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CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
1
Bluetooth
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
2
Overview
• Cable replacement technology.
– Connect devices such as phone handsets,
headsets, computer peripherals, etc.
• Industry standard.
– Allows wireless communication between
devices.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
3
Applications: Cable Replacement
 1 Mb/s.
• Range ~10 meters.
• PANs
• Single chip radio.
– Low power & low cost.
Why not use Wireless LANs?
- power
- cost
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
4
Applications: Synchronization
• Automatic synchronization of
calendars, address books,
business cards.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
5
Applications: Cordless
Headset
• Multiple device
access.
• Hands-free operation.
Cordless
headset
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
6
More applications…
• Conference table.
• Cordless computer.
• Instant photo transmission.
• Cordless phone.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
7
Bluetooth Origins
• Study by Ericsson Mobile Communications in
1994.
– Alternatives to cables connecting mobile
phones to accessories.
– Use of radio links instead of infrared.
• Why?
– Transmission of data and voice.
• Result: Bluetooth spec.
– Named after Harald Blatand (Danish for
Bluetooth).
– 10th century Viking king who united Denmark
and Norway.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
8
Bluetooth SIG History
• Early 1998: Bluetooth SIG is formed.
– Promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM,
Intel, Nokia, Toshiba.
– Goal: develop license-free technology for
universal wireless connectivity.
– Target: handheld market.
– Bluetooth spec: defines RF wireless
communication interface and protocols.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
9
Bluetooth SIG History
• May 1998: Public announcement of Bluetooth SIG.
• July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) published.
• December 1999: version 1.0B released.
• December 1999: promoters increases to 9.
– 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola
• February 2000: 1,800+ adopters.
• February 2001: version 1.1 out.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
10
More History…
• Recently, IEEE 803.15.1 standard for
Wireless PANs (WPANs)
– Only MAC and PHY.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
11
Goals
• Open spec.
• Low cost.
– In order to replace cables, should have similar cost.
– Cell phone cable is ~ $10.
• Power efficiency.
• Lightweight and small form factor.
• Easy to use.
• Reliable and resilient to failures.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
12
The Bluetooth Standard
• Defines a protocol stack to enable
heterogeneous devices to communicate.
• The Bluetooth stack includes protocols for
the radio layer all the way up to device
discovery, service discovery, etc.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
13
Bluetooth Protocol Stack
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
PHY
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application
OSI/ISO
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
14
Bluetooth Layers
• Radio: physically transmits/receives data.
• Baseband/Link Controller: controls PHY.
• Link Manager: controls links to other devices.
• Host Controller:e2e communication.
• Logical Link Control:
multiplexes/demultiplexes data from higher
layers.
• RFCOMM: RS323-like serial interface.
• SDP: allows service discovery among
Bluetooth devices.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
15
The Bluetooth PHY
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
16
Radio Band
• 2.4 GHz license-free ISM band.
• Available worldwide.
• Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) band.
– Unlicensed, globally available.
– Centered around 2.4 GHz.
• Resilient to interference.
• Frequency hopping.
• Range: 10, 20, and 100m.
• 1MB/s.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
17
Unlicensed Radio Spectrum
902 Mhz
928 Mhz
26 Mhz 83.5 Mhz 125 Mhz
2.4 Ghz
2.4835 Ghz
5.725 Ghz
5.785 Ghz
cordless phones
baby monitors
Wireless LANs
802.11
Bluetooth
Microwave oven
unused
 33cm 12cm 5cm
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
18
Bluetooth Radio Link
• MA scheme: Frequency hopping spread spectrum.
– 2.402 GHz + k MHz, k=0, …, 78
– 1,600 hops per second.
– 1 Mb/s data rate.
. . .
1Mhz
1 2 3 79
83.5 Mhz
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
19
BT Radio Link (Cont’d)
• Time-division duplex (TDD)
– Separation of Xmission and reception in time.
– Units alternate transmits and receives.
• Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (G-FSK)
modulation.
– ‘1’s as positive frequency deviations from
carrier frequency; ‘0’s as negative deviations.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
20
Multiple Access
• BT targets large number of independent
communications active in the same area at the same
time.
