Conference Proceedings for Innovation Systems

Conference Proceedings for the Innovation Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory to Practice 1
INNOVATION SYSTEMS FOR RESILIENT LIVELIHOODS:
CONNECTING THEORY TO PRACTICE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Johannesburg, 26-28 August 2013

Conference Proceedings for the Innovation Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory to Practice i
Copyright © 2014, RAEIN-Africa
Pretoria, 2014
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Conference was funded by the DGIS of Netherlands through the RAEIN-Africa ISP-TEESA programme.
Disclaimer
While due care has been taken in compiling this publication, opinions expressed in the papers are entirely
those of the authors, and not necessarily those of RAEIN-Africa and or the DGIS of Netherlands.

Conference Proceedings for the Innovation Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory to Practice iii
Preface
I am pleased to introduce the synthesis report of the proceedings of the International Conference on Innovation
Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory to Practice. The Conference was aimed at providing
a platform for a broad range of actors working towards an enabling environment for co-innovation to share
experiences and learn from each other. In addition, the conference facilitated much needed dialogue on co-innovation
for agricultural development in the region, based on experiences of RAEIN-Africa and that of
other organizations and initiatives in the region.
The conference successfully stimulated discussions on the three important themes of Science, Technology
and Innovation for Poverty Alleviation: Approaches, Discourses and Experiences; Practical Experiences:
Technology Development and Innovation Approaches Targeting Resource Poor Communities and, Innovation
in Policy Development, Public Participation and Implementation Processes. On the whole, the presentations
and discussions at the Conference showed that co-innovation has a lot of potential in agricultural development.
However a number of conditions must be met to make the process more effective. These preconditions
ranged from policy related issues such as funding for research and development, stakeholder appreciation
of different knowledge systems in particular indigenous knowledge in co-innovation and the importance of
effective participation of all stakeholders in co-innovation. The Conference enabled RAEIN-Africa
to not only share her experiences but to also learn from other initiatives with a view to informing future
interventions.
I would like to record my sincere appreciation of the financial support from DGIS without which it would have
been difficult if not impossible for RAEIN-Africa to host the conference. The tireless work of the Conference
Organizing Committee, the Technical Advisory Committee of RAEIN-Africa and the Board of Trustees in the
planning and execution of the Conference is greatly appreciated. I am also indebted to all the Session Chairs
and the Conference Facilitator for ensuring the smooth flow of proceedings. I also acknowledge the important
contributions of our technical team and the effort made in compiling this synthesis report.
My gratitude is also extended to the hospitality and banqueting team at Birchwood Hotel and OR Tambo
Conference Centre whose efforts contributed to making the Conference a great success.
Doreen Shumba-Mnyulwa
Executive Director
RAEIN-Africa

Conference Proceedings for the Innovation Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory to Practice iii
Contents
About RAEIN-Africa v
List of acronyms and abbreviations vi
Introduction 1
Objectives of the Conference 1
Conference Themes 1
Conference Methodology and Process 2
General Conference Approach 2
Process steering group for feedback and co-management of the workshop 2
Roles of session chairs and workshop facilitator 2
Conference Proceedings 4
Highlights from the Official Opening session 4
Insights from the Conference 7
a) Capacity strengthening key for ISA 7
b) Innovative funding arrangements required for ISA 7
c) Supportive policy and regulatory environment required for development 7
d) Innovation Platforms help to define real community Problems 8
e) ISA promotes partnership and participation for all stakeholders along the value
chain as a key requirement for success
8
f) Communication is key / Mainstreaming of ISA/ co-learning process/ ISA ensures
demand driven technology development
9
g) Indigenous and “Exotic” knowledge 9
h) Adoption of technologies by resource poor communities 10
Emerging Challenges from the Conference 10
a) How to facilitate wide adoption of innovations through the ISA processes 10
b) How to develop and implement a Learning oriented Monitoring and Evaluation
system of the ISA process
10
c) How to strengthen/promote Communication and Knowledge management of ISA
processes
10
d) How to support Capacity Building and Facilitation of Partnerships in
Innovation Platforms
11
e) How to develop and support implementation of an enabling policy
environment for innovation
11
f) How facilitate Sustainability of Initiatives and Innovation Platforms 11
g) How to address and mainstream gender in ISA 11
h) How to address Intellectual Property Rights issues in innovation processes 11
i) How to manage the cost of Innovation 11
j) How to clearly define the roles of different Actors in Innovation Platforms 12
k) How develop a shared understanding of biotechnology and Indigenous Knowledge 12
l) How to develop a shared understanding of ISA in practice 12
m) How to Access climate finance and how countries and institutions can deal with
climate change issues
12
n) How to market Technologies developed by the ISA process for wide adoption 12
o) How to ensure complementarity between indigenous and exotic knowledge 13
p) How to communicate on the details of the Innovation Platform Process 13

Conference Proceedings for the Innovation Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory to Practice ivv
Conclusions and Recommendation 13
Policy Considerations Emerging from the Conference 14
Annex 1: Conference Programme 16
Annex 2: Abstracts by Session 20
Opening Session 20
Session 1: An Enabling Environment for Science, Technology and Innovation for Resilient
Livelihoods
23
Session 2:Science Technology and Innovation for Poverty Alleviation: Approaches,
Discourses and Experiences
23
Session 3: Practical Experiences on Technology Development and Innovations Targeting
Resource Poor Communities
26
Session 4: Innovating for Public Participation in Policy Development and Implementation 32
Annex 4: List of Conference Participants 36

Conference Proceedings for the Innovation Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory to Practice v
ABOUT RAEIN-AFRICA
The Regional Agricultural and Environment Innovations Network-Africa (RAEIN-Africa) is a Southern
African Network organisation that promotes participatory development of appropriate science and technology
for sustainable management of the environment and agricultural production systems. It does so by facilitating
the creation of partnerships between government, civil society, and end-user groups, as well as supporting
need driven development oriented research and all inclusive policy development processes.
Our Target
The primary target of RAEIN-Africa’s work is resource constrained and disadvantaged communities of
the SADC whose livelihood depend on productive and sustainable interaction between agriculture and the
environment. We partner with national and regional development actors to develop, through co-innovation
processes, interventions that enhance food security and livelihood systems. RAEIN-Africa capacitates
development actors and communities to better manage their environment for sustainable livelihoods.
Our Partners
RAEIN-Africa works with partners that include government ministries and departments, non-state
actors among them the private sector, civil society organizations, research and academic institutions, farmer
organizations, communities and the media. Our approach brings these Partners together in multi-disciplinary
and multi-stakeholder platforms at national and regional level.
Thematic Focus and Approach
Food insecurity and fragile livelihood systems as well as related policy and regulatory environment remain
priority challenges for development and hence obstacles to attaining the MDGs in SADC.
RAEIN-Africa focuses on three thematic areas i.e. Food
Security and Livelihoods, Climate Change and Environment
and, Policy and Governance.
Our Approach
Co-innovation is RAEIN-Africa’s user-centric approach to
development of innovations for sustainable development.
Co-innovation involves being in constant interaction with
community-level as well as policy level realities in developing
and implementing interventions for improving food security
and livelihoods. Overcoming barriers to innovation is critical
for sustainable development in the SADC. RAEIN-Africa
provides a window through which countries of the SADC
can overcome barriers to co-innovation for sustainable
development by facilitating integrated capacity development
and sharing of development experiences. The Innovation Systems Approach (ISA), drives the Network’s
projects. Through ISA RAEIN-Africa has been able to provide for meaningful participation of all actors
including resource poor communities in innovation and technology development processes as well as in policy
formulation and governance.

Conference Proceedings for the Innovation Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory to Practice 1vi
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CADECOM Catholic Development Commission
DGIS Directorate-General for International Cooperation
GMO Genetically Modified Organism
IKS Indigenous Knowledge System
IPR Intellectual Property Resource
ISA Innovation Systems Approach
ISP-TEESA The Innovation for Sustainable development and Poverty reduction: Towards an
Enabling Environment for systems of innovation in Southern Africa programme
MRIU Malawi Research Into Use
NAFU (South African) National Agriculture Farmers Union
PPP Public Private Partnership
RAEIN-Africa Regional Agricultural and Environmental Innovations Network-Africa
SADC Southern African Development Community
S&T Science and Technology
TC Tissue Culture
UN United Nations
UNISA University of South Africa

