’s application concepts, there are often Architect opportunities to categorize and standardize certain repeating patterns. Teams can capture and expand upon internal consistencies at different levels of granularity, promoting eventual learnability, usability, and LEVELS OF INTERACTION PATTERNS WITHIN APPLICATION implementation efficiencies within their computing tools. Questions for product teams to consider: Scanning the breadth of your team’s promising functionality concepts, what typical or novel interaction patterns might you identify and meaningfully reuse? How might your team organize these valuable regularities into different tiers of patterns within your application proposals, ranging from large to more granular? Applica on Views Dialogs and Panes WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS Smaller Components For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C3.html
  • 29. Even as I make what feel like very different choices, this tool is ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK always somehow stepping me through C4. Pathways for Task and what I want to do... Activity Based Wayfinding Financial Effective pathways through interactive applications can Trader be structured to allow knowledge workers to navigate based on the emergent flow of their own efforts. Product teams can derive these pathways from the interrelations For example, I search for between different operations, tasks, and larger activities messages from a certain in targeted work practices. trader at another firm... And the so�ware high- lights the messages from him that it recommends... Questions for product teams to consider: How might your team organize the structuring flow of functional options in your application concepts around understood pathways of meaningful action? Recommended Trade It gives me the op�on to transform the incoming How could navigation “naturally” and desirably unfold message into a trade �cket... through the course of targeted knowledge workers’ own decisions and efforts within your computing tool? And then I go through the highlighted steps to complete the deal... Next, once that deal is finished, the tool gives me messages right here about what I might want to do next, based on rules that WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS we set up in our group... For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C4.html
  • 30. I’ve defined different levels of permissions for our lab’s analysis ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK applica�on... C5. Permissions and Views Tailored to Workers’ Identities Clinical Scientist Application displays that are tailored to knowledge workers’ identities can support both organizational goals and workers’ own preferred ranges of practice. Product teams can envision how the content and functionalities within their computing tools could be segmented into APPLICATION areas and views that are intended for certain audiences FUNCTIONAL within the same working culture. OPTIONS Questions for product teams to consider: Collaborating Scientists Based on observed role segmentations and security needs in the organizations that your team is targeting, what approaches can you envision for meaningfully categorizing knowledge workers’ identities in your application concepts? How might these categories drive differing access and interactions with certain functionalities and content? Laboratory Other Staff Technicians WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS Scien�sts in our lab can do what ever they want within our data sandbox, but for security reasons, lab techs can only do some For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the limited tests, and other staff do not have any access at all... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C5.html
  • 31. This huge trade could be just what we need, but the trading so�- ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK ware is probably going to require that I C6. Standardized Application get sign off for it... Workflows Financial Some cooperative processes in knowledge work can be Trader supported by computing functionalities that facilitate entire sequences of standardized effort. Product teams can envision functionality concepts that could valuably And there’s the no�ce Pending Approval distribute segments of larger work processes among saying I need sign off... multiple users; however, restrictive workflows may not always be an appropriate design response. So it is sending my boss a message, and I’ll holler at him too... Questions for product teams to consider: What portions of the knowledge work that your team is targeting truly follow standardized and routine processes Okay, I will check it — but still require human judgment and action? out right now... Nice deal! How might your application concepts meaningfully I’m approving it... structure and usefully reduce burdens in these procedural Trading flows for all involved? Manager And there’s the expected Trade Approved confirma�on message that says that it’s done, which I can close or just wait for it to go away in a WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS moment... For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C6.html
  • 32. My building modeling applica�on always lets me see at a glance ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK what my colleagues are working on, C7. Structural Support of without going out of my way to look... Workspace Awareness Architect Valuable functional support for cooperative or collaborative knowledge work activities may impact the larger structure of a computing tool. Product teams can envision pervasive cues within their application concepts For example, I generally that could highlight significant actions of other users know what’s going on with Jane, who is another acting in the same “workspace.” architect on our team... Questions for product teams to consider: What structural, application level approaches might your team envision to allow targeted knowledge workers to stay usefully and meaningfully aware of others’ actions “Hallway” checked out by Jane Yu within the same data locale? What might these awarenesses feel like in practice? A SELECTION OF AWARENESS CUES AND INFORMATION Jane Yu Online - Edi�ng “Hallway” - Main Version The accumula�on of these li�le clues really WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS changes the amount we have to communicate, as well as the topics that our team talks about For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the when we do chat face to face... full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C7.html
  • 33. Our analysis applica- �on has certain defaults in the way ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK it computes clinical result values... C8. Defaults, Customization, and Automated Tailoring Clinical Scientist Knowledge workers may want to make persistent changes to default settings in order to tailor how they interact with a computing tool. Product teams can endeavor to create useful defaults; provide clear, consistent, and direct means I’m changing one of those of changing them; and consider scenarios for useful defaults, because our lab automation around some setting changes. is finding that the so�ware is consistently compu�ng a certain variable too low when compared to our instrument readings... Questions for product teams to consider: How might your team clarify and reduce the effort needed to understand and set important parameters in your application concepts? And I’m having a look at what that change does... How could the interplay of appropriate default values, manual customization, and automated tailoring enhance your product’s effectiveness across a breadth of targeted contexts? Since it looks like the new se�ng is working the way I want it to, I’ll save that new se�ng as the default for any and all analyses WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS that we create in the future... For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C8.html
  • 34. Traders have fat fingers like everyone else using a computer, and this ESTABLISHING AN APPLICATION FRAMEWORK trading so�ware steps in to help prevent all C9. Error Prevention and sorts of problems in a predictable way... Handling Conventions Financial To ensure that potential errors in mediated knowledge Trader work are preempted and managed in a consistent and appropriate manner, product teams can develop internal conventions for their application concepts. Like if I’m typing a price These standards can promote learnability, usability, wrong, this tool doesn’t and implementation efficiencies. let me get too far before telling me about it... Questions for product teams to consider: Looking across the functionality concepts in your team’s sketched application possibilities, what common classes of error situations might you identify? Which looks similar to the very useful message that comes up if I’m entering a What interaction patterns could consistently and quan�ty for a security that appropriately prevent or handle each of these error exceeds our holdings... classes? Which is similar to the error stopper that appears when a trade �cket’s contents happen to go against the complex mesh WORKING THROUGH SCREENS | 100 IDEA CARDS of no-trade rules that our group is always upda�ng... For more description, examples, and questions related to this idea, see the full version of this book: www.FlashbulbInteraction.com/WTS_C9.html