• Single FH channel: 1 Mb/s.
• Each 1Mb/s channel shared by limited number of
participants.
– In target user scenarios, it’s unlikely that all units in-
range will share data among all of them.
– 1 MB/s is reasonable. (is it?)
• Theoretically, total bandwidth is 79 Mb/s.
– In practice, < 79 Mb/s since codes are non-orthogonal.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
21
Baseband
Carries out MAC
functions.
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
Control end of baseband
+link controller=
Data link layer
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
22
Master and Slaves
• Communicating devices must agree on
hopping sequence.
• BT devices can operate as masters or slaves.
• Master node defines sequence to be used.
• Slave units use master id to pick sequence.
• Master also controls when devices are
allowed to transmit.
– Master allocates slots to slaves.
– Allocates total available bandwidth among
slaves.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
23
Piconets
• BT communication takes place over piconets.
• Piconet formation initiated by master.
• All other participants are slaves.
• Number of participants limited to 8 (1 master and 7
slaves).
– Channel capacity and addressing overhead.
– Each slave assigned a locally unique ID.
• Master/slave roles last for the duration of the piconet.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
24
More on Piconets
• On a piconet, slaves only have direct links to
master.
• Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
connections.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
25
Piconets: Considerations
• Most target applications involve local
communication among small group of
devices.
• Piconets with up to 8 nodes match well.
• If many groups of devices active
simultaneously, each group as separate
piconet.
• Overlapping piconets can coexist.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
26
Contention-Free MA
• Master and slaves.
• Master performs medium access control.
– Schedules traffic through polling.
• Time slots alternate between master and slave
transmission.
– Master-slave: master includes slave address.
– Slave-master: only slave chosen by master in previous
master-slave slot allowed to transmit.
– If master has data to send to a slave, slave polled
implicitly; otherwise, explicit poll.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
27
BT States
Standby
Inquiry Page
Transmit Connected
Park Hold Sniff
Unconnected
Connecting
Active
Low power
. Initially, all nodes in
standby.
. Node (master) can begin
inquiry to find nearby
devices.
. Piconet is then formed.
. Devices join by paging.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
28
Inquiry
• Device discovery
• Listeners respond with
their address.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
29
Paging
Master
Active Slave
Parked Slave
Standby
• Device enters paging to
invite others to join its
piconet.
• Establishes links with nodes
in proximity.
• Paging message unicast to
selected receiver.
• Receiver sends ACK.
• Sender becomes master,
receiver slave.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
30
Piconet New Node Admission
• Master can actively try to discover new nodes
or wait (in scan/listen mode) to be discovered.
• Communication in the current piconet
suspended.
• Admission latency versus piconet capacity
tradeoff.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
31
Bluetooth Link Formation
• Point-to-point link:
– Master-slave relationship.
m s
s
s
m
s
• Piconet:
– 8 units: channel capacity.
– Master (establishes piconet) can
connect to up to 7 slaves.
– Master/slave relationship lasts while
link/piconet lasts.
– No slave-to-slave communication.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
32
Link Types
• 2 types of links:
– Synchronous (SCO) links:
• Point-to-point between master and slave.
• Link established by reserving slots in either direction
periodically.
• Used to carry real-time traffic (voice).
– Asynchronous (ACL) links:
• Point-to-multipoint between master and slaves.
• Use remaining slots on channel.
• Traffic scheduled by master.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
33
Error Control
• Supports both FEC and retransmission.
• FEC for SCO packets.
• ARQ for ACL traffic.
– If no ACKs, retransmit.
– Stop-and-wait ARQ.
• Fast-ARQ: ACK included in RX slot
immediately following the TX slot in which
packet was sent.
– CRC to check for errors.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
34
Packet Format
72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2744 bits
Access
code
Header Payload
Data
Voice CRC
No CRC
No retries
625 µs
master
slave
ARQ
FEC (optional)
FEC (optional)
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
35
Access Code
• Address of piconet master.