INTRODUCTION
RAEIN-Africa successfully conducted a three day conference from the 26th to the 28th of August 2013.
More than 100 participants drawn from government, donors, civil society, private sector, media, UN Agencies
as well as from Universities in SADC attended the Conference. Community representatives from countries
where RAEIN-Africa has been implementing programmes were also able to attend the Conference and share
their experiences. The Conference titled “Innovation Systems for Resilient Livelihoods: Connecting Theory
to Practice” was held at the Birchwood Hotel in Johannesburg, South Africa. The Conference was funded by
DGIS of Netherlands through the Innovation Systems for Poverty towards an Enabling Environment (ISP-TEESA)
programme that RAEIN-Africa has been implementing since 2009.
A Conference organising committee made up of RAEIN-Africa staff as well as representatives of our
Partners from Botswana, South Africa and Tanzania took responsibility for organising the Conference. A call
for abstracts was published on the RAEIN-Africa website and also circulated widely across the breath of
RAEIN-Africa Partners as well as other institutions and organizations not necessarily Partners of RAEIN-Africa
but working on similar thematic areas and applying the innovation systems approach in providing
development solutions to resource poor communities.
Forty abstracts were received for the Conference. An independent team of reviewers was put in place to
review the submitted abstracts. Each abstract was reviewed by at least two external reviewers and one internal
reviewer to ensure that the process was thorough and that papers of high quality were selected. A total of 32
abstracts were selected and these were all developed into full papers and presentations. Over and above the
papers, ten posters were presented at the conference.
This proceeding is a summary of the deliberations, presentations and discussions that were held at the
Conference.
Objectives of the Conference
The conference had three main objectives;
• To identify opportunities and challenges in the application of the Innovation Systems Approach (ISA)
in development of pro-poor innovations that enhance resilience of livelihood systems in resource
constrained communities of southern Africa.
• To provide an opportunity for actors in science, technology and development to synthesise, share,
document experiences and collaborate in co-innovation processes for inclusive and sustainable
development
• To synthesize lessons emerging from ISP-TEESA and other similar initiatives from the region and
beyond and identify emerging policy options for strengthening co-innovation processes for positive
development outcomes in the SADC.
Conference Themes
The Conference was organised around three themes motivated by the work that RAEIN-Africa has been
conducting in the SADC region. The themes covered three important components i.e. the theoretical
underpinnings of co-innovation for inclusive and sustainable development, application of co-innovation in
addressing development challenges faced by resource constrained communities and the creation of an
enabling environment through appropriate policies developed with effective participation of the public. The
conference papers and presentations were solicited based on these themes;
1. Science, technology and co-innovation for inclusive and sustainable development: Approaches,
discourses and experiences
a. How do science, technology and innovation address challenges being faced by the resource poor
communities?

b. Is innovation the silver bullet for poverty alleviation and wealth creation?
c. What can we learn from past experiences of technology development, dissemination and adoption by
resource poor communities?
d. From participation to co-innovation: What has been the experience?
e. Can co-innovation be an answer to development of technologies for resource constrained
communities?
2. Practical Experiences: Technology Development and Innovation Approaches Targeting Resource
Poor Communities
a. What are the practical experiences of technology development and adoption through participation,
multi-stakeholder involvement, innovation systems approach and co-innovation?
b. Can resource constrained communities innovate to fight poverty and create wealth? What have been
the lessons, experiences, outcomes and challenges?
3. Innovation in policy development, public participation and implementation processes.
a. How can policy development processes in science and technology be inclusive for improved
development outcomes in food security and livelihoods?
The conference sessions and presentations were organised according to above themes. Annex 1 provides
the Conference Programme with details on the sessions and the presentations that were made in each of the
Sessions.
CONFERENCE METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS
General Conference Approach
The conference was organised to take place in a “workshop” and highly participatory format. Sessions were
organised to start with a keynote address for each of the conference themes, plenary presentations, group
discussions, side events, and open space/poster and networking session responding to the thematic areas.
Invited and selected papers/case studies/success stories were to be published and shared widely.
The workshop process built fully on open, lively interaction and debate among participants in a least formal
way that created a fruitful learning atmosphere. Maximum time was allocated to discussions in plenary and
working groups to thresh out issues in-depth and to advance the conceptual thinking and share practical know-how.
Process steering group for feedback and co-management of the workshop
The workshop recognised the different interests of the stakeholders and tried to adequately represent them in
the programme and the content of the workshop. While the organisers set a frame, it was refined and adapted
through comments from participants before the workshop and through a ‘process steering group’ during
the workshop. The group consisted of a cross-section of the participants and stakeholders who represented
the whole group well. During the workshop, the group members monitored the course of the workshop, on
participant’s impressions and concerns and the resulting necessary adaptations on an on-going basis. Through
this procedure it was possible to harness the best energy of the group and to be focussed but flexible to
accommodate the interests of the participants as best as possible. The programme also provided room for
flexibility. This process-oriented procedure allowed the participants to take an active role, responsibility for
the success of the workshop and ownership of the outcomes.
Roles of session chairs and workshop facilitator
To ensure that the session chairs and workshop facilitator work complimentarily, their respective roles were
defined, discussed and agreed. The session chairs managed time(as strictly as possible) and worked with

session rapporteurs to come up with a synthesis report that included:
a) State of the art of the session topic
b) Critical issues / challenges emerging
c) Interesting/ innovative ways of dealing with challenges and the topic in practice
The facilitator guided the table group discussion and plenary discussions.
The workshop was structured along several analytical sessions building upon each other and based on
conference themes. These session were:
Session 1: ‘Setting the Scene’:
Opening, participant introductions, clarifying expectations and objectives and the workshop programme,
bringing out controversial issues and agree on the joint way forward in the workshop formed the core of
this session. Ground rules to guide the process were agreed in the session. Additionally, core values of the
workshop were set for participants to get maximum benefit from the proceedings of the workshop.
Session 2: Science, technology and co-innovation for inclusive and sustainable development: Approaches,
discourses and experiences.
Key questions in this session were:
a. How do science, technology and innovation address challenges being faced by the resource poor
communities?
b. Is innovation the silver bullet for poverty alleviation and wealth creation?
c. What can we learn from past experiences of technology development, dissemination and adoption by
resource poor communities?
d. From participation to co-innovation: What has been the experience?
e. Can co-innovation be an answer to development of technologies for resource constrained communities?
Step 3 Practical Experiences: Technology Development and innovation Approaches targeting resource
poor communities
Key questions in this step were:
a) What are the practical experiences of technology development and adoption through participation,
multi-stakeholder involvement, innovation systems approach and co-innovation?
b) Can resource constrained communities innovate to fight poverty and create wealth? What have been the
lessons, experiences, outcomes and challenges?
Step 4: Innovation in policy development, public participation and implementation processes.
a) How can policy development processes in science and technology be inclusive for improved
development outcomes in food security and livelihoods?
At the end of the sessions 2, 3 and 4, participants distilled major lessons and issues for further discussion
guided by group task and reported back in plenary
Step 5: What are the implications and the way forward?
This step examined the implications for RAEIN-Africa and partners. Based on that, concrete steps and actions
were defined guided by the following discussion questions:
a) What are the major conclusions for this conference?
b) What concrete actions do you suggest for continued joint learning / action which can work best for the
network – to keep the fire burning?
c. Who should drive that and how?
d. What support will you require from RAEIN Africa secretariat to make this joint learning / action
effective?

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
The Conference generated a lot of exciting discussion on the three themes that were the focus of the
Conference. Not only did the Conference provide insights and positive experiences on the application of
the innovation systems approach in providing development solutions to resource poor communities but also
identified the main issues that still remain a hindrance in the innovation development and utilization by
resource poor communities. The proceedings have therefore been synthesised in terms of the insights and
emerging issues.
Highlights from the Official Opening session
The official opening of the conference was preceded by welcome statement, an overview on RAEIN-Africa,
statement from DGIS representative and keynote presentations from South Africa National Agriculture
Farmers Union (NAFU) and College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa
(UNISA).
Welcome Statement
Mr Andrew Mushita, RAEIN-Africa Board Chairperson welcomed participants to the conference. In his
welcome statement Mr Mushita acknowledged that despite significant investments in science and technology
(S&T) in sub-Saharan Africa the region continued to be plagued by poverty and food insecurity especially
for resource constrained communities. Most countries will not meet Millennium Development Goals on
eradicating poverty and hunger by 2015. Climate change has emerged as one of the major threats to initiatives
for poverty reduction and the resilience of livelihood systems for the poor. The conference provided an
opportunity to reflect, strategize and recharge capacities required to make a meaningful contribution to
poverty eradication as stakeholders (i.e. academicians, policy makers, government officials and civil society
organisations, community representatives, small-holder farmers, scientists, marketers and private sector
representatives). The conference was a platform through which participants would;
1) Identify opportunities and challenges in the application of the innovation systems in developing
pro-poor innovations that enhance resilience of livelihood systems in resource constrained communities
of Southern Africa;
2) Provide an opportunity for actors in science, technology and development to synthesise, share,
document experiences and collaborate in co-innovation processes for inclusive development; and
3) Synthesize lessons emerging from ISP-TEESA and other similar initiatives from the region and
beyond and identify emerging policy options for strengthening co-innovation processes for positive
development outcomes in the SADC region.
Overview of RAEIN-Africa
RAEIN-Africa’s Executive Director, Mrs Doreen Shumba-Mnyulwa, gave a brief background on RAEIN-Africa.
RAEIN-Africa is a regional Network of national multidisciplinary and multi-stakeholder groups
working together on common issues towards enhancing a conducive environment for sustainable development
in southern Africa. The Network applies science, technology and indigenous knowledge systems to innovate
focusing on three thematic areas, namely food security and livelihoods; environment and climate change
and policy and governance. RAEIN-Africa is about inclusive innovation; integrated capacity development;
knowledge for development and sustainable development. RAEIN-Africa’s strategy is based on providing
a platform for different voices of multiple stakeholders in innovation processes. The Network uses the
Innovation Systems Approach (ISA) in the development of innovations for sustainable development in
agriculture and the environment. The ISA fosters innovation; provides a coherent analytical tool for
handling the disparate processes of knowledge creation, distribution and use; allows for overcoming barriers to
innovation and requires full participation of all stakeholders.

