SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 42
Download to read offline
Elephants on the edge:
 The use and abuse of individuals and societies




                                                             ElephantVoices



             Joyce Poole & Petter Granli
                   ElephantVoices

Compassionate Conservation: Animal Welfare in Conservation Practice
        Symposium, University of Oxford, 1-3 september 2010
Elephant huggers - or users?




                        ElephantVoices
A pillar of her society




                                            ElephantVoices


Echo - 1945-2009 - died from drought & old age
successfully led her family for over 38 years
Some elephant attributes
•   Very long-lived                          •   respond to the bones of elephants with
                                                 special contemplation.
•   Unusually large social network
                                             •   appear to have rudimentary
•   Close and enduring cooperative social        understanding of death
    relationships
                                             •   development includes social learning
•   large and complex brains                     and behavioral innovation

•   accumulate and retain social and         •   Capable of use and modification of
    ecological knowledge                         rudimentary tools

•   remember scents and voices of other      •   Capable of vocal learning
    individuals for decades
                                             •   Show empathetic behavior
•   ability to make subtle discriminations
    between predators is age related         •   Self-aware

•   behavior in the wild and in captivity    •   long-life, memory, intelligence, and
    suggests ability to use long-term            sociality, may make elephants more
    memories to "keep score" and to              vulnerable to trauma and its longer-
    retaliate for wrongs done                    term psychological consequences

•   show reconciliatory behaviour
Commercial use of African Elephants

Non-consumptive use:

•   photographic tourism


Consumptive use:

•   capture for captivity

•   trophy hunting

•   ivory trade
                                                            ElephantVoices
•   Bush meat trade
                            Photographic tourism Amboseli
Commercial use of African Elephants

Non-consumptive use:

•   photographic tourism


Consumptive use:

•   capture for captivity

•   trophy hunting

•   ivory trade

•   Bush meat trade

                            Captured, female housed
                            alone, zoo, South Africa
Commercial use of African Elephants

Non-consumptive use:

•   photographic tourism


Consumptive use:

•   capture for captivity

•   trophy hunting

•   ivory trade

•   Bush meat trade

                                            ElephantVoices

                            Ed, a trophy?
Commercial use of African Elephants

Non-consumptive use:

•   photographic tourism


Consumptive use:

•   capture for captivity

•   trophy hunting

•   ivory trade

•   Bush meat trade

                            Amboseli Trust for Elephants

                                     Recent poaching - young male Amboseli
Families, Bond Groups, Clans,
Populations & beyond to Strangers




                                               ElephantVoices


      Gail and descendants waiting for Grace
Individuals: building blocks of society



•   When a mother dies her
    orphaned calves die, too

•   families likely to split
    after matriarch death

•   smaller families have
    lower reproductive
    success

•   families with young
    leaders less able to make
    appropriate decisions in
    times of crisis

                                ElephantVoices
The importance of female
    longevity in elephant society




                                                         ElephantVoices

Chloe, age 50, & her family react with alarm to the sounds of lions
The importance of female
longevity in elephant society




                                               ElephantVoices


    Chloe steps forward to assess the threat
The importance of female
longevity in elephant society




                                  ElephantVoices

        Chloe decides to attack
The importance of female
longevity in elephant society




                                                  ElephantVoices


   Chloe calls in the troops for a group attack
Male elephant society
 relatives & friends




                                      ElephantVoices

  Handsome, Gomer & friends at rest
longevity is key to male
               reproductive success

•   average male life expectancy is
    24 years, including illness,
    accident, predation, drought &
    human-induced deaths

•   only 1/2 of males born survive
    to peak competitive ages of
    musth, whatever their cause of
    death

•   Males begin to reproduce
    successfully by age 40, when
    3/4 of males will have already
    died
                                                 Cynthia Moss
•   Dionysus lived to age 65 -
    becoming one of Amboseli’s        Dionysus
    most successful males
longevity is key to male
               reproductive success

•   average male life expectancy is
    24 years, including illness,
    accident, predation, drought &
    human-induced deaths

•   only 1/2 of males born survive
    to peak competitive ages of
    musth, whatever their cause of
    death

•   Males begin to reproduce
    successfully by age 40, when
    3/4 of males will have already
    died

