Personality Disorders as Predictors of Lethal Intimate Partner Violence

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RunningHead:PERSONALITYDISORDERSASPREDICTORS
Personality Disorders as Predictors of Lethal Intimate Partner Violence:
Narcissistic and Paranoid Personality Disorders
Donna L. DeMond
Regis University
Authors Note
Donna L. DeMond, Department of Criminology, Regis University
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Donna L. DeMond, Department
of Criminology, Regis University, Denver, CO. 80221
Contact author: ddemond@regis.edu

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PERSONALITYDISORDERSAS PREDICTORS
Table of Contents
Introduction/Problem Statement……………………………………………………………….5-8
Definition of Lethal IPV ………………………………………………………………………...8
Definition of Personality Disorder……………………………………………………………..8-9
Definition of Narcissistic Personality Disorder……………………………………………….....9
Definition of Paranoid Personality Disorder……………………………………………………9
Definition of Borderline Personality Disorder………………………………………………..9-10
Definition of Anti-Social Personality Disorder………………………………………………10
Elements of Study…………………………………………………………………………10-11
Hypothesis………………………………………………………………………………………11
Limitations of Research……………………………………………………………………11-12
Review of Literature………………………………………………………………………...12-16
Methods……………………………………………………………………………………..16-19
Procedures………………………………………………………………………………………19
Sample Group……………………………………………………………………………….19-20
Data Utilization……………………………………………………………………………........20
Mode of Analysis……………………………………………………………………………21-21
Diagnosis of Procedures………………………………………………………………………...21
Overview…………………………………………………………………………………….21-23

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Case Studies: Male Offenders with NPD, or PPD………………………………………......23-27
Personality Traits That Predict Violent Behaviors…………………………………............27-28
IPV Without Recognizable PD’s……………………………………………………………….28
Secure and Insecure Attachments…………………………………………………………...28-30
The Prevalence of IPV Related Homicides…………………………………………………30-31
Love Triangles………………………………………………………………………………31-32
State of Michigan: Variables………………………………………………………………..32-36
Murder for Hire……………………………………...............................................................36-37
Discussion…………………………………………………………………….......................37-38
Summary and Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 38-40
References…………………………………………………………………………………...41-44
Appendices…………………………………………………………………………………..45-47
Appendix A: Correlations of PD’s……………………………………………………...45
Appendix B: People of Infamy Who have Committed Lethal IPV…………………….46
Appendix C: Murder in the United States……………………………………………..47

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Abstract
The topic of choice for research-lethal intimate partner violence (IPV)-as well as the antecedents
of those males that commit such offenses are being examined throughout this research study.
Lethal, which includes both attempted murder, and successful follow throughs upon the female
victim, will be emphasized within this paper. The disorders Narcissistic, and Paranoid
Personality Disorders will be used as the experimental group to be evaluated, to be able to
comprehend if these antecedents are indeed predictors of those that commit lethal IPV (Grohol,
2015). Personality disorders in particular in these offenders, opposed to those that have
committed a) acquaintance or stranger homicide, or b) or suicide are being evaluated. The female
victim, and the male perpetrator that has a strong predilection toward, a personality disorder(s) as
mentioned in the preceding portion of this study is the premise for this report. Conversely, the
characteristics of the female victim may be touched upon-- but will not be researched in-depth.
Keywords criminology, lethal, intimate partner violence, personality disorders

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Introduction
Domestic Violence (DV) - also known as Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) - is something
that is viewed as an epidemic in today’s society. The topic is nothing new, and the issue is not
something that is a passing phenomenon; IPV remains steady in its number of occurrences, and
has also seen a steady increase in the female victim being wounded severely, and often times
fatally (Florida Coalition Against Domestic Violence, n.d.).
Somewhere in this country right now, a female victim is concerned about what will
happen when her intimate partner returns to her after a work day, party, or whatever the case
may be. Somewhere at this very moment while the reader is becoming aware of this very real
epidemic, a female is being emotionally, physically, or sexually abused by her current, or former
intimate partner (Florida Coalition against Domestic Violence, n.d.); wives, and ex-wives,
girlfriends, and former girlfriends as well, are all a part of this depiction. Four women are
murdered everyday by their former, or current intimate partners (Florida Coalition against
Domestic Violence, n.d.). The Florida Coalition against Domestic Violence (n.d.) states that
women ages thirty-five, through to forty-nine years old, are the most vulnerable to Lethal IPV.
Murder, via Intimate Partner Violence is an ongoing problem that many women face day after
day, and a nationwide problem that has not shown any signs of cessation (Florida Coalition
against Domestic Violence, n.d.).
Lethal IPV Incidences: FL., and MI.
May, 2015-- in Oscoda County, which is located in Northern Michigan, a woman who
had been battered for years by her former boyfriend was murdered, along with her three children