Statement from DGIS
In his speech, Mr N. Schelling, an Agricultural Councillor with the Netherlands Embassy and DGIS
representative, highlighted the following key points;
• The key issue of this conference is identifying how investments in science and technology can
be enhanced to really contribute to fight hunger and alleviate poverty. With all the investments in
agricultural and environmental technologies so far, we have not achieved the expected results in many
countries in Africa. The challenges of protecting our environment and the impact of climate change are
becoming more visibly in worldwide food production systems and especially in vulnerable communities
of Africa.
• The spread of new technologies is being shaped by highly globalised patterns of investments and
information and in most cases out of reach of impoverished communities in Africa.
• Southern Africa has made many efforts to create an enabling environment for innovation systems to
address the agricultural and environmental challenges. But the gains of this investment have not been
able to address the mounting challenges: despite investments, small-holder farmers are still battling with
food insecurity, poverty and declining quality of the environment. What approaches, methods, policies
and capacities are therefore required to ensure resilience of livelihood systems in the region?
• The Netherlands Development Cooperation is fully aware of these challenges. In response, the Dutch
Government spends 50% of its development aid in addressing poverty issues in Africa. The Netherlands
Development Cooperation strategy is aimed at improving the effectiveness of the Dutch contribution
to four thematic areas, security and legal order, sexual and reproductive health, water quality and
availability and food security.
• Sustainable economic growth should be driven by private entrepreneurship as a key engine for enduring
poverty reduction and social development. This strategy supports self-reliance of countries and resilient
populations. It also connects between development objectives and global public goods: such as climate
change and biodiversity policies. It is within this framework, that fora such as RAEIN-Africa’s, are
supported by the Netherlands government. ISP-TEESA programme has been implemented by RAEIN-Africa
from 2009 to date and has generated exciting experiences on managing the science-technology-policy-
society interface.
• This conference provides a Platform for reflecting on how multi-stakeholder, participatory and
inclusive approaches can be successfully implemented to achieve development goals. These approaches
will move us away from traditional charity, speaking of “donors” and “recipients”, away from
“technology developers” and “users”. We will rather speak of a global and mutual partnerships, based
on participatory and inclusive growth.
• This conference provides an opportunity to strategize and make science, technology and policy, more
relevant for the benefit of the poor.
KEY NOTE: Constraints Faced by South African Resource Constrained Farmers
The NAFU President, Mr Motsepe Matlala gave an overview of smallholder agriculture, highlighting the
following key points;
• The global food crisis of 2008 underlined the human and environmental vulnerabilities associated with
the prevailing system of food production.
• In the fisheries sector, fish stocks are collapsing and actions undertaken by government and international
institutions have failed to halt their demise.
• It is acknowledged by scientists, policy makers, producers and other key stakeholders in the agro-food
sector that the global agro-food supply chains are unsustainable and that new incentives for increasing
resource efficiency in the sector are crucial to meeting the challenges of increasing nutritional demand
and addressing food security.
• There is need to move towards sustainable food systems, taking into account all aspects of the food
value chain and understanding the drivers of what currently makes food systems unstable.

• In order to successfully address issues of sustainable production, it is necessary to consider production
in conjunction with consumption, because consumption patterns drive demand, which often dictate what
is produced, and to a great extent, how it is produced.
• Soil degradation, climate change impacts and water availability are environmental constraints in
agriculture that require urgent attention. In some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be
reduced by up to 50% by 2020.
• Scientific research has contributed greatly to the improvement of agricultural practices in Africa.
However despite the availability of high-yield and pest-resistant varieties of major crops, there is still a
huge gap between the potential provided by improved germ plasm and the reality of farming yields (the
yield gap), leaving Africa a long way from food sufficiency.
• South Africa resource constrained farmers face the following challenges among others; food insecurity
[without any food safety nets], weather (drought / floods), escalating cost of inputs (fuel, fertilizers,
wages etc.), chemical farming & mono-cropping (causing yield reductions), water availability,
agricultural education & training [all levels] and access to markets.
• There is a high potential for smallholders to derive livelihoods from market-oriented agriculture.
However smallholder farmers face a number of barriers to accessing markets. They are often ill-equipped
to respond to rapidly changing market conditions, are unable to take advantage of the new opportunities
provided by liberalization policies, are ill-equipped to benefit from the new market environment and
they face enormous constraints in physically accessing markets.
• Smallholder farmers also lack information about markets, business and negotiating experience and a
collective organization to give them the power they need to interact on equal terms with other generally
larger, stronger market intermediaries.
KEY SPEECH: An enabling environment for Science and Technology for enhancing innovation for
sustainable development
Professor Fhatuwani N. Madau of the University of South Africa highlighted the importance of looking at
farming as a business. In his key note speech, Professor Madau highlighted the following key points;
• Bankers, politicians, bureaucrats and academics all tell farmers how they should farm and as a result
billions of development funds have been misguided.
• The continent has huge potential and plenty of natural resource for economic development with
agriculture in the lead, but faces a number of challenges; namely health, poverty and energy crisis,
climate change and skills shortage.
• Science and technology (S&T) can play a role in alleviating these challenges. However, Africa faces
a number of constraints to S&T development, lack of management capacity, lack of using equity
instrument within the Direct Foreign Investments, lack of technical expertise and lack of capacity to
negotiate off-take agreements in commodities.
• Addressing these challenges will require increased investment in Research and Development (R&D).
At present Southern Africa invests less than 1% of GDP into research in S&T. Other requirements
include support and expansion of state institutions (research councils), increase in capacity to formulate
and implement S&T Policy, develop capacity to produce and exploit intellectual property and develop
mechanisms to enhance trade of scientific goods.
• On the social level there is need to increase scientific literacy within the general populace by using
community infrastructures to increase the capacity to produce students with Mathematics and Science
competency and agricultural communities (including farmers) to adopt technological tools to improve
their quality of life.
• Other areas critical for Africa’s development were identified as climate change (better irrigation systems),
biotechnology (new cultivars, disease resistance breeds with low fat content), Space sciences
(Remote sensing to increase visibility of areas of geographic importance e.g. land usage and
agriculture; monitoring of the coast lines e.g. enforce fishing rights and communication e.g. satellite
communication), Energy (diversify energy sources, nuclear, hydro, biomass solar, put emphasis on
renewable energy, integrate the African energy pool and efficient utilization of energy) Information &
communications technology. – connectivity, computing, internet, broadband, digitization etc.

In conclusion Professor Mudau stressed that what needed is a positive mind, creativity, building knowledge,
encouraging scholarships, taking risks, avoiding being the enemy of ourselves and minimizing the spirit of
blaming everyone.
Official Opening Statement
In his official opening statement, Mr I. Patel, the Deputy Director General, Social Economic and Partnerships
Division, of the Department of Science and Technology in South Africa highlighted the following key points;
• The Department of Science and Technology develops the agenda for raising funding for S&T, partners
with appropriate institutions to maximise the value of S&T and champions the value of education.
• RAEIN-Africa engagement with DST is timely especially that the department is developing a 5 year
development plan and therefore, this provides room to forge partnerships especially in the areas of
Climate change and SADC S & T programme.
• Innovation platforms are an interesting concept and are therefore key in developing greater interaction
between stakeholders and developing lasting partnerships.
Insights from the Conference
The conference provided insights and lessons learned in the application of the innovation systems approach in
promoting the participation of resource poor communities in technology development and policy formulation
processes as well as the practical experiences in the adoption and utilization of innovations by resource poor
communities. The following insights where identified;
a) Capacity strengthening key for ISA
The different experiences shared through the presentations demonstrated that the successful implementation
of the Innovation Systems Approach (ISA) is largely dependent on building the necessary competencies and
capacities. These should be on both the soft and hard capacities. It requires the building of a critical mass of
cadres at both Msc and PhD levels. The capacity of the actors along the value chain should also be prioritised
for successful implementation of ISA. Identification and recognition of the key competencies required as well
as the different collaborative arrangements required should characterise the initial phase of ISA. The use of
innovation systems as a tool for mind-set and management change was identified as having played a crucial
role in the success of the innovation platforms.
b) Innovative funding arrangements required for ISA
Delegates to the conference observed with concern the dwindling budgets for research and development,
science and technology and agricultural development in the SADC. They also noted that most funding
available for research and development as well as science and technology has been provided by Donors and
that has meant the research agenda setting is not necessarily need driven. The Innovation Systems Approach,
by nature is multi-stakeholder and participatory and its successful application requires adequate resources.
There is need to source funding from alternative sources that include private firms, public institutions and
partnerships. Governments in SADC should increase funding allocations for science and technology, research
and development as well as for agricultural development for innovation systems to provide development
solutions for resource poor communities.
c) Supportive policy and regulatory environment required for development
Sustainable improvements in the livelihoods of resource poor communities require supportive policy
frameworks that support science and technology innovations. It is important that resource poor communities
are brought on board and participate in the policy formulation processes to ensure relevance and appropri-ateness.
The RAEIN-Africa public awareness and participation platforms focusing on policy in Swaziland
and Botswana provided evidence on how effective ISA is in improving public participation of communities
in policy formulation processes and ultimately giving the voice to the voiceless. Given this success it is
important that these platforms be mainstreamed in government programmes for sustainability.