•   Dionysus lived to age 65 -
    becoming one of Amboseli’s
    most successful males

                                          ElephantVoices

                                      Dionysus
Capturing calves for sale to
elephant-back safaris, zoos, circuses




                                           ElephantVoices

        Mother, allomothers and newborn calf
Capturing calves for sale to
elephant-back safaris, zoos, circuses




                                    NSPCA

             Captured “Tuli baby”
Deprivation in captivity
•   25% of living captive
    elephants in USA wild
    caught Zimbabwe

•   50% of 87 Zimbabwe
    elephants on record have
    died, though many not
    accounted for

•   One shipment of 63, 14
    died within a week of
    arrival before they were
    accounted for

•   The practice continues
                               Junia Machado


                                   Terezita stands alone & swaying
                                       wild-caught in Zimbabwe
                                    10 years in a Brazilian circus
                                      14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
Deprivation in captivity
•   25% of living captive
    elephants in USA wild
    caught Zimbabwe

•   50% of 87 Zimbabwe
    elephants on record have
    died, though many not
    accounted for

•   One shipment of 63, 14
    died within a week of
    arrival before they were
    accounted for

•   The practice continues
                               Junia Machado


                                    Teresita stands alone & swaying
                                        wild-caught in Zimbabwe
                                     10 years in a Brazilian circus
                                       14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
Deprivation in captivity
•   25% of living captive
    elephants in USA wild
    caught Zimbabwe

•   50% of 87 Zimbabwe
    elephants on record have
    died, though many not
    accounted for

•   One shipment of 63, 14
    died within a week of
    arrival before they were
    accounted for

•   The practice continues

                               Junia Machado

                                    Teresita stands alone & swaying
                                        wild-caught in Zimbabwe
                                     10 years in a Brazilian circus
                                       14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
Deprivation in captivity
•   25% of living captive
    elephants in USA wild
    caught Zimbabwe

•   50% of 87 Zimbabwe
    elephants on record have
    died, though many not
    accounted for

•   One shipment of 63, 14
    died within a week of
    arrival before they were
    accounted for

•   The practice continues

                               Junia Machado

                                   Teresita stands alone & swaying
                                       wild-caught in Zimbabwe
                                    10 years in a Brazilian circus
                                      14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
Deprivation in captivity
•   25% of living captive
    elephants in USA wild
    caught Zimbabwe

•   50% of 87 Zimbabwe
    elephants on record have
    died, though many not
    accounted for

•   One shipment of 63, 14
    died within a week of
    arrival before they were
    accounted for

•   The practice continues

                               Junia Machado

                                   Teresita stands alone & swaying
                                       wild-caught in Zimbabwe
                                    10 years in a Brazilian circus
                                      14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
Deprivation in captivity
•   25% of living captive
    elephants in USA wild
    caught Zimbabwe

•   50% of 87 Zimbabwe
    elephants on record have
    died, though many not
    accounted for

•   One shipment of 63, 14
    died within a week of
    arrival before they were
    accounted for

•   The practice continues

                               Junia Machado

                                    Teresita stands alone & swaying
                                        wild-caught in Zimbabwe
                                     10 years in a Brazilian circus
                                       14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
“Trophy” hunting




                   ElephantVoices


      Tolstoy
“Trophy” hunting




ElephantVoices

                 Tolstoy
“Trophy” hunting




                                       www.thechiefbaboon.com


www.thechiefbaboon.com
“Trophy” hunting




                                            www.thechiefbaboon.com

                             Musango Bull
www.thechiefbaboon.com
Poaching on the upsurge




                                              ElephantVoices

            Handsome 1961-2009
 died before reaching his reproductive peak
The ivory trade




                  ElephantVoices
The ivory trade




                   ElephantVoices




enormous suffering
Percent observed




                                               0
                                                   20
                                                        40
                                                              60
                                                                        80
                      1966 Luangwa                                           100

                  1966 Tsavo East

1967 Murchison Falls N

1967 Murchison Falls S

                        1967 Budongo

                        1968 Mkomasi
                                                                                    relatively protected




                            1970 Manyara

                       1988 Amboseli

                            1977 Kasunga

                      1981 Luangwa

                            1988 Mkomasi

                  1989 Tsavo East
                                                                                                           Adult sex ratios
                                                                                   poaching
                                                                                                           15 years & above