Access
code
Header Payload
72 bits
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
36
Packet Header
• Addressing (3)
• Packet type (4)
• Flow control (1)
• 1-bit ARQ (1)
• Sequencing (1)
• HEC (8)
Access
code
Header Payload
54 bits
Purpose
Broadcast packets are not ACKed
For filtering retransmitted packets
18 bits
total
s
s
m
s
16 packet types (some unused)
Max 7 active slaves
Verify header integrity
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
37
Multiple Piconets
• Piconets may overlap in space and time.
• They can work independently.
– Each with its own hopping sequence.
– Packets with different access codes.
• Or they can overlap, i.e., nodes can
participate in more than 1 piconet.
– “Time sharing”.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
38
Scatternets
• Interconnection of multiple piconets.
Master
Slave
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
39
Scatternets (cont’d…)
• Interconnection by bridge nodes.
– Bridge nodes are members of piconets they
interconnect.
– Bridge node “stay” in a piconet for some time,
then switch to another piconet by changing
hop sequence.
– Do this for all member piconets.
– Send and receive in each piconet.
– Forward from one piconet to another.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
40
Link Controller and Link
Manager
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
Carries out inquiry and paging
operations; manages multiple
links and different piconets.
Attaching/detaching slaves from
piconet; power management; security.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
41
Power Management
• Low-power modes: prolong battery life.
– Devices can be turned-off when idle.
– Devices wake up periodically to send/receive
data.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
42
Low-Power Operation
• 3 modes:
– Hold: node sleeps for specified interval.
• Master can put slaves in hold while searching for new
members, attending another piconet, etc.
• No ACL packets.
– Sniff: slave low-duty cycle mode.
• Slave wakes up periodically to talk to master.
• Fixed “sniff” intervals.
– Park:
• Very low power state.
• Used to admit more than 7 slaves in piconet.
– Slave gives up its active member address.
– Receives “parked” member address.
• Wakes up periodically listening for broadcasts which can be
used to “unpark” node.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
43
Security
• Authentication and encryption.
• LMP provides mechanisms for negotiation of
encryption modes, keys, etc.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
44
Host Controller Interface
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
Optional interface layer
between higher and lower
layers of the BT stack.
E.g., when lower- and higher
BT layers run on different
Devices: PCMCIA card and
PC’s processor.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
45
L2CAP
Logical Link Control and
Adaptation Protocol=
Session Layer.
L2CAP provides
• Protocol multiplexing
• Quality of service negotiation
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
46
RFCOMM/SDP
RF
Baseband
Link Manager
L2CAP
RFCOMM/SDP
Applications
Link Controller
Host Controller Interface
Service discovery, serial port
interface.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
47
References:
• Bluetooth papers in reading list.
• Johansson and Gerla’s Bluetooth Tutorial at
Mobicom 2001.
• Bluetooth 1.1: Connect Without Cables, Bray
and Sturman.
CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking
48
Features Cost
20 dBm (~100 m)
Point-to-multipoint
No Scatternet
Applications
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, …
169 $
---
200 $
0 dBm (~10 m)
Point-to-multipoint
No Scatternet
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, …
169 $
---
Company
Toshiba,
Motorola,
Digianswer
IBM, TDK
3COM
10 m user-user;
100 m user-Base Station
Point-to-multipoint
SW- & FW-upgradeable
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, E-mail
Unconscious connection
149 $
Nokia
10 m user-user;
Point-to-point
Connectivity Battery
for the cell phone
File Transfer,
Dial-Up Networking
LAN access, Fax, E-mail
Unconscious connection
149 $
Ericsson,
Sigma
10 m user-user;
Point-to-point;
ARM processor;
USB; RFCOMM ports
Basic BT Radio stack
Embedded or Host stack
Programmable
500 $
1500$
Bluetooth on the market:
PC cards, Cell phones, Head sets, Chip sets,…

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Tachyon 100G PCB Performance Attributes and Applications
 

Bluetooth.ppt

  • 1. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 1 Bluetooth
  • 2. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 2 Overview • Cable replacement technology. – Connect devices such as phone handsets, headsets, computer peripherals, etc. • Industry standard. – Allows wireless communication between devices.
