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FIRST SLIDE

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Artificial Intelligence
(Basic)
Interview Questions

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Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Whatisthedifference betweenAI,
MachineLearningandDeep
Learning?
Question 1
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Question 1
Whatisthedifference betweenAI,
MachineLearningandDeep
Learning?
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Artificial Intelligence
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WhatisArtificial Intelligence?Give
anexampleofwhereAIisusedona
dailybasis.
Question 2
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
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Question 2
“Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes
the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans.”
“The capability of a machine to imitate the intelligent human behaviour.”
WhatisArtificial Intelligence?Give
anexampleofwhereAIisusedona
dailybasis.
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
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WhatarethedifferenttypesofAI?
Question 3
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Question 3
WhatarethedifferenttypesofAI?
Reactive Machines AI: Based on present actions, it cannot use previous
experiences to form current decisions and simultaneously update their memory.
Example: Deep Blue
Limited Memory AI: Used in self-driving cars. They detect the movement of
vehicles around them constantly and add it to their memory.
Theory of Mind AI: Advanced AI that has the ability to understand emotions,
people and other things in the real world.
Self Aware AI: AIs that posses human like consciousness and reactions. Such
machines have the ability to form self-driven actions.
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): General purpose AI, used in building virtual
assistants like Siri.
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Also known as strong AI. An example is the
Pillo robot that answers questions related to health.
Artificial Superhuman Intelligence (ASI): AI that possesses the ability to do
everything that a human can do and more. An example is the Alpha 2 which is the
first humanoid ASI robot.
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Explainthedifferentdomainsof
ArtificialIntelligence.
Question 4
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Question 4
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Explainthedifferentdomainsof
ArtificialIntelligence.
Machine Learning Neural Networks Robotics
Expert Systems Fuzzy Logic Natural Language
Processing
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

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HowisMachineLearningrelatedto
ArtificialIntelligence?
Question 5
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Question 5
Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence. It is the science of
getting computers to act by feeding them data and letting them learn a
few tricks on their own, without being explicitly programmed to do so.
HowisMachineLearningrelatedto
ArtificialIntelligence?
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
A technique that
enables machines to
mimic human behaviour
Subset of AI which uses
data to enable machines
in solving problems
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence

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Whatarethedifferenttypesof
MachineLearning?
Question 6
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Question 6
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Interview Questions
Whatarethedifferenttypesof
MachineLearning?
Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning

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WhatisQ-Learning?
Question 7
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Question 7
The Q-learning is a Reinforcement Learning algorithm in which an agent
tries to learn the optimal policy from its past experiences with the
environment. The past experiences of an agent are a sequence of state-
action-rewards:
WhatisQ-Learning?
s0 a0 r1 s1
• s -> state
• a -> action
• r -> reward
Agent was in State s0 and did Action a0, which resulted in it
receiving Reward r1 and being in State s1
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Question 8
WhatisDeepLearning?
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Question 8
WhatisDeepLearning?
Deep learning mimics the way our brain functions i.e. it learns from
experience. It uses the concept of neural networks to solve complex problems.
Any Deep neural network will consist of three types of layers:
• Input Layer
• Hidden Layer
• Output Layer
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Question 9
Explainhowdeeplearningworks.
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Question 9
Explainhowdeeplearningworks.
• Deep Learning studies the basic unit of a brain called a brain cell or a
neuron. Inspired from a neuron, an artificial neuron or a perceptron
was developed.
• A biological neuron, has dendrites which is used to receive inputs.
• Similarly, a perceptron receives multiple inputs, applies various
transformations and functions and provides an output.
• Our brain consists of multiple connected neurons called neural
network, we can also have a network of artificial neurons called
perceptron's to form a Deep neural network.
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Question 10
Explainthecommonlyused
ArtificialNeuralNetworks.
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Question 10
Explainthecommonlyused
ArtificialNeuralNetworks.
Feedforward Neural Network
• Simplest form of ANN, where the data or the input travels in one
direction.
• The data passes through the input nodes and exit on the output
nodes. This neural network may or may not have the hidden layers.
Convolutional Neural Network
• Here, input features are taken in batch wise like a filter. This will help
the network to remember the images in parts and can compute the
operations.
• Mainly used for signal and image processing
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Question 10
Explainthecommonlyused
ArtificialNeuralNetworks.
Recurrent Neural Network(RNN) – Long Short Term Memory
• Works on the principle of saving the output of a layer and feeding
this back to the input to help in predicting the outcome of the layer.
• Here, you let the neural network to work on the front propagation
and remember what information it needs for later use
• This way each neuron will remember some information it had in the
previous time-step.
Autoencoders
• These are unsupervised learning models with an input layer, an
output layer and one or more hidden layers connecting them.
• The output layer has the same number of units as the input layer. Its
purpose is to reconstruct its own inputs.
• Typically for the purpose of dimensionality reduction and for
learning generative models of data.
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Question 11
WhatareBayesianNetworks?
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Question 11
WhatareBayesianNetworks?
A Bayesian network is a statistical model that represents a set of variables
and their conditional dependencies in the form of a directed acyclic graph.
Symptoms Disease
Probability
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Question 12
Explaintheassessmentthatis
usedtotesttheintelligenceofa
machine.
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Question 12
Explaintheassessmentthatis
usedtotesttheintelligenceofa
machine.
In artificial intelligence (AI), a Turing Test is a method of inquiry for determining
whether or not a computer is capable of thinking like a human being.
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Artificial Intelligence
(Intermediate)
Interview Questions