                1989 Tsavo West

                                 1989 Mikumi

  1989 Queen Elizabeth
                                                                   Male
                                                                   Female




        Lewis, 1984
                            References




        Poole, 1989
        Laws, 1969a

       Olindo, 1988
      Jachmann, 1980
   Douglas-Hamilton, 1972
Percentage observed




                                             0
                                                 20
                                                      40
                                                                 60
                                                                      80
                                                                           100


                  1989 Amboseli


            2009 Serengeti


             2009 Tarangire
                                                                                 relatively protected




 2009 Ruaha-Rungwa


                               2009 Katavi


                         2009 Selous


         1989 Tsavo East


       1989 Tsavo West
                                                                                 poaching




                               1989 Mikumi
                                                                                                          Breeding sex ratios




1989 Queen Elizabeth
                                                                                                        Females 10+; Males 25+




                          2009 Ugalla
                                                        Male




                  References


    Jones, 2010
    Poole, 1989
                                                        Female
Targets of poachers’ bullets




       Gail and her descendants
Mean tusk weights in trade

                                          12

                                          10




                    Mean tusk weight Kg
                                          8

                                          6

                                          4

                                          2

                                          0
                                               1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987          2010



                                                                                        References

                                                                                    Caldwell, 1984, 1987
                                                                                   Caldwell & Barzdo,1985
   ElephantVoices                                                                       CITES, 2010
                                                                                        WTMU, 1983
The domino effect




ElephantVoices


                 Hazel & family, 2007; Hazel died 2009
Family Structure, 1989
                               100




                               80
Percent of families observed




                                                                                          Amboseli, Kenya
                                                                                          Mikumi, Tanzania
                               60




                               40




                               20




                                0
                                     Intact, matriarch>30   Intact, matriarch<30   Missing adults    Mostly orphans


                                                                                                             Poole, 1989
demographic signature
                    of poaching persists

• Females orphaned
    become “floaters”
    lacking a social
    network
•   Reproductive output is
    severely compromised
•   30% of families
    contain only one
    adult female
•   Fearful & aggressive
    behaviour prevalent
•   Tusklessness is
    common
                                 Courtesy of Amy Gambrill & Gorongosa NP

                             Gorongosa’s tuskless & angry leaders
Not forgotten




                                 ElephantVoices


Esmeralda’s bones are visited regularly
Not forgotten




                                     ElephantVoices




where five elephant trails converge
Conclusions
•   individual building blocks of societies are often forgotten,
    purposefully ignored and disposed of as organizations and
    nations barter away lives in the name of economics,
    sustainable utilization and politics.
•   Higher priority needs to be given to the consequences of
    consumptive utilisation. these practices inflict enormous
    impact on individuals and societies.
•   Compassionate conservation means accounting for the well
    being of individuals - acknowledging that they have value in
    their own right and realizing the full impact of our actions on
    their societies.
•   Compassion for the interests and lives of other beings must be
    incorporated into conservation in order to secure the health
    of our planet, its web of species and our own survival.




                     www.elephantvoices.org

More Related Content

Viewers also liked

Near Field Communication (NFC)
Near Field Communication (NFC)Near Field Communication (NFC)
Near Field Communication (NFC)Seminar Links
 
NFC Technology
NFC TechnologyNFC Technology
NFC TechnologyNeha Singh
 
Near field communication (nfc) technology
Near field communication (nfc) technologyNear field communication (nfc) technology
Near field communication (nfc) technologyAnkur Sharma
 
NFC technical presentation
NFC technical presentationNFC technical presentation
NFC technical presentationAkshat Rohatgi
 
Near Field Communication & Android
Near Field Communication & AndroidNear Field Communication & Android
Near Field Communication & Androidromemore
 
Architecture and Development of NFC Applications
Architecture and Development of NFC ApplicationsArchitecture and Development of NFC Applications
Architecture and Development of NFC ApplicationsThomas de Lazzari
 
What is UX and Why should I care in Line of Business Applications?
What is UX and Why should I care in Line of Business Applications?What is UX and Why should I care in Line of Business Applications?
What is UX and Why should I care in Line of Business Applications?Will Tschumy
 