  • 3. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 3 Applications: Cable Replacement  1 Mb/s. • Range ~10 meters. • PANs • Single chip radio. – Low power & low cost. Why not use Wireless LANs? - power - cost
  • 4. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 4 Applications: Synchronization • Automatic synchronization of calendars, address books, business cards.
  • 5. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 5 Applications: Cordless Headset • Multiple device access. • Hands-free operation. Cordless headset
  • 6. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 6 More applications… • Conference table. • Cordless computer. • Instant photo transmission. • Cordless phone.
  • 7. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 7 Bluetooth Origins • Study by Ericsson Mobile Communications in 1994. – Alternatives to cables connecting mobile phones to accessories. – Use of radio links instead of infrared. • Why? – Transmission of data and voice. • Result: Bluetooth spec. – Named after Harald Blatand (Danish for Bluetooth). – 10th century Viking king who united Denmark and Norway.
  • 8. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 8 Bluetooth SIG History • Early 1998: Bluetooth SIG is formed. – Promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba. – Goal: develop license-free technology for universal wireless connectivity. – Target: handheld market. – Bluetooth spec: defines RF wireless communication interface and protocols.
  • 9. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 9 Bluetooth SIG History • May 1998: Public announcement of Bluetooth SIG. • July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) published. • December 1999: version 1.0B released. • December 1999: promoters increases to 9. – 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola • February 2000: 1,800+ adopters. • February 2001: version 1.1 out.
  • 10. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 10 More History… • Recently, IEEE 803.15.1 standard for Wireless PANs (WPANs) – Only MAC and PHY.
  • 11. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 11 Goals • Open spec. • Low cost. – In order to replace cables, should have similar cost. – Cell phone cable is ~ $10. • Power efficiency. • Lightweight and small form factor. • Easy to use. • Reliable and resilient to failures.
  • 12. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 12 The Bluetooth Standard • Defines a protocol stack to enable heterogeneous devices to communicate. • The Bluetooth stack includes protocols for the radio layer all the way up to device discovery, service discovery, etc.
  • 13. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 13 Bluetooth Protocol Stack RF Baseband Link Manager L2CAP RFCOMM/SDP Applications Link Controller Host Controller Interface PHY Data Link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer Presentation Layer Application OSI/ISO
  • 14. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 14 Bluetooth Layers • Radio: physically transmits/receives data. • Baseband/Link Controller: controls PHY. • Link Manager: controls links to other devices. • Host Controller:e2e communication. • Logical Link Control: multiplexes/demultiplexes data from higher layers. • RFCOMM: RS323-like serial interface. • SDP: allows service discovery among Bluetooth devices.
  • 15. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 15 The Bluetooth PHY
  • 16. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 16 Radio Band • 2.4 GHz license-free ISM band. • Available worldwide. • Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM) band. – Unlicensed, globally available. – Centered around 2.4 GHz. • Resilient to interference. • Frequency hopping. • Range: 10, 20, and 100m. • 1MB/s.
  • 17. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 17 Unlicensed Radio Spectrum 902 Mhz 928 Mhz 26 Mhz 83.5 Mhz 125 Mhz 2.4 Ghz 2.4835 Ghz 5.725 Ghz 5.785 Ghz cordless phones baby monitors Wireless LANs 802.11 Bluetooth Microwave oven unused  33cm 12cm 5cm
  • 18. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 18 Bluetooth Radio Link • MA scheme: Frequency hopping spread spectrum. – 2.402 GHz + k MHz, k=0, …, 78 – 1,600 hops per second. – 1 Mb/s data rate. . . . 1Mhz 1 2 3 79 83.5 Mhz
  • 19. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 19 BT Radio Link (Cont’d) • Time-division duplex (TDD) – Separation of Xmission and reception in time. – Units alternate transmits and receives. • Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (G-FSK) modulation. – ‘1’s as positive frequency deviations from carrier frequency; ‘0’s as negative deviations.