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HowdoesReinforcementLearning
work?Explainwithanexample.
Question 13
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Question 13
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Interview Questions
HowdoesReinforcementLearning
work?Explainwithanexample.
1. The RL Agent (Player1) collects state S⁰ from the environment
2. Based on the state S⁰, the RL agent takes an action A⁰, initially the
action is random
3. The environment is now in a new state S¹
4. RL agent now gets a reward R¹ from the environment
5. The RL loop goes on until the RL agent is dead or reaches the
destination

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ExplainMarkov’sdecisionprocess
withanexample.
Question 14
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ExplainMarkov’sdecisionprocess
withanexample.
The mathematical approach for mapping a solution in reinforcement
learning is called Markov Decision Process (MDP)
In this problem,
• Set of states are denoted by nodes i.e. {A, B, C, D}
• Action is to traverse from one node to another {A -> B, C -> D}
• Reward is the cost represented by each edge
• Policy is the path taken to reach the destination {A -> C -> D}
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Explainrewardmaximizationin
Reinforcement Learning.
Question 15
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Explainrewardmaximizationin
Reinforcement Learning.
Reward maximization theory states that, a RL agent must be trained in such a
way that, he takes the best action so that the reward is maximum.
Agent
Opponent
Reward
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Whatisexploitationand
explorationtradeoff?
Question 16
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Whatisexploitationand
explorationtradeoff?
• Exploitation is about using the already known exploited information to
heighten the rewards
• Exploration is about exploring and capturing more information about an
environment
Agent
Opponent
Reward
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Question 16

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Whatisthedifference between
parametric&non-parametric
models?
Question 17
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Whatisthedifference between
parametric&non-parametric
models?
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Question 17

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Question 18
Whatisthedifference between
Hyperparametersandmodel
parameters?
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Whatisthedifference between
Hyperparametersandmodel
parameters?
Model Parameters Hyperparameters
Model parameters are the
features of training data that will
learn on its own during training.
Model Hyperparameters are the
parameters that determine the
entire training process.
For example,
• Weights and Biases
• Split points in Decision Tree
For example,
• Learning Rate
• Hidden Layers
• Hidden Units
They are internal to the model
and their value can be estimated
from data.
They are external to the model
and their value cannot be
estimated from data.
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Question 18

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Question 19
WhatarehyperparametersinDeep
NeuralNetworks?
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WhatarehyperparametersinDeep
NeuralNetworks?
• Hyperparameters are the variables which define the structure of the
network and the variables such as the learning rate, which define how
the network is trained.
• They determine the number of ideal hidden layers that must be
present in a network.
• More hidden units within a layer with regularization techniques can
increase the accuracy of the network, whereas lesser number of units
may cause underfitting.
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Hyperparameters
Question 19