Near field communication(nfc)
Near field communication(nfc)Near field communication(nfc)
Near field communication(nfc)Bhaumik Gagwani
 
Track 1 session 6 - st dev con 2016 - smart badge
Track 1   session 6 - st dev con 2016 - smart badgeTrack 1   session 6 - st dev con 2016 - smart badge
Track 1 session 6 - st dev con 2016 - smart badgeST_World
 
Contactless NFC Tags For Mobile Loyalty
Contactless NFC Tags For Mobile LoyaltyContactless NFC Tags For Mobile Loyalty
Contactless NFC Tags For Mobile LoyaltyMerchant360, Inc.
 
Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)
Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)
Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)Deepak Kl
 
NFC (Near Field Communication) by sandip murari
NFC (Near Field Communication) by sandip murariNFC (Near Field Communication) by sandip murari
NFC (Near Field Communication) by sandip murariSandip Murari
 
NFC(Near Field Communication)
NFC(Near Field Communication)NFC(Near Field Communication)
NFC(Near Field Communication)ADARSH KUMAR
 
Near field communication
Near field communicationNear field communication
Near field communicationNagesh Mishra
 
NFC Everywhere Brochure 2016
NFC Everywhere Brochure 2016NFC Everywhere Brochure 2016
NFC Everywhere Brochure 2016Laurent Dardé
 

Viewers also liked (19)

Near Field Communication (NFC)
Near Field Communication (NFC)Near Field Communication (NFC)
Near Field Communication (NFC)
 
NFC TECHNOLOGY
NFC TECHNOLOGYNFC TECHNOLOGY
NFC TECHNOLOGY
 
NFC Technology
NFC TechnologyNFC Technology
NFC Technology
 
Near field communication (nfc) technology
Near field communication (nfc) technologyNear field communication (nfc) technology
Near field communication (nfc) technology
 
NFC technical presentation
NFC technical presentationNFC technical presentation
NFC technical presentation
 
Near Field Communication & Android
Near Field Communication & AndroidNear Field Communication & Android
Near Field Communication & Android
 
Architecture and Development of NFC Applications
Architecture and Development of NFC ApplicationsArchitecture and Development of NFC Applications
Architecture and Development of NFC Applications
 
What is UX and Why should I care in Line of Business Applications?
What is UX and Why should I care in Line of Business Applications?What is UX and Why should I care in Line of Business Applications?
What is UX and Why should I care in Line of Business Applications?
 
Project
ProjectProject
Project
 
Near field communication(nfc)
Near field communication(nfc)Near field communication(nfc)
Near field communication(nfc)
 
Yogesh
YogeshYogesh
Yogesh
 
Track 1 session 6 - st dev con 2016 - smart badge
Track 1   session 6 - st dev con 2016 - smart badgeTrack 1   session 6 - st dev con 2016 - smart badge
Track 1 session 6 - st dev con 2016 - smart badge
 
Contactless NFC Tags For Mobile Loyalty
Contactless NFC Tags For Mobile LoyaltyContactless NFC Tags For Mobile Loyalty
Contactless NFC Tags For Mobile Loyalty
 
Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)
Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)
Near Field Communication (NFC Architecture and Operating Modes)
 
NFC (Near Field Communication) by sandip murari
NFC (Near Field Communication) by sandip murariNFC (Near Field Communication) by sandip murari
NFC (Near Field Communication) by sandip murari
 
NFC(Near Field Communication)
NFC(Near Field Communication)NFC(Near Field Communication)
NFC(Near Field Communication)
 
Near field communication
Near field communicationNear field communication
Near field communication
 
NFC Everywhere Brochure 2016
NFC Everywhere Brochure 2016NFC Everywhere Brochure 2016
NFC Everywhere Brochure 2016
 
Norme NFC - Romain Menetrier PAUG
Norme NFC - Romain Menetrier PAUGNorme NFC - Romain Menetrier PAUG
Norme NFC - Romain Menetrier PAUG
 

Similar to Elephants on the edge: The use and abuse of individual and societies

Similar to Elephants on the edge: The use and abuse of individual and societies (20)