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after leaving the town where they resided as a family-- needing to go elsewhere for safety from
the abusive ex-boyfriend. The offender in this case killed himself as well as the female, and her
children (Radecki, 2015). February 13, 2015-in Hillsborough County-located within the western
hemisphere of Florida, a woman that was reported to be estranged from her soon to be ex -
husband, was brutally shot, by her former spouse-- while their children watched the terror
unfold. These are merely two variants in the types of scenarios, and demeanors of those that
commit fatal intimate partner violence (Hillsborough County Sheriff’s Office, 2015).
With so many ongoing issues as it relates to domestic violence—including lethal intimate
partner violence, many professionals, policy makers, and laypersons alike are looking to
understand what happens in the psychology of the male who batters, and then who progresses
into stalking, and murder of his female counterpart. What makes the male who batters, then
potentially kills his intimate partner proverbially tick behind the surface? Are there psychiatric
disorders that predict how and when these individuals will batter, stalk, and go on to murder their
former-or current intimate partners? For treatment of the batterers and prevention of future lethal
violence, the antecedents of those who commit Lethal IPV are required to be investigated even
further in-depth.
Regarding the examination of the criminal mind relating to antecedents of the lethal
batterer--an eclectic approach of theory will be utilized within this research study for a broader
perspective on what spurs the criminogenic mind frames of this type of individual. The following
theories are considered with the criminality of the batterer, and what makes he who murders his
female victim, opposed to non-batterers: Psychodynamic Traits Theory, Rational Choice Theory,
and Routine Activities Theory.

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Psychodynamic Traits Theory stresses that there are significant emotional attachments
from childhood that are guiding our future relationships (Dechant, 2009). The negative
experiences the criminals had as children have damaged their egos making the offenders unable
to cope with societal norms, thus causing the irrational and potentially battering behaviors
(Dechant, 2009). Rational Choice Theory posits that individuals act in their own best self-
interests, and make their decisions to commit any crime after they weigh the risks, and
rewards—but continue on with the criminality iregardless (Dechant, 2009). Lastly, The Routine
Activities Theory brings forth a simple equation of understanding three simple concepts
regarding criminality: 1) there is a motivated criminal, 2) there is a suitable target, or victim, and
3) there is lack of guardianship over the intended person, or property (Farrel, Clark, Ellingworth,
& Pease; 2005). Clearly there is a cause and effect correlation between the mentalities of the
offender speculated within these criminological theories as posited here, as well as the disorders
with the behaviors within the research material. Subsequently, it is quite apparent that the
motivators, additional to comprehending the antecedents present in the male that commits:
battering, stalking, and homicide, are chronic issues that need more direct assistance to be able to
foretell when a victimization may transpire--even before battering occurs the first time. This may
be helpful in paving the way for laws to be amended, and prevention techniques to be positioned
to better prevent occurrences to begin with. Stricter laws, better honed treatment, and prevention
tactics need to be in place. Understanding the male batterer more in depth is quintessential for
any of these changes to be implemented. Correspondingly—a depiction of specific
comprehensions of what the terms, lethal refer to, Intimate Partner Violence, personality
disorders, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Paranoid Personality Disorder, Borderline, and
Antisocial Personality Disorders before the research, and the results are presented. Additionally,