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Question 20
Explainthedifferentalgorithms
usedforhyperparameter
optimization.
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Explainthedifferentalgorithms
usedforhyperparameter
optimization.
Grid Search
Grid search trains the network for every combination by using the two set
of hyperparameters, learning rate and number of layers. Then evaluates
the model by using Cross Validation techniques.
Random Search
It randomly samples the search space and evaluates sets from a particular
probability distribution. For example, instead of checking all 10,000
samples, randomly selected 100 parameters can be checked.
Bayesian Optimization
This includes fine tuning the hyperparameters by enabling automated
model tuning. The model used for approximating the objective function is
called surrogate model (Gaussian Process). Bayesian Optimization uses
Gaussian Process (GP) function to get posterior functions to make
predictions based on prior functions.
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Question 20

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Howdoesdataoverfitting occur
andhowcanitbefixed?
Question 21
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Interview Questions
Howdoesdataoverfitting occur
andhowcanitbefixed?
Overfitting occurs when a statistical model or machine learning algorithm
captures the noise of the data. This causes an algorithm to show low bias but
high variance in the outcome.
How to Prevent Overfitting:
❑ Cross – validation
❑More training data
❑Remove features
❑Early stopping
❑Regularization
❑Use Ensemble models
Question 21

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Question 22
Mentionatechniquethathelpsto
avoidoverfittinginaneural
network.
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Mentionatechniquethathelpsto
avoidoverfittinginaneural
network.
Dropout is a type of regularization technique used to avoid overfitting
in a neural network. It is a technique where randomly selected neurons
are dropped during training.
• Dropout value of approx 20%-50% of neurons with 20% providing a
good starting point. Too low value has minimal effect and a value
too high results in under-learning by the network.
• Dropout regularization used on a larger network, gives the model
more of an opportunity to learn independent representations.
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Question 22

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Question 23
WhatisthepurposeofDeep
Learningframeworkssuchas
Keras,TensorFlowandPyTorch?
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WhatisthepurposeofDeep
Learningframeworkssuchas
Keras,TensorFlowandPyTorch?
Keras is an open source neural network library written in
Python. It is designed to enable fast experimentation with
deep neural networks.
TensorFlow is an open-source software library for
dataflow programming. It is used for machine learning
applications like neural networks.
PyTorch is an open source machine learning library for
Python, based on Torch. It is used for applications such as
natural language processing
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Question 23