d) Innovation Platforms help to define real community Problems
The presentations from the Conference underlined the importance of defining the real needs of the community
as a basis for developing solutions or innovations to address development challenges based on real
needs. Demand driven technologies have an impact and are widely adopted. Evidence provided from the
different papers highlighted the importance of community participation in research agenda setting including
defining community needs, identifying the core issues or problems to be addressed and contextualising
solutions for clearly identified constraints. The discussions and presentations also showed how researchers and
development practitioners make assumptions about community needs and do not widely consult before
developing the technologies as a result some technologies fail to improve the livelihoods of resource poor
communities.
e) ISA promotes partnership and participation for all stakeholders along the value chain as a key
requirement for success
The top-down approach that promote development and dissemination of technologies as silver bullets
to development was blamed for the high rates of technology rejection. ISA as a bottom up approach that
promotes participatory and a systems approach to technology development has potential for increasing
successful uptake of technologies. The linking of innovation to the whole value chain and to entrepreneurship
were identified as some of the important factors for improving sustainability and effectiveness of the
technology or innovation.
Factors that are important for the success of ISA and the Innovation Platforms were identified from the
discussions following presentations on the practical experiences with ISA, the technology and policy
platforms. These include:
i) Effective Networking and Partnerships
ISA fosters effective partnerships and networking arrangements around identifying, developing and
implementing development solutions. Experiences presented showed that greater success is achieved when
resource poor communities are viewed not as only consumers or recipients of technologies but as equal
partners in the development and utilization of technologies.
ii) Multi-stakeholder processes
The importance of the multi-stakeholder approach was demonstrated through the number of presentations
made at the conference. The multi-stakeholder approach to problem solving provides a holistic analysis of
the problems and development of comprehensive responses presented in a systems way, to the development
challenges faced by resource poor communities. Stakeholder buy in should be based on a shared vision among
supporting institutions as well as among participating communities. Multi-stakeholder processes are critical
in ensuring ownership and sustainability.
iii) Informed Public Participation
Bottom up approaches that include ISA coupled with public awareness creation are important in promoting
informed public participation in policy formulation as well as in research and development. The Botswana
and Swaziland Innovation platform experiences demonstrated the importance of public awareness creation
and public participation in the development of biosafety acts in the respective countries. Effective public
participation goes beyond just having communities attending meetings and accessing information but being
part of decision-making processes.
iv) Overcoming Institutional barriers
Institutions commonly have their own defined approaches and systems of operation that govern the
institutional boundaries. These institutional boundaries and approaches can be barriers to effective
participation in innovation systems. Overcoming these institutional barriers is critical for the successful
application of ISA.

v) Public awareness: The role of media
The media has commonly been left out of multi-stakeholder processes. The practical experiences shared by
the RAEIN-Africa Policy Platforms demonstrated the important role the media can play in not only increasing
public awareness but promoting public participation in the policy formulation process.
vi) Farmer participation in technology development
Top-down approaches commonly view farmers as consumers of technologies with no role to play in the
innovation process. This is largely blamed for the lack of or poor adoption of technologies. Papers based on
analysis of adoption patterns for some technologies showed that it is critical to have farmers participating
in technology development processes if the technology is to be adopted and sustained by farmers. Farmer’s
voices should be heard and be part of decisions making processes by the platform throughout the agenda
setting, technology development and improvement of capacities and supporting policies.
vii) Relevance of technology to time and place development
The relevance of the technology is dependent upon the time in which the technology is released as well as the
location/locality into which the technology is introduced. These two factors, time and location, can influence
the adoption of the technology by farmers. Critical is the need to establish the relevance of the technology in
addressing the context or specific needs of the target group.
viii) Need for shared visions among support institutions
Multi-stakeholder platforms require that supporting institutions develop a shared understanding of the ISA
and a shared vision of the development process. Without this shared vision and understanding institutional
boundaries will limit opportunities for effective partnerships and collaboration.
ix) Guidelines on partnerships and collaboration
Guidelines on partnerships and collaboration should be developed based on the successful experiences from
the countries where ISA has been implemented successfully. This will be critical in scaling up the use of ISA
in government and civil society.
f) Communication is key / Mainstreaming of ISA/ co-learning process/ ISA ensures demand driven
technology development
ISA facilitates a holistic approach to technology development with a focus on the whole product value chain.
Technology Platforms demonstrated the need for full value chain analysis in identifying points of weakness
and strength as well as the points of intervention. ISA reduces the gap between farmer practices and the
research agenda and provides an opportunity for greater communication and understanding between all
actors in the value chain from farmers, researchers, marketers and policy makers-learning processes require that
innovation brokers are neutral and do not demonstrate a top down approach that inhibits farmer participation.
Farmer participation in the innovation process is enhanced by innovation training and capacity development
in a range of skills including entrepreneurship.
g) Indigenous and “Exotic” knowledge
The importance of indigenous knowledge and farmer innovations was highlighted. A number of farmer
innovations were identified as responding to the challenges farmers in the different countries face. However
the effectiveness of some of the farmer innovations remains scientifically unverified. The contribution of
farmer innovations to overall livelihood improvement is hampered by the lack of a clear framework that
recognises farmer innovations including validation of such innovations. The question posed by discussants
was on how we can bring science into indigenous knowledge and create a balance between indigenous and
science knowledge. It is important that in the course of the technology piloting traditional/religious beliefs are
upheld as these could be a limitation to technology adoption and utilization. Going forward it is important that
we develop a framework that recognises indigenous knowledge and its role in social development.

h) Adoption of technologies by resource poor communities
Adoption of technologies was very topical and generated discussion around factors that influence adoption
of technologies. Technologies with demonstrable benefits to the beneficiaries are more likely to be adopted
i.e.it is important for the beneficiaries of the technology to see value in the technology. At times the targeted
beneficiaries fail to see the benefits of the technology in their circumstances and find no reason to adopt it.
In other cases farmers may persist to use a technology despite the numerous impediments that they face in
utilizing the technology including changes in government priorities and policies. Technologies should not
demand extra investment by resource poor communities as well as create additional labour demand. Labour
availability can limit the adoption of the technology even though the technology is technically superior to the
farmer practice. It is important that technology adoption is supported until the time when there is increased
trust of the technology by the beneficiaries. Government can play a role in supporting local innovations. When
technologies are developed in a particular manner with the multi-stakeholder innovation systems approach
then development and adaptation will take place simultaneously thereby increasing the chances of adoption.
Emerging Challenges from the Conference
Despite the insights and positive experiences that have been generated by various actors applying the
innovation systems approach, there still remain issues that require address in the successful application of the
ISA for positive and sustainable development of resource poor communities. The discussions centred around
the need for more clarity on how these issues can be addressed to ensure wider utilization of development
innovations by resource poor communities.
The issues raised were categorised as follows;
a) How to facilitate wide adoption of innovations through the ISA processes
Delegates noted very low adoption rates for technologies meant to improve productivity in most countries.
Low adoption of technologies has continued to be a major puzzle for most research and development
institutions. The need to research on innovations that are relevant to beneficiaries and that improve production
efficiencies was highlighted as the major requirement for improving adoption of innovations by resource poor
communities. Other issues raised on increasing adoption of innovations included the need for increasing the
human capacity in SADC especially at MSc and PhD level, the need to influence government to adopt ISA as
a framework for improving public participation and adoption of innovations as well as the need to bring the
youths on board in innovation development processes.
b) How to develop and implement a Learning oriented Monitoring and Evaluation system of the ISA
process
There were questions raised in the discussions around the impact evaluation of ISA as one of the bottom up
approaches. It is important that ISA is evaluated for effectiveness and compared with the other participatory
approaches that are commonly used by development practitioners. An evaluation of the ISA would also help in
articulating the benefits of the Innovation Platforms as an approach for co-innovation. The distinction between
ISA and other participatory methodologies is also not clear and such an impact evaluation would provide a
basis for clearly distinguishing ISA from the other bottom up methodologies. The other point of discussion
was on the limitations imposed by ISA in terms of up scaling and the resources required to fully implement it.
Sustainability of applying the approach could be compromised by the resource requirements.
c) How to strengthen/promote Communication and Knowledge management of ISA processes
Communication and knowledge management were identified as key issues still requiring attention.
Specifically five issues were identified as key for communication and knowledge management in ISA
processes;
• Strategies for effective communication of science
• Effective knowledge sharing systems
• Effective communication strategies
• Public awareness raising strategies and

