Drug discovery and development pathway is a long journey, and complications and inefficiencies at the late stage can create costly delays. Therefore, safety and efficacy profiles assessments of drug candidates prior to clinical trials are critical stages to avoid unnecessary loss. Preclinical testing in animal models can help to foreseen potential risks of drug candidates before exposure to humans, and hence reduce the cost for pharmaceutical industries and help to make the appropriate choice.https://www.creative-biolabs.com/immuno-oncology/preclinical-testing.htm