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to follow within this research, is how these personality disorders, whether they be overt
observable traits, or meet full diagnostic criteria for each disorder—how they correlate with
aggression, an violent behaviors in the battering male—as well as help to predict not only
violence, but lethal IPV.
Terminology Defined
In the following paragraphs, the terms that need distinction as they relate to this research
endeavor, as well as general concepts of the verbiage will be explained.
Lethal IPV.
The official definition of the term lethal refers to a) causing, or able to cause death, b)
grave damage, or destruction (Meriam Webster, 2015). Addition to the aforementioned—the
definition of the term Intimate Partner Violence refers to actual, or threatened physical, sexual,
or psychological harm by current, or former romantic partners (Maryland Department of Health,
2012). Examples of the said can be referring to hitting, choking, restraining her from leaving,
unwanted sexual acts, stalking and harassing, name calling, threats of violence, control over
reproduction (refusal to wear condoms during intercourse), and inflicting his partner with sexual
transmitted diseases willfully (Maryland Department of Health, 2012).
Personality Disorders (PD’s).
Personality Disorders can be described by the following concepts: distorted thinking
patterns, and problems with emotional responses; individuals with personality disorders are
either over, or under regulatory with their impulse control, and have chronic interpersonal
difficulties (Grohol, 2015).

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD).
Individuals with this disorder “have significant problems with their sense of self-worth,
stemming from a powerful sense of self entitlement” (Hoerman, Zupannick, & Dombeck, 2015;
p.2); this initiates within this person a desire to prove they have superiority, and a need to react
strongly when they are not receiving treatment by others that meets the ideation that they are
better than everyone else. This thought process is that of the individual with NPD being
particularly smarter, more attractive, and more capable (whatever the case may be)- which leads
him, to mistreat the people that surround them because they are not being valued the way they
believe they should be by others. This in turn causes the upsets that are cumulating in the
individual lashing out at the intended target. In this case, it is the IP. Notoriety, social status,
material wealth for examples-- are very crucial to the self-satisfaction, and the ego remaining in
balance for this type of person. Any disruption, or wounding of the preceding in someone with
this disorder provokes intense emotional reactions—including anger, when their needs are not
satisfied to their standards (Hoerman, et al., 2015; & Grohol, 2015).
Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD).
An individual with this disorder has “a pervasive mistrust, and suspiciousness of other
people” [w]ithout being provoked; “people with this disorder assume others are out to harm
them, take advantage of them, humiliate them” (Hoerman, et al., 2015; p.1). They may attack
quickly if they have an inkling of perception that someone-- their romantic interest, is practicing
the perceived erroneous behavior. This can include romantic, and sexual relationships as well
platonic relationships. Pathological jealously, and infidelity, are continual thought processes of
misdeeds done to them amongst persons with PPD. These individuals also tend to hold grudges
eminently against those that have inflicted the perceived wrongs in their worlds (Grohol, 2015).

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Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).
Individuals with this disorder tend to experience intense, unstable emotions, and moods
to the point where they can shift from moment to moment erratically without much provocation
(Grohol, 2015).When their anger is aroused by what may be a sense of betrayal, or what may be
a threat to the security-longevity of a relationship—they are quick to act, and over react;
subsequently, they are slow to calm themselves down. When they are distinctly emotional as
such—they engage in risky behaviors such as binge drinking, or illicit substance use (cocaine is
often the substance of choice). Sexual promiscuity often comes into the scenario atop the other
variables mentioned. The fear of abandonment is what premediates the individuals with BPD to
react as they do (Grohol, 2015).
Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD).
Individuals with this disorder have “pervasive patterns of disregard for the rights of
others” which manifests itself as hostility, and or aggressive behaviors” (Hoerman, et al., 2015;
p.2). These aggressive behaviors may manifest themselves in an obvious manner, (i.e. picking
fights, bullying, being physical), or in a covert manner (pushing to the head of a long line, calling
someone often when it is unwanted or uninvited). These chronic indicators may prevail from
adolescence, which could begin as acts of bullying peers, truancy from school, problems with
anyone of authority, and the notorious act of mutilating, or hurting animals (Grohol, 2015). Risk
taking, and lack of remorse of causing harm to any number of individuals or property, is a
hallmark trait of APD. Once again they do not respect authority, or people that are deemed “in
charge” (Grohol, 2015).
The Elements of Research