• Role of government in these processes
d) How to support Capacity Building and Facilitation of Partnerships in Innovation Platforms
Capacity building of the Innovation Platforms as well as creating partnerships that make Innovation platforms
effective was identified as one of the key issues in the discussions. It was noted that the Innovation Systems
Approach (ISA) takes on board both research and extension and as such requires multi-talented champions
and diverse stakeholders. Within the groups of champions there should be a role for innovation brokerage.
Commitment of members of the Innovation Platform to a common goal and process was identified as one of
the key issues in strengthening the platforms. Capacity building of Innovation Platform actors in soft skills
for development will also be important in building the platform foundation, strengthening the team as well as
the cooperation between the users of the technology, the lead developers of the technology and the supporting
representatives of other development groups along the value chain.
e) How to develop and support implementation of an enabling policy environment for innovation
Policies and regulatory environment that enables access and safe use of the technologies is a prerequisite
for successfully and sustainable adoption of technologies. Beneficiaries should have access to the key
resources (e.g. land ownership, information) required to adopt and make effective use of the technologies.
Policies should address the farmer’s needs on the technologies being adopted. Conflicting policies between
central and provincial governments limit opportunities for resource poor farmers. This is worsened by the
lack of awareness, and limited participation by the resource poor communities in the development and
implementation of legal and policy frameworks supporting science and technology in agriculture.
f) How facilitate Sustainability of Initiatives and Innovation Platforms
The RAEIN-Africa facilitated Innovation Platforms showed that they are effective and successful in their
mandate. However concern was raised on their sustainability after project completion and project phase out.
Options discussed included the adoption of such platforms by government as one way of mainstreaming
ISA in government programmes and increased collaboration with other development organisations. The other
dimension to the sustainability discussion was whether the Innovation Platforms are created to only serve a
single purpose and when that is accomplished the platform is dissolved and another one formed for any other
emerging issue.
g) How to address and mainstream gender in ISA
A question was posed of how ISA can ensure a gender balance in the participation of man and women in
innovation processes and in innovation platforms. Generally a concern was raised on why men continue to
dominate in the production of high value crops like coffee compared to women and how ISA as an approach
could address this imbalance. Related to this concern is the need to clearly define who is poor when looking
at pro-poor technologies and who can access such technologies.
h) How to address Intellectual Property Rights issues in innovation processes
Intellectual Property Rights should be addressed if there is to be effective commercialization of the
innovations that come from the ISA process. Related to this is the issue of intellectual property rights in
innovations that are developed together with farmers. Further research on how to deal with the issues of IPR
in the multi-stakeholder processes such as ISA were encouraged. The issue of protection of farmer innovations
and knowledge system is also to be included in such investigations.
i) How to manage the cost of Innovation
Managing the cost of innovation in the face of declining government budgets for research and development
and donor resources was a topical issue. Specific issues raised included;
• How can the Innovation Platforms be sustainably funded?
• Can governments provide funding for Innovation Platforms?
• How do we reduce dependence on donor funding for funding development of innovations?
• Why is the agricultural sector under-funded when it’s the main employer in most African countries?
How can this be changed?

• When will governments reach the 1% of GDP to research and development agreed in SADC?
• How can we reduce the high cost of GMO technologies?
• What financial model should be adopted for improved agricultural development, farming as a business?
• How can regional and national coordination mechanisms be funded?
• What is the cost of technology transfer at the design stage?
j) How to clearly define the roles of different Actors in Innovation Platforms
The success of ISA is based on the institutions and communities having a shared understanding and vision of
the development process and clearly defined roles and responsibilities of the different development actors in
multi-stakeholder platforms. The main challenge that was identified is how to bring all partners or stakeholders
in a platform to the same level of understanding. The key questions rose included;
• How do we ensure that all partners play their role?
• How do we attract private businesses?
• How do we bring the media on board?
• What should be the role of government in the platforms?
• How do we convince policy makers to invest in the application of ISA?
• How do we include farmers in research agenda setting?
• How do we bring on board and recognise Indigenous Knowledge?
k) How develop a shared understanding of biotechnology and Indigenous Knowledge
There is lack of a common understanding among institutions on biotechnology and GMOs and it will be
important that there are efforts made to create a common understanding. A question was asked of whether
GMO can be classified as a local innovation?
l) How to develop a shared understanding of ISA in practice
Several issues were identified as still requiring clarity on the Innovation Systems Approach (ISA) in facilitating
development processes. Among the issues that were flagged were;
• How does ISA ensure success compared to other bottom up approaches used in development?
• In the ISA what are the rules of engagement for Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)?
• How do we reduce the level of complications regarding technologies when working with resource poor
communities on a technology?
• Who participates and at what level of participation?
m) How to Access climate finance and how countries and institutions can deal with climate change
issues
Accessing climate finance as well as how countries institutions can respond to the realities of climate change
was a topical discussion given its bearing on the resilience of livelihood systems. Specific issues raised around
accessing climate finance as well as responding to climate change included;
• The need for clear guidelines on policy issues e.g. on climate change and GMOs.
• The need to identify how best to deal with issues of climate change.
• The need for climate finance that meets the adaptation priorities of Africa.
• The need for an institutional framework for the administration of carbon credits.
• The need to balance climate change adaptation and mitigation especially given the influence on which
to focus given by available sources of funding.
n) How to market Technologies developed by the ISA process for wide adoption
Concern was raised on how innovations being developed are so focussed on increasing productivity without
much emphasis on the marketing of the resultant produce. As a result farmers find themselves with no markets
for the surplus produce. There is poor market intelligence and most technologies are not linked to markets.
This creates room for middle men to exploit farmers with poor market access.

o) How to ensure complementarity between indigenous and exotic knowledge
Three main issues were raised on ensuing complementarity between indigenous and exotic knowledge and
these are;
• How can IKS be innovated for improved productivity?
• Can we validate farmer’s innovations (IKS) with science?
• How do we balance the need to protect farmer landraces from contamination and the need for
technology to increase productivity?
p) How to communicate on the details of the Innovation Platform Process
There are issues that require further clarity on the Innovation Platform processes and these include;
• Can one platform handle multiple projects with different themes and areas of focus?
• What is new with ISA and the platforms compared to the conventional research and development
approaches?
• What triggers innovation?
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The work presented at the conference demonstrated that the ISA has great potential for both development and
adoption of technologies in support of improved livelihoods as well as for influencing policy development in
the region. However for the approach to work effectively, a number of issues must be taken into consideration.
a. The policy environment must be supportive: This includes a range of policy measures related to
regulation of technologies and commodities, support programmes for farmers etc.
b. Government support of co-innovation: Governments must be encouraged to allocate funds from
national resources for research for development.
c. Institutional arrangements and mainstreaming of the ISA: To enhance effectiveness, it is important
that the ISA is mainstreamed into government policy making processes. There is also need to facilitate
innovative institutional arrangements that will allow for enhanced collaboration and cooperation as well
as improved knowledge and information flows.
d. Stakeholder communication and engagement: Participation of stakeholders is a must for effective
implementation of the ISA. This requires effective development of a sound communication strategy
with mechanisms of feed-back and reflection.
e. Establishment of stronger links with the private sector: Market related issues have strong
implications for the successful adoption and sustainability of innovations in communities. There is need
to facilitate establishment and strengthening of linkages with the private sector.
f. Enhancement of entrepreneurial skills: Farmers must be equipped with entrepreneurial skills to
enable them to maximise on benefits of co-innovation.
g. Sustainability of platform interventions: Mechanisms for ensuring the sustainability of interventions
and their benefits within communities after project close out need to be investigated and incorporated
into future projects.
Roles of RAEIN-Africa
Participants observed that lessons and experience gained with previous platforms justify establishment of
more innovation platforms to respond to other priority areas in the region. Among these are climate change,
biotechnology and biosafety. The Innovation platforms can also be useful approach for use in the up scaling
of other proven technologies such as integrated pest management, conservation agriculture and others as
identified by the users of the technologies.
Participants also observed that whilst a lot of headway has been made with regards to biosafety public
awareness and public participation, indications are that more effort must still be made on awareness creation
and education on modern biotechnology with particular emphasis innovative approaches for enhancing public
participation in biosafety decision-making.

Delegates identified the following as roles that RAEIN-Africa will need to focus on going forward:
Resource mobilization and funding
RAEIN-Africa should continue resource mobilization for interfacing science and technology in agriculture
and environment. RAEIN-Africa encouraged to consider a wide range of potential strategic partners.
Proposals to be developed should reflect the lessons emerging from the conference.
Support to platforms and other Network Partners
The Network should continue to provide a platform for sharing of experiences and joint learning through
regional workshops, conferences as well as electronic and social media including online discussions. RAEIN-Africa
should also continue providing support in the areas of:
o Facilitation of the formation Innovation Platforms on common themes
o Capacity building to enhance the effectiveness of co-innovation; and innovation platforms
o Provision of backstopping to Network partners.
Protection of Intellectual Property Right
RAEIN-Africa should strengthen her role as a hub of information sharing but must also strategize on
protection of IPR with a view to protecting traditional knowledge of farmers and communities.
Strengthening of partnerships in-country
RAEIN-Africa is encouraged to continue with efforts to strengthen partnerships in-country in order to ensure
full institutionalization of activities.
Enhance alignment of regional issues with policy making structures
RAEIN-Africa is encouraged to strengthen links and alignment of issues of regional nature such as biosafety
with regional policy making structures such as SADC.
Capacity building for sustainable development
RAEIN-Africa should continue with capacity building interventions to ensure capacities of actors in the
region are strengthened. Areas of focus should include:
o Policy options for effective implementation of ISA
o Stakeholder mapping and stakeholder relations management for platform actors
o Gender and youths issues in co-innovation processes
o Donor intelligence training for climate change adaptation
o Monitoring and evaluation of projects
o Effective communication of science
o Intellectual property rights and its implications for co-innovation
Roles of Partners
Network partners were encouraged to strive for mainstreaming of the ISA in their own institutions and
countries. Where possible, champions for the ISA / co-innovation approach to development need to be
identified to lobby for mainstreaming of the approach.
Policy Considerations Emerging from the Conference
• Climate Change Adaptation vs Mitigation and Funding Arrangements:
Participants at the conference noted a discord between funding priorities of international development
partners which place emphasis on mitigation whilst national governments appear to place a stronger emphasis
on adaptation. They therefore recommended facilitation of dialogue processes to provide clarity on the issue
at all levels.
• Funding for Science & Technology / Research for development:
Governments in the region must be encouraged to provide more funding support for science and technology.

