SLB-Private
VPS – Valves and Process
Seawater Injection

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
Why Inject Seawater?
Primary production (10 - 25% oil in place (OIP))
Maintain reservoir pressure
Secondary (IOR) (+ 15 - 35% OIP)
Tertiary (EOR) (+5 -15% OIP)

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
Flow Assurance Issues
▪ Reservoir pores blocked with solids
▪ Corrosion of downhole piping
▪ Biological contamination of reservoir
▪ Scaling of reservoir
▪ Souring of reservoir due to activity of sulfate reducing bacteria

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
Treatment Methods
▪ Solids Removal
▪ Dissolved Oxygen Removal
▪ Bio-Growth Control
▪ Chemical Treatment
▪ Modification of Seawater

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
Seawater Portfolio
APPLICATION PRODUCTS ENABLING TECHNOLOGY
Biofouling Control
BFCC Copper Chlorine Systems
Electrochlorination
METROL SEA-CELL
Particle Filtration
50 µm METROL SEA-SCREEN Strainer Filtration
2 µm Multi Media Filters Filtration
0.5 µm Cartridge Filters Filtration
0.01 µm Ultrafiltration (UF) Membrane
Ionic Filtration
0.001 µm Sulphate Removal
Membrane
0.0001 µm Reverse Osmosis
Deoxygenation
40 ppb VDX Vacuum Deaeration
Mass Transfer
< 10 ppb Membrane Deaeration
Chemical Injection** Custom Designed & Fabricated
** Supplied only with SW packages

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
Water Injection System
Biofouling
control
Media Filtration
or Ultrafiltration
Membrane
System
De-oxygenation
Reject to
Overboard
From lift
pumps
Coarse
Strainer
Cartridge
filtration
To other users
Reject to
Overboard
Oxygen scavanger
Biocide
Antiscalant
To water
injection
manifold

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
FILTRATION SPECTRUM
media filtration
media filtration
microfiltration
microfiltration
ultrafiltration
ultrafiltration
nanofiltration
nanofiltration
reverse
osmosis
reverse
osmosis
Filtration Process
Operating Pressures
(barg)
15 to 80 5 to 25 1 to 5 1 < 1
Particulate Range ions molecules macro molecules small particles sand particles
Size (microns) 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000
Applications soluble
soluble viruses
viruses bacteria
bacteria
metal ions
metal ions colloids
colloids algae & protozoa
algae & protozoa
pesticides
pesticides albumin
albumin oil emulsions
oil emulsions
sand
sand
Visibility electron optical human eye
microscope microscope

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
BIOGROWTH CONTROL

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
BIOGROWTH CONTROL – MACRO AND MICROFOULING

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
BIOGROWTH CONTROL - PRODUCTS
Metrol Sea-Cell (electrochlorination)
1ppm chlorine = 1,000µg/l chlorine
BFCC (biofouling corrosion
control)
5µg/l copper, 50µg/l chlorine

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
SOLIDS REMOVAL – METROL SEA-SCREEN

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
SEA-SCREEN OVERVIEW
Flat strainer
surface.
Vertical support wire
Gap determines
micron rating
Direction of flow

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
SOLIDS REMOVAL – MEDIA FILTERS

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
MULTI-MEDIA FILTRATION
• 98% > 2µm
• Filtrate suitable for downstream membrane processes
• High efficiency, deep bed filtration
• Design flux criteria
• Filtrate SDI around 3
• Proprietary Distribution/ Collection Systems
• Backwashing
• Low Operating Costs

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
CARTRIDGE FILTRATION
• Particle removal efficiency e.g. 99% > 5µm
• Vertical or horizontal vessels
• Quick opening and counterbalanced lid designs
• Rating (absolute versus nominal)

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
SOLIDS REMOVAL – ULTRAFILTRATION