Ecology cheetah powerpoint
Ecology cheetah powerpointEcology cheetah powerpoint
Ecology cheetah powerpoint
 
Whales
WhalesWhales
Whales
 
Whales
WhalesWhales
Whales
 
All about Mammals
All about Mammals All about Mammals
All about Mammals
 
Gorilla Social Groups and Communication
Gorilla Social Groups and Communication Gorilla Social Groups and Communication
Gorilla Social Groups and Communication
 
Social behavior of mammals
Social behavior of mammalsSocial behavior of mammals
Social behavior of mammals
 
Clasification of primates
Clasification of primatesClasification of primates
Clasification of primates
 
Animals lucas 2013
Animals lucas 2013Animals lucas 2013
Animals lucas 2013
 
Juan
JuanJuan
Juan
 
Lions Group (2E3)
Lions Group (2E3)Lions Group (2E3)
Lions Group (2E3)
 
Nathan Manraj a trip to the zoo
Nathan Manraj a trip to the zooNathan Manraj a trip to the zoo
Nathan Manraj a trip to the zoo
 
Lionfish Containment in Playa Del Carmen
Lionfish Containment in Playa Del CarmenLionfish Containment in Playa Del Carmen
Lionfish Containment in Playa Del Carmen
 
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
Kingdom Animalia
 
The Cichlid Fish of Africa: Evolution's Rainbow
The Cichlid Fish of Africa: Evolution's RainbowThe Cichlid Fish of Africa: Evolution's Rainbow
The Cichlid Fish of Africa: Evolution's Rainbow
 
Tilapia breeding
Tilapia breedingTilapia breeding
Tilapia breeding
 
Mike Powerpoint
Mike PowerpointMike Powerpoint
Mike Powerpoint
 
Blackfish Documentary
Blackfish DocumentaryBlackfish Documentary
Blackfish Documentary
 
Mauricio
MauricioMauricio
Mauricio
 
A Trip To The African Savanna
A Trip To The African SavannaA Trip To The African Savanna
A Trip To The African Savanna
 
Population Ecology
Population EcologyPopulation Ecology
Population Ecology
 

Recently uploaded

AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
ICS2208 Lecture4 Intelligent Interface Agents.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture4 Intelligent Interface Agents.pdfICS2208 Lecture4 Intelligent Interface Agents.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture4 Intelligent Interface Agents.pdfVanessa Camilleri
 
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptxMetabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita AnandThe OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita AnandDr. Sarita Anand
 
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptxAlamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptxDhatriParmar
 
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...Sandy Millin
 
Certification Study Group - Professional ML Engineer Session 3 (Machine Learn...
Certification Study Group - Professional ML Engineer Session 3 (Machine Learn...Certification Study Group - Professional ML Engineer Session 3 (Machine Learn...
Certification Study Group - Professional ML Engineer Session 3 (Machine Learn...gdgsurrey
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (GLOB...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (GLOB...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (GLOB...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (GLOB...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Metabolism of lipoproteins & its disorders(Chylomicron & VLDL & LDL).pptx
Metabolism of  lipoproteins & its disorders(Chylomicron & VLDL & LDL).pptxMetabolism of  lipoproteins & its disorders(Chylomicron & VLDL & LDL).pptx
Metabolism of lipoproteins & its disorders(Chylomicron & VLDL & LDL).pptxDr. Santhosh Kumar. N
 
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.docdieu18
 
BBA 205 BE UNIT 2 economic systems prof dr kanchan.pptx
BBA 205 BE UNIT 2 economic systems prof dr kanchan.pptxBBA 205 BE UNIT 2 economic systems prof dr kanchan.pptx
BBA 205 BE UNIT 2 economic systems prof dr kanchan.pptxProf. Kanchan Kumari
 
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study Jitendra bhargav
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study  Jitendra bhargavPOST ENCEPHALITIS case study  Jitendra bhargav
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study Jitendra bhargavJitendra Bhargav
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (FRIE...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (FRIE...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (FRIE...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (FRIE...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
LEAD6001 - Introduction to Advanced Stud
LEAD6001 - Introduction to Advanced StudLEAD6001 - Introduction to Advanced Stud
LEAD6001 - Introduction to Advanced StudDr. Bruce A. Johnson
 