• Biotechnology and Biosafety:
There is need for clarity on the message to be communicated on genetically modified organisms and the
potential role modern biotechnology can play in livelihoods in the region.
• Indigenous knowledge systems:
The role of IKS in development needs to be clarified.

ANNEX 1: CONFERENCE PROGRAMME
DAY 1: MONDAY 26 AUGUST, 2013
08.00 - 09.00 REGISTRATION
OPENING SESSION
CHAIR PERSON: Prof FMucavele, RAEIN-Africa Board Member
RAPPORTEUR: Dr. P. Dlamini, RAEIN-Africa Secretariat
09.00 - 09.15 Welcome Speech
Mr A. T. Mushita, RAEIN-Africa Board Chair
09.15 - 09.30 RAEIN-Africa, an Overview
Ms D. Shumba-Mnyulwa, Executive Director, RAEIN-Africa
09.30 - 09.45 Key note speech
Mr N. Schelling, Agricultural Councilor, Netherland Embassy, South Africa and DGIS
Representative
09.45 - 10.00 Key note address
Constraints Faced By South Africa’s Resource Constrained Farmers: The Contribution of
Research by Vice President, NAFU
10.00 - 10.15 Key note address
An Enabling Environment for S&T for Enhancing Innovation For Sustainable
Development by Prof F. N. Mudau, UNISA
10.15 - 10.40 Official Opening
Department of Science & Technology, South Africa
10.40 - 11:00 HEALTH BREAK
SESSION 1:
AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION FOR
RESILIENT LIVELIHOODS
Chair: Prof Mkamanga , RAEIN-Africa Board Member
Rapporteur:Mr K. Mutiro, RAEIN-Africa Secretariat
11:00 - 12:25 1. The Role of S&T (or Agricultural Research & Development) in attainment of
MDGs by Mangwende, SANBio.
2. Recharging Capacities for Co-Innovation for Inclusive and Sustainable
Development in SADC by Ms D. Shumba-Mnyulwa, RAEIN-Africa Secretariat.
3. Funding for Innovation and Agricultural Transformation through Science and
Technology in SADC by Dr S. Mwale/ Dr T. Samulenga, CCARDESA.
4. Innovation systems approach for public participation in policy governance:
Constraints, challenges and prospects for developing countries by Dr P. Dlamini,
RAEIN-Africa Secretariat.
5. A case for local climate change adaptation innovation focus by Mr X. Ngwadla,
CSIR.
12.25 – 14.00 NETWORKING LUNCH
SESSION 2
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION FOR POVERTY ALLEVIATION:
APPROACHES, DISCOURSES AND EXPERIENCES
Chair: Mr A. T. Mushita
Rapporteur: Dr D. Mulenga
14:00 - 16:30 1. ‘Fit’ not ‘Fix’: Exploring Introduction of the Black Australorp Breed as a Pro-poor
Agricultural Innovation in Malawi by Mr A. Safalaoh, University of Nottingham.
2. Process Papers from RAEIN-Africa Technology Platforms for Poverty Alleviation:
o The Development Process of an Innovation Systems Approach: The Case of Sweet
potato Innovation Platform in Malawi by Dr A. Maluwa, University of Malawi.
o Namibia

3. Process Papers from RAEIN-Africa Policy Governance Supported Platforms:
o Botswana
o Swaziland
Group Discussion
Group Chairs – Prof I. Mariga; Dr. R. Kingamnkono; Dr S. Mwale; Ms R. Mbulu
16:30-17:00 HEALTH BREAK
17:00-18:30 POSTER PRESENTATIONS
• Swaziland Citizen Jury, by Swaziland Public Awareness and Public Participation
Platform.
• Southern Africa Biosafety and the Environment Programme (BEP) by RAEIN-Africa
Secretariat.
• Southern African Network for GM Detection Laboratories (SANGL) by RAEIN-Africa
Secretariat.
• Capacity Building on Liability and Redress and Access to Genetic Resources and
Benefit Sharing by RAEIN-Africa Secretariat.
19.00-21.00 CONFERENCE COCKTAIL
DAY TWO: TUESDAY 27 AUGUST, 2013
08.30 - 09.30 Group Feedbacks Session
RAPPORTEUR: Dr. D.K. Mulenga
Feedback Group 1
Feedback Group 2
Feedback Group 3
Feedback Group 4
SESSION 3
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES ON TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATIONS TAR-GETING
RESOURCE POOR COMMUNITIES
SESSION CHAIR: Prof I. Mariga
RAPPORTEUR:Dr. P. Dlamini
09.30 - 10.30 1. ISP-TEESA: Breaking New Ground in Co-innovation for Inclusive and Sustainable
Development – What have we learnt? by Ms D. Shumba Mnyulwa, RAEIN-Africa
Secretariat.
2. Co-learning and innovation in smallholder agricultural pest management: reflecting on
advances in developing alternatives to synthetic pesticides in East and Southern Africa
by Mr L. Chikukura, University of Zimbabwe.
3. Knowledge generation and innovation in resource constrained communities: The case
of Dzindi Irrigation Scheme in Limpopo Province of South Africa by Dr. P.
Chaminuka, University of Limpopo.
10.30 - 11.00 HEALTH BREAK
11.00 - 12:40 1. Innovation for and by Resource Constrained Communities in Malawi: Pitfalls,
Opportunities, and Emerging Lessons for Farmers at Dwale Extension Planning Area
in Malawi by Dr A. Maluwa, University of Malawi.
2. The Flow of Agricultural Technologies Within Resource Constrained Communities in
Hwedza District of Zimbabwe by Mr M Charumbira, Biotechnology Trust of
Zimbabwe.
3. Farmer Voice on the application of tissue culture in Sweet Potato Production in Malawi
by Mr M. Matokoso, Farmer.
4. Farmer Voice on application of artificial insemination in Cattle Production in Namibia
by Mr E. Kandji, Farmer.
5. Farmer Voice on agricultural technologies in Limpopo South Africa, Farmer.

12.40 - 14.00 LUNCH
SESSION CHAIR: Mr S. Ipinge
RAPPORTEUR:Mr K. Mutiro
14.00 - 15.30 1. Sweet Potato Tissue Culture and Rural Livelihoods: The Malawi Experience.
2. Banana Tissue Culture and Rural Livelihoods: The Tanzania Experience.
3. Artificial Insemination and Rural Incomes: The Namibian Experience.
4. Institutional Arrangements and Innovation Brokerage in Malawi Aquaculture and
Legumes Innovation Platforms: Getting New Technologies Into Use by Mr N. Moyo,
Feed the Future.
15.30 - 15.45 HEALTH BREAK
15.45 - 17.30 1. Assessment of innovations for sustainable livelihoods for smallholder farmers in
response to changing climates in semi-arid Zimbabwe through farmer perceptions by
Ms K. Musiyiwa, ICRISAT.
2. Institutional and Socioeconomic Factors Influencing Adoption of Conservation
Agriculture with Trees in Karatu and Mwanga Districts, Tanzania by Mr E. Nassari,
EnviroCare.
3. The farmer field school as an agricultural innovation market place: Experiences from
the coffee sector in Zimbabwe by Mr D. Kutywayo.
Group Discussions
Group Chairs (Dr. E. Mneney; Dr. C. Mungoma; Mr A. Safalaoh; Dr D. Earnshaw)
DAY THREE: 28 AUGUST 2013
08.30 - 09.30 Group Feedbacks Session
RAPPORTEUR: Dr. D.K. Mulenga
Feedback Group 1
Feedback Group 2
Feedback Group 3
Feedback Group 4
SESSION 4
INNOVATING FOR PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND
IMPLEMENTATION
CHAIR PERSON:
RAPPORTEUR:
09.30 - 10.30 1. Progress on implementation of the Cartagena Protocol in Southern Africa and
arrangements for public participation in decision making by Mr A. Owusu-Biney,
UNEP-GEF.
2. Biotechnology and biosafety initiatives in SADC: Guidelines for handling GMOs by
Dr Molapong, SADC, Secretariat.
3. Challenges presented by gaps in regulation of modern biotechnology: Perspective of
policy maker. Mr S. Zuke, Swaziland Environment Authority.
4. Using an Innovation Public Awareness and Participatory Platform to Facilitate
Enactment of the Swaziland Biosafety Act of 2012 by Prof. A. Dlamini, University of
Swaziland.
10.30 - 11:00 HEALTH BREAK
11.00 - 12:00 1. Challenges presented by gaps in regulation of modern biotechnology: Perspective of
rural communities (Botswana)
2. Enhancing Biotechnology and Biosafety Public awareness and participation in
Botswana by Dr. S. Ngwako, Botswana College of Agriculture.