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
ULTRAFILTRATION
• Dead-end filtration
• Consistent high quality filtrate
• Back-washable system
• Total removal of suspended particles and bacteria – 99+% > 0.01
µm
• Reduction in quantity of downstream NF or RO membrane
• Energy savings compared to media + cartridge filtration
• Increased productivity
• Lower operating costs (cartridge filter replacements, NF cleaning,
NF element replacement)

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
COMPARISON WITH MEDIA FILTRATION SYSTEM
Capacity
Operating
weight
Plot area
bpd te m2
Media & Cartridge Filtration 200000 480 220
Ultrafiltration 200000 170 160

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
DISSOLVED OXYGEN REMOVAL

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
TOWER DE-AERATION (VDX AND GDX)
• Capped downcomers and seal pots
• Pressurized first stage inlet distribution
• Allowance for loss in performance in floating environment:
– Random packing
– Interstage seals
– Liquid distributors
• Pumps achieve 1st stage vacuum
• Atm. air ejector assists creation of 2nd stage vacuum
• Gas strip when suitable natural gas available

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
MEMBRANE DEAERATION
• Membrane Deaeration Technology brings the
gas and liquid phases in contact with each
other across a hydrophobic membrane
• In a typical design, the water flows in one side
(outside) while gas flows in the opposite side
(inside)
• Gas permeable skinned hollow fiber membrane
does not allow water to pass through the
membrane but freely allows gas to pass
through
• Lower gas concentrations and pressure on the
gas side create a driving force to remove
dissolved gases, such as O2, from water
• High surface area in small volume - modular,
small footprint, scalable and predictable
21

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
MEMBRANE SEPARATION – SULFATE REMOVAL

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
THE PROBLEM - SCALING
Seawater:
SO4
2-
Formation
Water:
Ba2+
and/or
Sr2+
Scaling:
BaSO4
and/or
SrSO4
=
+

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
RESERVOIR SOURING
Application to sweet reservoirs initially absent of sulfur materials
Lower sulfate limits the source of sulfur that can be converted to hydrogen sulfide
SO4
2- H2S
nitrogen, phosphorus and fatty
acid compounds
thermophilic sulfate
reducing bacteria (SRB)

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
TERMINOLOGY: 1PASS – 2 STAGE SYSTEM

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
SUMMARY – BENEFITS OF LOW SULFATE WATER
Very High Quality Injection /Dilution Water
Reduction of Scaling in Piping and Equipment
Elimination of Squeeze Treatments
Avoid Well Workovers
Reduction in Health and Safety Hazards
Avoid Potential Well Souring
Reduction in Need for Biocides
Increased Productivity
Lower Operating Costs

Schlumberger - Private
SLB-Private
Membrane Separation System References
27
End user Project Installation year
Capacity (bpd)
Country
SR RO UF
OSX OSX 2 150000 3770 Brazil
OSX OSX 1 60000 Brazil
BP ETAP 1998 20000 UK
Maersk Janice 1999 70000 UK
Statoil Heidrun 2003 200000 Norway
ExxonMobil Kizomba A 2004 350000 Angola
ExxonMobil Kizomba B 2005 350000 Angola
Total Dalia 2007 9812 Angola
Hess Elon 2007 130000 Equatorial Guinea
Shell Ursa 2008 180000 USA
Talisman Tweedsmuir 2008 55000 UK
BHP Billiton Shenzi 2012 125000 167000 USA
Statoil Peregrino 2013 32000 Brazil
Petrobras Lula NE pilot - Cidade De Paraty 2013 154000 Brazil
Pemex Akal J 2014 25000 50000 Mexico
Total Ofon 2 2014 250000 Nigeria
Hess Stampede 2017 100000 133333 USA
Shell Appomattox 2018 277500 USA
ExxonMobil Liza 2020 200000 Guyana
ZADCO West Island 2020 240000 320000 Abu Dhabi
ENI Amoca 2022 136586 8000 Mexico
Chevron Jack St. Malo 2022 70000 111112 USA
Petrobras Mero 2 2022 250000 Brazil
ADOC Hail Terminal, Mubarraz Island 2022 32000 Abu Dhabi