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - HK2 (...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - HK2 (...HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - HK2 (...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - HK2 (...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
AI Uses and Misuses: Academic and Workplace Applications
AI Uses and Misuses: Academic and Workplace ApplicationsAI Uses and Misuses: Academic and Workplace Applications
AI Uses and Misuses: Academic and Workplace ApplicationsStella Lee
 
Riti theory by Vamana Indian poetics.pptx
Riti theory by Vamana Indian poetics.pptxRiti theory by Vamana Indian poetics.pptx
Riti theory by Vamana Indian poetics.pptxDhatriParmar
 

Recently uploaded (20)

AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY - PARTICIPATORY - JENKINS.pptx
 
ICS2208 Lecture4 Intelligent Interface Agents.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture4 Intelligent Interface Agents.pdfICS2208 Lecture4 Intelligent Interface Agents.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture4 Intelligent Interface Agents.pdf
 
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptxMetabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
Metabolism , Metabolic Fate& disorders of cholesterol.pptx
 
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita AnandThe OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
The OERs: Transforming Education for Sustainable Future by Dr. Sarita Anand
 
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptxAlamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
Alamkara theory by Bhamaha Indian Poetics (1).pptx
 
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
2024.03.16 How to write better quality materials for your learners ELTABB San...
 
Certification Study Group - Professional ML Engineer Session 3 (Machine Learn...
Certification Study Group - Professional ML Engineer Session 3 (Machine Learn...Certification Study Group - Professional ML Engineer Session 3 (Machine Learn...
Certification Study Group - Professional ML Engineer Session 3 (Machine Learn...
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (GLOB...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (GLOB...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (GLOB...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (GLOB...
 
Metabolism of lipoproteins & its disorders(Chylomicron & VLDL & LDL).pptx
Metabolism of  lipoproteins & its disorders(Chylomicron & VLDL & LDL).pptxMetabolism of  lipoproteins & its disorders(Chylomicron & VLDL & LDL).pptx
Metabolism of lipoproteins & its disorders(Chylomicron & VLDL & LDL).pptx
 
ANOVA Parametric test: Biostatics and Research Methodology
ANOVA Parametric test: Biostatics and Research MethodologyANOVA Parametric test: Biostatics and Research Methodology
ANOVA Parametric test: Biostatics and Research Methodology
 
Problems on Mean,Mode,Median Standard Deviation
Problems on Mean,Mode,Median Standard DeviationProblems on Mean,Mode,Median Standard Deviation
Problems on Mean,Mode,Median Standard Deviation
 
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
30-de-thi-vao-lop-10-mon-tieng-anh-co-dap-an.doc
 
BBA 205 BE UNIT 2 economic systems prof dr kanchan.pptx
BBA 205 BE UNIT 2 economic systems prof dr kanchan.pptxBBA 205 BE UNIT 2 economic systems prof dr kanchan.pptx
BBA 205 BE UNIT 2 economic systems prof dr kanchan.pptx
 
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study Jitendra bhargav
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study  Jitendra bhargavPOST ENCEPHALITIS case study  Jitendra bhargav
POST ENCEPHALITIS case study Jitendra bhargav
 
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (FRIE...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (FRIE...BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (FRIE...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO ĐƠN VỊ BÀI HỌC - CẢ NĂM - CÓ FILE NGHE (FRIE...
 
LEAD6001 - Introduction to Advanced Stud
LEAD6001 - Introduction to Advanced StudLEAD6001 - Introduction to Advanced Stud
LEAD6001 - Introduction to Advanced Stud
 
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - HK2 (...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - HK2 (...HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - HK2 (...
HỌC TỐT TIẾNG ANH 11 THEO CHƯƠNG TRÌNH GLOBAL SUCCESS ĐÁP ÁN CHI TIẾT - HK2 (...
 