3. Implications of traditional knowledge systems on adaptation to climate change by Mr
N Zimba, Zambia Climate Change Network.
4. Perceptions on climate change and its impacts on ecosystem services in Kilimanjaro,
Tanzania and Taita, Kenya: Implications for policy Action by Mr Simeon P. L. Shimbe,
Sokoine University of Agriculture.
CLOSING SESSION
Rapporteur: Mr K Mutiro
12.00 - 13:00 Way Forward
Ms D. Shumba-Mnyulwa, RAEIN-Africa Secretariat
Official Closing Address
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
13.00 LUNCH AND DEPARTURE

ANNEX 2: ABSTRACTS BY SESSION
Opening Session
Welcome Address: Mr Mushita, RAEIN-Africa Board Chair
Protocol…
• The Netherlands Embassy DGIS Representative
• The NFU President
• The Deputy Director General of the Department of Science and Technology
• RAEIN-Africa Board Members here present
• Other Distinguished guests and dear friends
I am honoured to welcome you all to the international conference on “Innovation for Resilient Livelihoods:
Connecting Theory to Practice”.
Significant investments have been made in Science and Technology, Research and Development in an effort
to address the growing levels of poverty and food insecurity particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite
these investments Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be plagued by poverty and food insecurity especially for
resource constrained communities. Most countries will not be able to achieve their MDG targets particularly
that of eradicating poverty and hunger by 2015. In recent years climate change has emerged to be one of the
major threats to initiatives meant to reduce poverty and increase the resilience of livelihood systems of the
poor. Climate change, if not taken head on, promises to cause a huge dent on the trajectory out of poverty for
resource constrained communities of the SADC.
This Conference comes at a time the region is facing rising poverty levels, increasing unemployment,
declining agricultural productivity and increased loss of biodiversity. The Conference provides us with the
opportunity to reflect, strategise and recharge capacities required for us to make a meaningful contribution
to poverty eradication as academicians, as policy makers, as government, as civil society, as community
representatives, as ordinary farmers, as scientists, as marketers and as private firms. I am pleased to see such
a good mix of the different actors, working on making the eradication of poverty a reality in the SADC,
attending this conference.
RAEIN-Africa together with all its Partners in the SADC and beyond, have been working on maximising
the benefits of science and technology and indigenous knowledge systems by developing innovative ways of
managing their interface with society. This has seen the creation of multidisciplinary and multi-stakeholder
platforms in partner countries working towards inclusive and sustainable development innovations. This
Conference is therefore a platform through which we will;
1. Identify opportunities and challenges in the application of the Innovation Systems in development of
pro-poor innovations that enhance resilience of livelihood systems in resource constrained communities
of southern Africa.
2. Provide an opportunity for actors in science, technology and development to synthesise, share,
document experiences and collaborate in co-innovation processes for inclusive and sustainable
development and
3. Synthesize lessons emerging from RAEIN-Africa implemented Innovation for sustainable Development
– Towards the creation of an enabling environment for Innovation in Southern Africa (ISP-TEESA)
and other similar initiatives from the region and beyond and identify emerging policy options for
strengthening co-innovation processes for positive development outcomes in the SADC.
There are no ready recipes or magic formulas on most effective initiatives for the social, economic and
political development of our countries. However I believe that the work that RAEIN-Africa and Partners have
engaged in over the past five years creates enough background to stimulate open and serious discussions on
how we can maximise the benefits of Science and Technology and Indigenous Knowledge systems for the
betterment of resource constrained communities of the SADC. I therefore would like to invite all of us to be
open and creative in our debates and bravely present non-tradition approaches, ideas and proposals, based on

the best experience we have had from implementing various programmes in our countries.
Once again on behalf of myself and the RAEIN-Africa Board and Secretariat I would like to thank you all for
attending this very important conference. Your experience, expertise and readiness to share your knowledge
and ideas are highly valuable and needed as SADC makes efforts to create a more sustainable trajectory out of
poverty for resource constrained communities.
I wish all of us fruitful discussions, interesting findings, observations and establishment of new and exciting
collaborative arrangements and partnerships.
I Thank you
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Key Note Speech:DGIS/Embassy of Netherlands
Mr Niek Schelling, Agricultural Counsellor, Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands at Pretoria, South
Africa
26th August 2013
Dear:
- Chairman and Members of RAEIN-Africa Board
- Programme Director
- Representatives of the Regional Bodies
- Representatives of various Government Departments
- Colleagues from other Embassies
- Members of the press
- Distinguished guests
- Ladies and gentlemen.
Good morning!
My name is Niek Schelling and I am Agricultural Counsellor for Southern Africa, at the Dutch Embassy in
Pretoria. As representative of the Dutch Government, I feel very honoured to introduce on the theme of science
and technology in development, and how this relates to our Government policy on Development Cooperation.
Ladies and gentlemen,
The key issue of this conference is: identify how investments in science and technology can be enhanced
to really contribute to fight hunger and alleviate poverty. With all the investments in agricultural and
environmental technologies so far, we have not achieved the expected results in many countries in Africa. But
we strongly believe that science and technology have a great potential to give answers to our questions. So
somehow we must improve our approaches and become more effective.
The challenges of protecting our environment and the impact of climate change come faster and closer
towards all us. They more and more interact visibly to worldwide food production systems and especially in
vulnerable areas and communities in Africa.
Developments of science and technology are also proceeding faster than ever, and innovations are abundant.
The spread of new technologies is being shaped by highly globalised patterns of investments and information.
And usually out of reach of Impoverished communities in Africa.
This forces us to question how the role of science and technology can become more relevant to really address
crucial development challenges.
Early development theories, such as the “big push” and quick “take-off” and “the pro-poor technologies”

concepts were to simple and have shown their constraints. Many countries did not “take off”; the “pro-poor
technologies” did not necessarily solve the poverty challenges. Some African countries experience an
economic boom, caused by the discovery of oil, gas or minerals, but they hardly develop their rural areas, or
solve their poverty and food security problems.
Southern Africa has made many efforts to create an enabling environment for innovation systems to
address the agricultural and environmental challenges. But the gains of this have not been able to address the
mounting challenges: despite investments, small-holder farmers are still battling with food insecurity, poverty
and declining quality of the environment.
What approaches, methods, policies and capacities are then required to ensure reliance of livelihoods systems
in the region? Addressing the interface of science, technology, policy and society is high on agenda of many
countries and Development agencies.
Ladies and gentlemen
The Netherlands Development Cooperation is fully aware of these challenges. In response to these, the Dutch
Government spends 50% of its development aid in addressing poverty issues in Africa. Our strategy is aimed
at improving the effectiveness of the Dutch contribution to four thematic areas:
1. security and legal order,
2. sexual and reproductive health,
3. water quality and availability
4. food security.
In 2012 the focus of our development cooperation policy shifted from social sectors to production sectors.
We see sustainable economic growth driven by private entrepeneurship as a key engine for enduring poverty
reduction and social development. This strategy supports self-reliance of countries and resilient
populations. It also connects between development objectives and global public goods: such as climate change
and biodiversity policies. It is within this framework, that fora such as RAEIN-Africa’s, are supported by my
Government.
The Dutch Government wants to capitalise on the opportunities offered by the novel technologies such as
biotechnology, to improve impact of our development efforts. For over a decade my Government supports the
multistakeholder platform on biotechnology and biosafety. It has addressed small-holder farmer’s challenges
and it created an enabling environment for innovations for sustainable development.
In the nineties we supported four “Special biotechnology” programmes for resource- constrained communities
in Colombia, Kenya, India and Zimbabwe. The last one has evolved into a regional programme that is now
the RAEIN-Africa. Its ISP-TEESA programme has been implemented from 2009 to date and it has generated
exciting experiences on managing the science-technology-policy -society interface.
Ladies and Gentlemen,
This conference provides a Platform for you to reflect on the way how multi-stakeholder, participatory and
inclusive approaches can be successful to achieve development goals. These approaches will move us away
from traditional charity, speaking of “donors” and “recipients”, away from “technology developers” and
“users”. We will rather speak of a global and mutual partnerships, based on the core of participatory and
inclusive growth.
This conference provides an opportunity to strategize and make science, technology and policy, more relevant
for the benefit of the poor. The experiences you will be sharing are all unique and essential for the way for-ward.
Give us your concrete examples, so we can learn from you: Not only is the process important but also
the substance. As close as possible to reality in your particular circumstances.