  • 20. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 20 Multiple Access • BT targets large number of independent communications active in the same area at the same time. • Single FH channel: 1 Mb/s. • Each 1Mb/s channel shared by limited number of participants. – In target user scenarios, it’s unlikely that all units in- range will share data among all of them. – 1 MB/s is reasonable. (is it?) • Theoretically, total bandwidth is 79 Mb/s. – In practice, < 79 Mb/s since codes are non-orthogonal.
  • 21. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 21 Baseband Carries out MAC functions. RF Baseband Link Manager L2CAP RFCOMM/SDP Applications Link Controller Host Controller Interface Control end of baseband +link controller= Data link layer
  • 22. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 22 Master and Slaves • Communicating devices must agree on hopping sequence. • BT devices can operate as masters or slaves. • Master node defines sequence to be used. • Slave units use master id to pick sequence. • Master also controls when devices are allowed to transmit. – Master allocates slots to slaves. – Allocates total available bandwidth among slaves.
  • 23. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 23 Piconets • BT communication takes place over piconets. • Piconet formation initiated by master. • All other participants are slaves. • Number of participants limited to 8 (1 master and 7 slaves). – Channel capacity and addressing overhead. – Each slave assigned a locally unique ID. • Master/slave roles last for the duration of the piconet.
  • 24. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 24 More on Piconets • On a piconet, slaves only have direct links to master. • Point-to-point or point-to-multipoint connections.
  • 25. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 25 Piconets: Considerations • Most target applications involve local communication among small group of devices. • Piconets with up to 8 nodes match well. • If many groups of devices active simultaneously, each group as separate piconet. • Overlapping piconets can coexist.
  • 26. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 26 Contention-Free MA • Master and slaves. • Master performs medium access control. – Schedules traffic through polling. • Time slots alternate between master and slave transmission. – Master-slave: master includes slave address. – Slave-master: only slave chosen by master in previous master-slave slot allowed to transmit. – If master has data to send to a slave, slave polled implicitly; otherwise, explicit poll.
  • 27. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 27 BT States Standby Inquiry Page Transmit Connected Park Hold Sniff Unconnected Connecting Active Low power . Initially, all nodes in standby. . Node (master) can begin inquiry to find nearby devices. . Piconet is then formed. . Devices join by paging.
  • 28. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 28 Inquiry • Device discovery • Listeners respond with their address.
  • 29. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 29 Paging Master Active Slave Parked Slave Standby • Device enters paging to invite others to join its piconet. • Establishes links with nodes in proximity. • Paging message unicast to selected receiver. • Receiver sends ACK. • Sender becomes master, receiver slave.
  • 30. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 30 Piconet New Node Admission • Master can actively try to discover new nodes or wait (in scan/listen mode) to be discovered. • Communication in the current piconet suspended. • Admission latency versus piconet capacity tradeoff.
  • 31. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 31 Bluetooth Link Formation • Point-to-point link: – Master-slave relationship. m s s s m s • Piconet: – 8 units: channel capacity. – Master (establishes piconet) can connect to up to 7 slaves. – Master/slave relationship lasts while link/piconet lasts. – No slave-to-slave communication.
  • 32. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 32 Link Types • 2 types of links: – Synchronous (SCO) links: • Point-to-point between master and slave. • Link established by reserving slots in either direction periodically. • Used to carry real-time traffic (voice). – Asynchronous (ACL) links: • Point-to-multipoint between master and slaves. • Use remaining slots on channel. • Traffic scheduled by master.
  • 33. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 33 Error Control • Supports both FEC and retransmission. • FEC for SCO packets. • ARQ for ACL traffic. – If no ACKs, retransmit. – Stop-and-wait ARQ. • Fast-ARQ: ACK included in RX slot immediately following the TX slot in which packet was sent. – CRC to check for errors.