AI Uses and Misuses: Academic and Workplace Applications
AI Uses and Misuses: Academic and Workplace ApplicationsAI Uses and Misuses: Academic and Workplace Applications
AI Uses and Misuses: Academic and Workplace Applications
 
Riti theory by Vamana Indian poetics.pptx
Riti theory by Vamana Indian poetics.pptxRiti theory by Vamana Indian poetics.pptx
Riti theory by Vamana Indian poetics.pptx
 
t-test Parametric test Biostatics and Research Methodology
t-test Parametric test Biostatics and Research Methodologyt-test Parametric test Biostatics and Research Methodology
t-test Parametric test Biostatics and Research Methodology
 

Elephants on the edge: The use and abuse of individual and societies

  • 1. Elephants on the edge: The use and abuse of individuals and societies ElephantVoices Joyce Poole & Petter Granli ElephantVoices Compassionate Conservation: Animal Welfare in Conservation Practice Symposium, University of Oxford, 1-3 september 2010
  • 2. Elephant huggers - or users? ElephantVoices
  • 3. A pillar of her society ElephantVoices Echo - 1945-2009 - died from drought & old age successfully led her family for over 38 years
  • 4. Some elephant attributes • Very long-lived • respond to the bones of elephants with special contemplation. • Unusually large social network • appear to have rudimentary • Close and enduring cooperative social understanding of death relationships • development includes social learning • large and complex brains and behavioral innovation • accumulate and retain social and • Capable of use and modification of ecological knowledge rudimentary tools • remember scents and voices of other • Capable of vocal learning individuals for decades • Show empathetic behavior • ability to make subtle discriminations between predators is age related • Self-aware • behavior in the wild and in captivity • long-life, memory, intelligence, and suggests ability to use long-term sociality, may make elephants more memories to "keep score" and to vulnerable to trauma and its longer- retaliate for wrongs done term psychological consequences • show reconciliatory behaviour
  • 5. Commercial use of African Elephants Non-consumptive use: • photographic tourism Consumptive use: • capture for captivity • trophy hunting • ivory trade ElephantVoices • Bush meat trade Photographic tourism Amboseli
  • 6. Commercial use of African Elephants Non-consumptive use: • photographic tourism Consumptive use: • capture for captivity • trophy hunting • ivory trade • Bush meat trade Captured, female housed alone, zoo, South Africa
  • 7. Commercial use of African Elephants Non-consumptive use: • photographic tourism Consumptive use: • capture for captivity • trophy hunting • ivory trade • Bush meat trade ElephantVoices Ed, a trophy?
  • 8. Commercial use of African Elephants Non-consumptive use: • photographic tourism Consumptive use: • capture for captivity • trophy hunting • ivory trade • Bush meat trade Amboseli Trust for Elephants Recent poaching - young male Amboseli
  • 9. Families, Bond Groups, Clans, Populations & beyond to Strangers ElephantVoices Gail and descendants waiting for Grace
  • 10. Individuals: building blocks of society • When a mother dies her orphaned calves die, too • families likely to split after matriarch death • smaller families have lower reproductive success • families with young leaders less able to make appropriate decisions in times of crisis ElephantVoices
  • 11. The importance of female longevity in elephant society ElephantVoices Chloe, age 50, & her family react with alarm to the sounds of lions
  • 12. The importance of female longevity in elephant society ElephantVoices Chloe steps forward to assess the threat
  • 13. The importance of female longevity in elephant society ElephantVoices Chloe decides to attack
  • 14. The importance of female longevity in elephant society ElephantVoices Chloe calls in the troops for a group attack
  • 15. Male elephant society relatives & friends ElephantVoices Handsome, Gomer & friends at rest
  • 16. longevity is key to male reproductive success • average male life expectancy is 24 years, including illness, accident, predation, drought & human-induced deaths • only 1/2 of males born survive to peak competitive ages of musth, whatever their cause of death • Males begin to reproduce successfully by age 40, when 3/4 of males will have already died Cynthia Moss • Dionysus lived to age 65 - becoming one of Amboseli’s Dionysus most successful males