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Question 24
Differentiate betweenNLPandText
mining
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Differentiate betweenNLPandText
mining
Text Mining Natural Language Processing
Aim of text mining is to extract
useful insights from structured &
un-structured text.
Aim of NLP is to understand
what is conveyed in speech.
Text Mining can be done using
text processing languages like
Perl, statistical models, etc.
NLP can be achieved using
advanced machine learning
models, deep neural networks,
etc.
Outcome:
• Frequency of words
• Patterns
• Correlations
Outcome:
• Semantic meaning of text
• Sentimental analysis
• Grammatical structure
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Question 25
Whatarethedifferentcomponents
ofNLP?
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Whatarethedifferentcomponents
ofNLP?
Natural Language
Understanding
Natural Language
Generation
Natural Language Understanding includes:
• Mapping input to useful representations
• Analysing different aspects of the language
Natural Language Generation includes:
• Text Planning
• Sentence Planning
• Text Realization
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Question 26
WhatisStemming&Lemmatization
inNLP?
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WhatisStemming&Lemmatization
inNLP?
Stemming
Lemmatization
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Question 27
ExplainFuzzyLogicarchitecture.
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1. Fuzzification Module − It transforms the system inputs, which are crisp
numbers, into fuzzy sets.
2. Knowledge Base − It stores IF-THEN rules provided by experts.
3. Inference Engine − It simulates the human reasoning process by making
fuzzy inference on the inputs and IF-THEN rules.
4. Defuzzification Module − It transforms the fuzzy set obtained by the
inference engine into a crisp value.
ExplainFuzzyLogicarchitecture.
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Question 28
ExplainthecomponentsofExpert
Systems
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ExplainthecomponentsofExpert
Systems
Knowledge
Base
Inference
Engine
User
Interface
Expert System
Knowledge Base
• It contains domain-specific and high-quality knowledge.
Inference Engine
• It acquires and manipulates the knowledge from the knowledge base to
arrive at a particular solution.
User Interface
• User interface provides interaction between user of the ES and the ES itself.
User
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Question 29
HowisComputerVisionandAI
related?
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Question 29
HowisComputerVisionandAI
related?
Computer Vision is a field of Artificial Intelligence that is used to obtain
information from images or multi-dimensional data.
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Question 30
Whichisbetterforimage
classification? Supervisedor
unsupervisedclassification.
Justify.
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Question 30
Whichisbetterforimage
classification? Supervisedor
unsupervisedclassification.
Justify.
Supervised
Classification?
Unsupervised
Classification?
• In supervised classification, the images are interpreted
manually by the ML expert to create feature classes
• In unsupervised classification the ML software creates
feature classes based on image pixel values.
• Therefore, it is better to opt for supervised classification
for image classification in terms of accuracy.
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Finitedifferencefiltersinimage
processingareverysusceptibleto
noise.Tocopeupwiththis,which
methodcanyouusesothatthere
wouldbeminimaldistortionsby
noise?
Question 31
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Question 31
Finitedifferencefiltersinimage
processingareverysusceptibleto
noise.Tocopeupwiththis,which
methodcanyouusesothatthere
wouldbeminimaldistortionsby
noise?
Image Smoothing is one of the best methods used for reducing noise by forcing
pixels to be more like their neighbours.
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HowisGametheoryandAIrelated?
Question 32
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Question 32
HowisGametheoryandAIrelated?
“In the context of artificial intelligence(AI) and deep learning
systems, game theory is essential to enable some of the key
capabilities required in multi-agent environments in which
different AI programs need to interact or compete in order to
accomplish a goal.”
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Question 33
WhatistheMinimaxAlgorithm?
Explaintheterminologies involved
inaMinimaxproblem.
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Question 33
WhatistheMinimaxAlgorithm?
Explaintheterminologies involved
inaMinimaxproblem.
Minimax is a recursive algorithm used to choose an
optimal move for a player assuming that the other
player is also playing optimally.
A game can be defined as a search problem with the following components:
• Game Tree: A tree structure containing all the possible moves.
• Initial state: The initial position of the board and showing whose move it is.
• Successor function: It defines the possible legal moves a player can make.
• Terminal state: It is the position of the board when the game ends.
• Utility function: It is a function which assigns a numeric value for the
outcome of a game.
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Artificial Intelligence
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ShowtheworkingoftheMinimax
algorithmusingTic-Tac-ToeGame.
Question 34
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Question 34
ShowtheworkingoftheMinimax
algorithmusingTic-Tac-ToeGame.
Step 1: First, generate the entire game tree starting with the current position of
the game all the way upto the terminal states.
There are two players involved in a game:
1. MAX: This player tries to get the highest possible score
2. MIN: MIN tries to get the lowest possible score
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ShowtheworkingoftheMinimax
algorithmusingTic-Tac-ToeGame.
Step 2: Apply the utility function to get the utility values for all the terminal
states.
Step 3: Determine the utilities of the higher nodes with the help of the utilities
of the terminal nodes. For instance, in the diagram below, we have the utilities
for the terminal states written in the squares.
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ShowtheworkingoftheMinimax
algorithmusingTic-Tac-ToeGame.
Let us calculate the utility for the left node(red) of the layer above the terminal:
MIN{3, 5, 10}, i.e. 3.
Therefore, utility for red node is 3.
Similarly, for the green node in the same layer:
MIN{2,2}, i.e. 2.
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ShowtheworkingoftheMinimax
algorithmusingTic-Tac-ToeGame.
Step 4: Calculate the utility values.
Step 5: Eventually, all the backed-up values reach to the root of the tree. At
that point, MAX has to choose the highest value:
i.e. MAX{3,2} which is 3.
Therefore, the best opening move for MAX is the left node(or the red one).
To summarize,
Minimax Decision = MAX{MIN{3,5,10},MIN{2,2}}
= MAX{3,2}
= 3
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Whichmethodisusedfor
optimizingaMinimaxbasedgame?
Question 35
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Question 35
Whichmethodisusedfor
optimizingaMinimaxbasedgame?
Alpha-beta Pruning
If we apply alpha-beta pruning to a standard minimax algorithm, it returns the
same move as the standard one, but it removes all the nodes that are possibly
not affecting the final decision.
In this case,
Minimax Decision = MAX{MIN{3,5,10}, MIN{2,a,b}, MIN{2,7,3}}
= MAX{3,c,2}
= 3
Hint: (MIN{2,a,b} would certainly be less than or equal to 2, i.e., c<=2 and
hence MAX{3,c,2} has to be 3.)
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

79. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
WhichalgorithmdoesFacebookuse
forfaceverification?
Question 36
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

80. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 36
WhichalgorithmdoesFacebookuse
forfaceverificationandhowdoes
itwork?
DeepFace tool works on face verification algorithm, structured by Artificial
Intelligence (AI) techniques using neural network models.
Input: Scan a wild form of photos with large complex data
Process: In modern face recognition, the process completes in 4 raw steps:
• Detect
• Align
• Represent
• Classify
Output: Final result is a face representation, which is derived from a 9-layer
deep neural net
Training Data: More than 4 million facial images of more than 4000 people
Result: Facebook can detect whether the two images represent the same
person or not
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

81. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Explainthelogicbehindtargeted
marketing. HowcanMachine
Learninghelpwiththis?
Question 37
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

82. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 37
Explainthelogicbehindtargeted
marketing. HowcanMachine
Learninghelpwiththis?
Target Marketing involves breaking a market into segments &
concentrating it on a few key segments consisting of the customers whose
needs and desires most closely match your product.
Machine Learning in targeted marketing:
• Text Analytics Systems
• Clustering
• Classification
• Recommender Systems
• Market Basket Analysis
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

83. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
HowcanAIbeusedindetecting
fraud?
Question 38
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

84. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 38
HowcanAIbeusedindetecting
fraud?
Artificial Intelligence is used in Fraud detection problems by implementing
Machine Learning algorithms for detecting anomalies and studying hidden
patterns in data.
The following approach is followed for detecting fraudulent activities:
1. Data Extraction
2. Data Cleaning
3. Data Exploration & Analysis
4. Building a Machine Learning model
5. Model Evaluation
Data
Collection
Data
Cleaning
Exploration
& Analysis
Building a
Model
Model
Evaluation
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

85. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Abankmanagerisgivenadataset
containingrecordsof1000sof
applicantswhohaveappliedfora
loan.HowcanAIhelpthemanager
understandwhichloanshecan
approve?Explain.
Question 39
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

86. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Abankmanagerisgivenadataset
containingrecordsof1000sof
applicantswhohaveappliedfora
loan.HowcanAIhelpthemanager
understandwhichloanshecan
approve?Explain.
This problem statement can be solved using the KNN algorithm that will
classify the applicant's loan request into two classes:
• Approved
• Disapproved
• K Nearest Neighbour is a Supervised Learning algorithm that classifies
a new data point into the target class, depending on the features of it’s
neighbouring data points.
Data
Collection
Data
Cleaning
Exploration
& Analysis
Building a
Model
Model
Evaluation
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 39

87. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Placeanagentinanyoneofthe
rooms(0,1,2,3,4)andthegoalisto
reachoutsidethebuilding(room5).
CanthisbeachievedthroughAI?If
yes,explainhowitcanbedone.
Question 40
0
4
3
1
2
5
• 5 rooms in a building connected by doors
• Each room is numbered 0 through 4
• The outside of the building can be thought of as one big room (5)
• Doors 1 and 4 directly lead to room 5 (outside)
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

88. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Placeanagentinanyoneofthe
rooms(0,1,2,3,4)andthegoalisto
reachoutsidethebuilding(room5).
CanthisbeachievedthroughAI?If
yes,explainhowitcanbedone.
This problem can be solved by using the Q-Learning algorithm, which is a
reinforcement learning algorithm used to solve reward based problems.
Let’s represent the rooms on a graph, each room as a node, and each door
as a link
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 40

89. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Placeanagentinanyoneofthe
rooms(0,1,2,3,4)andthegoalisto
reachoutsidethebuilding(room5).
CanthisbeachievedthroughAI?If
yes,explainhowitcanbedone.
Next step is to associate a reward value to each door:
• doors that lead directly to the goal have a reward of 100
• Doors not directly connected to the target room have zero reward
• Because doors are two-way, two arrows are assigned to each room
• Each arrow contains an instant reward value
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 40

90. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Placeanagentinanyoneofthe
rooms(0,1,2,3,4)andthegoalisto
reachoutsidethebuilding(room5).
CanthisbeachievedthroughAI?If
yes,explainhowitcanbedone.
The terminology in Q-Learning includes the terms state and action:
• Room (including room 5) represents a state
• Agent’s movement from one room to another represents an action
• In the figure, a state is depicted as a node, while "action" is represented by
the arrows
Example (Agent traverse from room 2 to room5):
1. Initial state = state 2
2. State 2 -> state 3
3. State 3 -> state (2, 1, 4)
4. State 4 -> state 5
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 40

91. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Placeanagentinanyoneofthe
rooms(0,1,2,3,4)andthegoalisto
reachoutsidethebuilding(room5).
CanthisbeachievedthroughAI?If
yes,explainhowitcanbedone.
We can put the state diagram and the instant reward values into a reward table,
matrix R.
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 40

92. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Placeanagentinanyoneofthe
rooms(0,1,2,3,4)andthegoalisto
reachoutsidethebuilding(room5).
CanthisbeachievedthroughAI?If
yes,explainhowitcanbedone.
Add another matrix Q, representing the memory of what the agent has learned
through experience.
• The rows of matrix Q represent the current state of the agent
• columns represent the possible actions leading to the next state
• Formula to calculate the Q matrix:
Q(state, action) = R(state, action) + Gamma * Max [Q(next state, all actions)]
The Gamma parameter has a range of 0 to 1 (0 <= Gamma > 1).
• If Gamma is closer to zero, the agent will tend to consider only
immediate rewards.
• If Gamma is closer to one, the agent will consider future rewards
with greater weight
Note
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 40

93. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Placeanagentinanyoneofthe
rooms(0,1,2,3,4)andthegoalisto
reachoutsidethebuilding(room5).
CanthisbeachievedthroughAI?If
yes,explainhowitcanbedone.
Using Q – Learning algorithm to solve the problem:
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 40

94. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
You’vewona2-million-dollar
worthlottery’weallgetsuchspam
messages.HowcanAIbeusedto
detectandfilteroutsuchspam
messages?
Question 41
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

95. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
You’vewona2-million-dollar
worthlottery’weallgetsuchspam
messages.HowcanAIbeusedto
detectandfilteroutsuchspam
messages?
Data Collection Data Cleaning
Data
Exploration &
Analysis
Data Modelling
Model
Evaluation
Optimization
Deployment
Gmail makes use of machine learning to filter out such spam messages from our
inbox. These spam filters are used to classify emails into two classes, namely
spam and non-spam emails.
Let’s understand how spam detection is done using machine learning:
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 41

96. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Let’ssaythatyoustartedan
onlineshoppingbusinessandto
growyourbusiness,youwantto
forecastthesalesfortheupcoming
months.Howwouldyoudothis?
Explain.
Question 42
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

97. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Let’ssaythatyoustartedan
onlineshoppingbusinessandto
growyourbusiness,youwantto
forecastthesalesfortheupcoming
months.Howwouldyoudothis?
Explain.
Predicted sales
Actual sales
Time
Sales
When both price and time period have a linear relationship, use simple
linear regression.
Linear Regression is a method to predict dependent variable (Y) based on
values of independent variables (X). It can be used for the cases where we
want to predict some continuous quantity.
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 42

98. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Let’ssaythatyoustartedan
onlineshoppingbusinessandto
growyourbusiness,youwantto
forecastthesalesfortheupcoming
months.Howwouldyoudothis?
Explain.
• Dependent variable (Y):
The response variable whose value needs to be predicted.
• Independent variable (X):
The predictor variable used to predict the response variable.
The following equation is used to represent a linear regression model:
x
y
independent variable
dependentvariable
Y= 𝒃 𝟎 + 𝒃 𝟏 𝒙 + ⅇ
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 42

99. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Let’ssaythatyoustartedan
onlineshoppingbusinessandto
growyourbusiness,youwantto
forecastthesalesfortheupcoming
months.Howwouldyoudothis?
Explain.
Y= 𝒃 𝟎 + 𝒃 𝟏 𝒙 + ⅇ
dependent variable
Y intercept
Slope
independent variable
Error
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 42

100. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
‘Customerswhoboughtthis,also
boughtthis…’weoftenseethis
whenweshoponAmazon.Whatis
thelogicbehindrecommendation
engines?
Question 43
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

101. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
‘Customerswhoboughtthis,also
boughtthis…’weoftenseethis
whenweshoponAmazon.Whatis
thelogicbehindrecommendation
engines?
Collaborative filtering is the process of comparing users with similar
shopping behaviours in order to recommend products to a new user
with similar shopping behaviour.
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Question 43

102. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 44
Whatismarketbasketanalysisand
howcanArtificial Intelligencebe
usedtoperformthis?
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

103. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 44
Market basket analysis explains the combinations of products that frequently
co-occur in transactions.
Market Basket Analysis algorithms:
1. Association Rule Mining
2. Apriori
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Whatismarketbasketanalysisand
howcanArtificial Intelligencebe
usedtoperformthis?

104. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 44
• Association rule mining is a technique that shows how items are associated to
each other.
• Apriori algorithm uses frequent item sets to generate association rules. It is
based on the concept that a subset of a frequent itemset must also be a frequent
itemset.
A B
Example of Association rule:
➢ It means that if a person buys item A then he will also buy item B
Customer who purchase bread have a 60% likelihood of also
purchasing jam.
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions
Whatismarketbasketanalysisand
howcanArtificial Intelligencebe
usedtoperformthis?

105. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 45
ThecropyieldinIndiaisdegrading
becausefarmersareunableto
detectdiseasesincropsduringthe
earlystages.CanAIbeusedfor
diseasedetection incrops?Ifyes,
explain.
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

106. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 45
ThecropyieldinIndiaisdegrading
becausefarmersareunableto
detectdiseasesincropsduringthe
earlystages.CanAIbeusedfor
diseasedetection incrops?Ifyes,
explain.
AI can be used to implement image analysis and classification techniques
for extraction and classification of leaf diseases.
Image
Acquisition
Image Pre-
processing
Image
Segmentation
Feature
Extraction
Classification
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions

107. www.edureka.co/masters-program/machine-learning-engineer-training
Question 45
ThecropyieldinIndiaisdegrading
becausefarmersareunableto
detectdiseasesincropsduringthe
earlystages.CanAIbeusedfor
diseasedetection incrops?Ifyes,
explain.
• Image Acquisition: The sample images are collected and stored as input
database.
• Image Pre-processing: Aim is to improve image data that suppress undesired
distortions as well as enhance specific image features.
Image enhancement
Colorspace conversion
• YCbCr
• L*a*b*
• Image Segmentation: The goal is to simplify and modify an image into
something that is easier to analyse. K- means clustering algorithm is used for
segmentation of the images.
• Feature Extraction: To extract the information that can be used to find the
significance of a given sample. The Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix can be
used here.
• Classification: Linear Support Vector Algorithm is used for classification of leaf
disease. SVM is a binary classifier which uses a hyper plane called the decision
boundary between two classes
Machine Learning Engineer Masters Program
Artificial Intelligence
Interview Questions