I expect that in the future we will see more interwoven approaches, in which science, policy and society
co-construct each other. We will see multiple private-public partnerships between new actors, farmers, civil
society, private companies and research institutions.
I am convinced that the strength and abilities of RAEIN-Africa will mobilise support and engage us all,
in the worlds` challenges. I am encouraged by all present here: Governments representatives, civil society
organisations and companies that want to move forward: away from traditional developers and disseminators,
into responsible participants in this joint innovation process for social and environmental improvement.
Eradication of extreme poverty will continue to be a major goal for countries of SADC. I see responsible
participation of stakeholders as the key to innovative and inclusive growth, food security and poverty
alleviation.
I strongly believe this conference will recharge our inspiration and commitment to eradicating poverty finally
allowing us all to “take off”.
Thank you
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Session 1: An Enabling Environment for Science, Technology and Innovation for Resilient Livelihoods
Session 2: Science Technology and Innovation for Poverty Alleviation: Approaches, Discourses and
Experiences
Abstract 1:‘Fit’ not ‘Fix’: Exploring Introduction of the Black Australorp Breed as a Pro-poor Agri-cultural
Innovation in Malawi
Andy Safalaoh, Sujatha Raman and Ian Forbes
Institute for Science and Society, University of Nottingham,
University Park, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
safalaoh@gmail.com; sbxacs@nottingham.ac.uk; +447769095241
Introduction of agricultural technologies is widely recognised as one of the cornerstones of productivity
enhancement intended to bring about improved livelihoods of the poor. Despite their much-publicised
‘promises’, their adoption and the vaunted ‘pro-poor’ benefits are often times unsatisfactory. This study seeks
to address the question on how innovation pathways could ensure that technological interventions significantly
contribute to livelihoods of the poor. Specifically, the study investigates enablers of and barriers to the
adoption of the Black Australorp (BA) chicken breed in Malawi. The BA breed was introduced to increase
egg and meat production of the local chicken through crossbreeding. The study draws on and integrates key
concepts from innovation system studies, diffusion of innovations research and the sustainable livelihoods
approach. The investigation takes a qualitative approach, using a case study research strategy. The study site
is Thyolo District, Malawi. Participants were selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques.
Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and an analysis of relevant
documents. Preliminary findings show that ‘no one size fits all’. Enablers of successful BA adoption
include congruence with adopters’ needs, affordability, accessibility and sustenance of production. Availability
of complementary innovations such as vaccines and enabling policy and institutional frameworks are also
crucial. Barriers to non-adoption and discontinuance include non-availability or inadequate supply of the
technology, mismatch between technology requirements and available resources, high poverty levels, weak
institutional support mechanisms and preference for alternative technologies. It is concluded that ‘pro-poorness’
of agricultural technologies is not about ‘technological fix’ but ‘technology fit’ through creation of
a context-specific enabling environment.
Keywords: Technology adoption, context, barriers, enabling environment, pathways

Abstract 2: The Development Process of an Innovation Systems Approach: The Case of Sweet Potato
Innovation Platform in Malawi.
Dr. Alfred Maluwa1, Raymond Chimsale2, Dr. Moses Maliro3, Dr. Felistus Chipungu4 and Felix Chipojola4.
1University of Malawi, Kamuzu College of Nursing, Lilongwe, Malawi; 2CADECOM Chikwawa, Chikwawa,
Malawi; 3LUANAR, Bunda Campus, Lilongwe, Malawi; 4Bvumbwe Agricultural Research Station, Limbe,
Malawi.
Malawi developed and is implementing an innovation systems approach through a sweet potato production
and value chain project. The project started in 2011 and will be concluded in 2014. The project is being
implemented in Makhanga Extension Planning Area in Nsanje district. The area was chosen because the
people were food insecure due to failure of maize the main staple food caused by frequent floods and droughts.
Farmers in the area have adopted sweet potato to mitigate against the food insecurity. The crop is drought
and flood tolerant, nutritious and farmers harvest multiple crops annually due to its short growing cycle. The
platform promotes interaction of various actors in the sweet potato value chain, which is an innovative way of
approaching food security, as opposed to the traditional way of involving actors in one segment of the value
chain. The members of the innovation platform were selected according to their expertise and relevance to
the project from government, NGOs, local leaders, community members and the business community. The
RAEIN-Africa National Working Group through the National Contact Point at Bunda College initiated and
took a leading role in the formation of the platform and Catholic Development Commission (CADECOM)
was selected to coordinate the platform activities. CADECOM had more activities than others that were
related to sweet potato production and value chain in the area. All the platform members participated in the
development of the proposal and underwent 2 training sessions in innovation systems approach which
improved understanding among all the members. The farmers had additional training on production and
value chain of sweet potatoes. The innovation platform has enrolled 110 farmers which are organized through
clusters of villages under village heads. This arrangement is efficient because the farmers support each
other within their clusters. The community members perceive the innovation platform as a source of new
knowledge from research and extension and it has assisted them to change their mind set by cultivating the
spirit of self-help. The organization and management of innovative platforms requires dedicated people at
secretariat, robust steering committee and dedicated local communities that are ready to participate in the
learning and implementation of activities that boost their agricultural, production, processing and marketing.
The system is ideal in a setting where extension services are decentralized and implemented in a pluralistic
manner.
Key words: Sweet potato; Innovation system approach; Farming community members; Food insecurity;
Drought and flood mitigation;
Abstract 3: Enhancing Biotechnology and Biosafety Public awareness and participation in Botswana:
Experiences of the Botswana Innovation Platform
S. Ngwako*, K. P. Walker, D. George, M. Matsheka, T. Moyo, M. Pholo, M. K. Molelekeng, U. Batlang, D.
Gaborekwe, T. Mfolwe, F. Mmereki, D. Machacha, K. Lethola, C. Mazereku, K. Monare, N. Bodilenyane, N.
Radijeng, B. Sesanyane and O. Mapitse
Department of Agricultural Research, Private Bag 0033, Gaborone, Botswana
* Corresponding Author: sngwako@bca.bw
The Botswana Biotechnology and Biosafety Public Awareness and Participation Innovative Platform
(BOPAPIP) was established with a mandate to promote and facilitate public awareness and education on
issues of biotechnology and biosafety in Botswana. The outcome of the process was expected to be processing
and finalization of the National Biosafety Framework as well as suggestions on mechanisms for public
participation in biosafety decision-making in line with Article 23 of the Cartagena Protocol. The
platform included actors of different background including scientists, farmers, seeds companies and
media representative. The platform embarked on several awareness activities with the purpose of
Enhancing knowledge of stakeholders to facilitate participation in decision making regarding the safe

use of biotechnology in Botswana for sustainable livelihood. This awareness creation helped to facilitate
mainstreaming of Biosafety issues in the national agenda. The awareness creation has resulted in the
debate and approval of the policy on biotechnology and biosafety by policy makers paving the way for
the development of the bill and regulations to be discussed and passed by the policy makers, as they have
realized the need for the country to have the National Biosafety Framework (NBF) in place to guard against
the effects of Biotechnology and Biosafety in Botswana. Kgotla meetings were found to be an efficient
mechanism for engaging with large members of the public with a view to raising awareness and facilitating
dialogue at community level.
Keywords: Awareness, biotechnology, biosafety, GMO, Kgotla, workshops
Abstract 4: Application of the Innovation Systems Approach for Public Awareness and Participation on
Biosafety: The Case of Swaziland
Magagula C.N1*. Dlamini A.M.2; Dladla G.3; Mhlanga, C.3; Dlamini C.Z.3; Zuke S.3
1 University of Swaziland, Department of Biological Sciences, P/B 4 Kwaluseni, Swaziland. Cebisile@
uniswa.sz; +268 2517 0292; +268 7605 8258; 2 University of Swaziland, Department of Animal Science, P/B
Luyengo, Swaziland; 3 Swaziland Environment Authority, Ministry of Tourism and Environment, Mbabane
Swaziland.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) addresses trans-boundary movement of living modified
organisms. Swaziland acceded to the CPB in 2006 at the same when the National Biosafety Framework
was completed. However, there, were delays in adoption of the Biosafety Bill of 2008. The long delay in
enactment of the low was attributed to a number of hindrances, related to minimal understanding of the country’s
obligations with regard to the CPB. To overcome this challenge, a multi-stakeholder platform, based on the
Innovation Systems Approach (ISA) was utilised to facilitate and catalyse the approval process of biosafety regulatory
mechanisms, emphasising stakeholder-based initiatives. The Public Awareness and Participation Platform
(PAPP) was composed of diverse representation of affected and influential stakeholders whose expertise
helped to advance the level of awareness on biosafety issues in a sustainable way. A number of innovative
activities were formulated and implemented through surveys on biotechnology and farming, disseminating
outreach materials, interactive workshops, field tours, public debates and citizens’ jury, amongst others. These
activities were dynamic and could be modified based on the platform’s experiences and targeted towards
enhancing its capacity, due to continuous feedback loops of the participation and learning processes.
Utilisation of the ISA yielded a number of benefits for the platform and country. These included: improved and
balanced reporting on biotechnology and biosafety by the media; increased participation of stakeholders in
decision making process towards the Bill’s adoption; successful training of trainers on Biosafety inspections
and enactment of the Biosafety Bill to an Act of Parliament in 2012. Additionally, the regulatory authority is
already utilising the platform’s achievements by initiating strategies for interventions on biosafety, such as
the mainstreaming biosafety into education curricula as well as mainstreaming of the ISA to influence policy.
PAPP’s experiences have highlighted that the ISA can be effective in conveying highly scientific information
to sectors of society that cannot easily comprehend it, thus facilitating the appropriate regulation of such
technologies.
Keywords: Innovation Systems Approach, Public Awareness and Participation platform, multi-stakeholders
approach; innovation; biosafety

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