  • 34. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 34 Packet Format 72 bits 54 bits 0 - 2744 bits Access code Header Payload Data Voice CRC No CRC No retries 625 µs master slave ARQ FEC (optional) FEC (optional)
  • 35. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 35 Access Code • Address of piconet master. Access code Header Payload 72 bits
  • 36. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 36 Packet Header • Addressing (3) • Packet type (4) • Flow control (1) • 1-bit ARQ (1) • Sequencing (1) • HEC (8) Access code Header Payload 54 bits Purpose Broadcast packets are not ACKed For filtering retransmitted packets 18 bits total s s m s 16 packet types (some unused) Max 7 active slaves Verify header integrity
  • 37. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 37 Multiple Piconets • Piconets may overlap in space and time. • They can work independently. – Each with its own hopping sequence. – Packets with different access codes. • Or they can overlap, i.e., nodes can participate in more than 1 piconet. – “Time sharing”.
  • 38. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 38 Scatternets • Interconnection of multiple piconets. Master Slave
  • 39. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 39 Scatternets (cont’d…) • Interconnection by bridge nodes. – Bridge nodes are members of piconets they interconnect. – Bridge node “stay” in a piconet for some time, then switch to another piconet by changing hop sequence. – Do this for all member piconets. – Send and receive in each piconet. – Forward from one piconet to another.
  • 40. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 40 Link Controller and Link Manager RF Baseband Link Manager L2CAP RFCOMM/SDP Applications Link Controller Host Controller Interface Carries out inquiry and paging operations; manages multiple links and different piconets. Attaching/detaching slaves from piconet; power management; security.
  • 41. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 41 Power Management • Low-power modes: prolong battery life. – Devices can be turned-off when idle. – Devices wake up periodically to send/receive data.
  • 42. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 42 Low-Power Operation • 3 modes: – Hold: node sleeps for specified interval. • Master can put slaves in hold while searching for new members, attending another piconet, etc. • No ACL packets. – Sniff: slave low-duty cycle mode. • Slave wakes up periodically to talk to master. • Fixed “sniff” intervals. – Park: • Very low power state. • Used to admit more than 7 slaves in piconet. – Slave gives up its active member address. – Receives “parked” member address. • Wakes up periodically listening for broadcasts which can be used to “unpark” node.
  • 43. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 43 Security • Authentication and encryption. • LMP provides mechanisms for negotiation of encryption modes, keys, etc.
  • 44. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 44 Host Controller Interface RF Baseband Link Manager L2CAP RFCOMM/SDP Applications Link Controller Host Controller Interface Optional interface layer between higher and lower layers of the BT stack. E.g., when lower- and higher BT layers run on different Devices: PCMCIA card and PC’s processor.
  • 45. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 45 L2CAP Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol= Session Layer. L2CAP provides • Protocol multiplexing • Quality of service negotiation RF Baseband Link Manager L2CAP RFCOMM/SDP Applications Link Controller Host Controller Interface
  • 46. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 46 RFCOMM/SDP RF Baseband Link Manager L2CAP RFCOMM/SDP Applications Link Controller Host Controller Interface Service discovery, serial port interface.
  • 47. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 47 References: • Bluetooth papers in reading list. • Johansson and Gerla’s Bluetooth Tutorial at Mobicom 2001. • Bluetooth 1.1: Connect Without Cables, Bray and Sturman.
  • 48. CMPE 257 - Wireless and Mobile Networking 48 Features Cost 20 dBm (~100 m) Point-to-multipoint No Scatternet Applications File Transfer, Dial-Up Networking LAN access, Fax, … 169 $ --- 200 $ 0 dBm (~10 m) Point-to-multipoint No Scatternet File Transfer, Dial-Up Networking LAN access, Fax, … 169 $ --- Company Toshiba, Motorola, Digianswer IBM, TDK 3COM 10 m user-user; 100 m user-Base Station Point-to-multipoint SW- & FW-upgradeable File Transfer, Dial-Up Networking LAN access, Fax, E-mail Unconscious connection 149 $ Nokia 10 m user-user; Point-to-point Connectivity Battery for the cell phone File Transfer, Dial-Up Networking LAN access, Fax, E-mail Unconscious connection 149 $ Ericsson, Sigma 10 m user-user; Point-to-point; ARM processor; USB; RFCOMM ports Basic BT Radio stack Embedded or Host stack Programmable 500 $ 1500$ Bluetooth on the market: PC cards, Cell phones, Head sets, Chip sets,…