  • 17. longevity is key to male reproductive success • average male life expectancy is 24 years, including illness, accident, predation, drought & human-induced deaths • only 1/2 of males born survive to peak competitive ages of musth, whatever their cause of death • Males begin to reproduce successfully by age 40, when 3/4 of males will have already died • Dionysus lived to age 65 - becoming one of Amboseli’s most successful males ElephantVoices Dionysus
  • 18. Capturing calves for sale to elephant-back safaris, zoos, circuses ElephantVoices Mother, allomothers and newborn calf
  • 19. Capturing calves for sale to elephant-back safaris, zoos, circuses NSPCA Captured “Tuli baby”
  • 20. Deprivation in captivity • 25% of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Terezita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
  • 21. Deprivation in captivity • 25% of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
  • 22. Deprivation in captivity • 25% of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
  • 23. Deprivation in captivity • 25% of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
  • 24. Deprivation in captivity • 25% of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
  • 25. Deprivation in captivity • 25% of living captive elephants in USA wild caught Zimbabwe • 50% of 87 Zimbabwe elephants on record have died, though many not accounted for • One shipment of 63, 14 died within a week of arrival before they were accounted for • The practice continues Junia Machado Teresita stands alone & swaying wild-caught in Zimbabwe 10 years in a Brazilian circus 14 years in Sao Paulo Zoo
  • 26. “Trophy” hunting ElephantVoices Tolstoy
  • 28. “Trophy” hunting www.thechiefbaboon.com www.thechiefbaboon.com
  • 29. “Trophy” hunting www.thechiefbaboon.com Musango Bull www.thechiefbaboon.com
  • 30. Poaching on the upsurge ElephantVoices Handsome 1961-2009 died before reaching his reproductive peak
  • 31. The ivory trade ElephantVoices
  • 32. The ivory trade ElephantVoices enormous suffering
  • 33. Percent observed 0 20 40 60 80 1966 Luangwa 100 1966 Tsavo East 1967 Murchison Falls N 1967 Murchison Falls S 1967 Budongo 1968 Mkomasi relatively protected 1970 Manyara 1988 Amboseli 1977 Kasunga 1981 Luangwa 1988 Mkomasi 1989 Tsavo East Adult sex ratios poaching 15 years & above 1989 Tsavo West 1989 Mikumi 1989 Queen Elizabeth Male Female Lewis, 1984 References Poole, 1989 Laws, 1969a Olindo, 1988 Jachmann, 1980 Douglas-Hamilton, 1972
  • 34. Percentage observed 0 20 40 60 80 100 1989 Amboseli 2009 Serengeti 2009 Tarangire relatively protected 2009 Ruaha-Rungwa 2009 Katavi 2009 Selous 1989 Tsavo East 1989 Tsavo West poaching 1989 Mikumi Breeding sex ratios 1989 Queen Elizabeth Females 10+; Males 25+ 2009 Ugalla Male References Jones, 2010 Poole, 1989 Female
  • 35. Targets of poachers’ bullets Gail and her descendants
  • 36. Mean tusk weights in trade 12 10 Mean tusk weight Kg 8 6 4 2 0 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 2010 References Caldwell, 1984, 1987 Caldwell & Barzdo,1985 ElephantVoices CITES, 2010 WTMU, 1983
  • 37. The domino effect ElephantVoices Hazel & family, 2007; Hazel died 2009
  • 38. Family Structure, 1989 100 80 Percent of families observed Amboseli, Kenya Mikumi, Tanzania 60 40 20 0 Intact, matriarch>30 Intact, matriarch<30 Missing adults Mostly orphans Poole, 1989
  • 39. demographic signature of poaching persists • Females orphaned become “floaters” lacking a social network • Reproductive output is severely compromised • 30% of families contain only one adult female • Fearful & aggressive behaviour prevalent • Tusklessness is common Courtesy of Amy Gambrill & Gorongosa NP Gorongosa’s tuskless & angry leaders
  • 40. Not forgotten ElephantVoices Esmeralda’s bones are visited regularly
  • 41. Not forgotten ElephantVoices where five elephant trails converge
  • 42. Conclusions • individual building blocks of societies are often forgotten, purposefully ignored and disposed of as organizations and nations barter away lives in the name of economics, sustainable utilization and politics. • Higher priority needs to be given to the consequences of consumptive utilisation. these practices inflict enormous impact on individuals and societies. • Compassionate conservation means accounting for the well being of individuals - acknowledging that they have value in their own right and realizing the full impact of our actions on their societies. • Compassion for the interests and lives of other beings must be incorporated into conservation in order to secure the health of our planet, its web of species and our own survival. www.elephantvoices.org