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In direct juxtaposition with the language utilized to introduce the reader to what defines a
P.D., and what traits those that are being depicted for this study exhibit—the male offender that
is a) showing multiple traits of any of these disorders, or b) have a full syndromes for any of
diagnosable P.D.’s, are congruent with many batterers that have gone on to commit lethal IPV.
In the proceeding pages, specific case studies will be presented, as well as probable PD’s that
each of these offenders possess. Also, the overlapping characteristics of any of the preceding
mentioned and how they relate to lethal IPV (see Appendix B).
Offenders aggressive, or violent behaviors that have progressed to stalking, and then
following through with lethal violence upon their significant others—whether they had been
current, or former are being looked upon for further evaluation. The experimental group as
proposed for this research consists of those with NPD, and PPD, as proposed within the
hypothesis that these P.D.’s are predictors of lethal Domestic Violence (D.V.). Additionally, the
control group participants for this research will consist of those that have BPD, and APD’s. The
dependent variable of the male offender who commits the crime of murder, versus those that a)
commit murder upon strangers, or acquaintances, and b) those that commit suicide, are being
delved into. Lastly—a nomothetic causality, concerning substance use during the commission of
the crimes are being gauged as well (Babbie, 2013).
Hypothesis.
Male perpetrators of Lethal IPV, exhibit criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorders, and,
or, Narcissistic Personality Disorders, or have meet full diagnostic criteria.
Limitations, and Delimitations of Research.

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Because of the sensitivity, and the possible—legal, and or ethical ramifications with this
population(s), victims, and or the surviving members may not have the willingness to participate
in a study as it relates to oneself, or loved one being slain by a former IP. Because of these
instances, surveys, and questioners are literally not allowed in a) domestic violence centers, and
prison systems are not aware in some cases what classifications of murder the offender has
committed. They are only privy to murder for hire for example as a general charge of what the
crime was, and not the intimate details. These are some of the very distinct limitations regarding
research on known, or convicted offenders, and victims of lethal IPV. Delimitations of this study
are that numerical data is readily available for the general public’s use, on cites such as FBI’s
website, and The NCR (National Crime Report), as well as most local law enforcement agencies
web sites. Domestic Violence help sites, also provide information on statistics, and scenarios as
well.
Literature Review
Speaking specifically of the subject matter of fatalities as it regards intimate partner
violence, specific case studies, as well as general statistics concerning the said, and literature
presented within this study reiterates, and compliments the original hypothesis of NPD, and
PPD’s being interrelated- adjacent to- lethal IPV, and aggression, and violence overall.
Authors Varley, Thorton, Graham-Kevan, & Archer (2010), speak of personality traits
that are directly related to predictions of violent behaviors. Within the article Adaptive &
Maladaptive Personality Traits as Predictors of Violent and Nonviolent Behaviors in Men, and
Women, this study specifically ties together Cluster A, and B PD’s, as well as the way either sex
behaves in the core of controversial scenarios. The terms low agreeableness is posited within this
material multiple times, reiterating how the PD’s, behavioral patterns, and the yield of

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aggressive, or violent behaviors are the end result. The reactive behavior of physical aggression
is touched upon for both female and male perpetrators. The authors cite here that the low
agreeableness (as posited in within the beginning of the paragraph), are undeniably correlated
with IPV; furthermore NPD is affiliated with perpetrating crime, and violence both.
Additionally—NPD has been associated with violence when in relationships (Varley, et al.;
2010). It appears as though what spurs the aggression in someone with NPD is when a threat to
the ego, on the chronic need for self-appraisal is encumbered, causing the upheaval between the
romantic partners. Subsequently, authors Leonardo-Bvck, Leeaars, Geradus Emme-Kamp, & van
Marle (2014) also speak about personality traits as it relates to IPV; within the article Personality
Traits are Related to Intimate Partner Violence Among Securely Attached Individuals, the
authors debunk the general concept that male batterers are insecurely attached individuals. This
study states that roughly forty percent of male batterers in recent studies were found to have
secure attachment styles, opposed to the most common precept of male batterers being insecurely
attached because of parenting styles. Moreover, male perpetrators who were presumed to have
NPD, and, or BPD, were securely attached (Leonardo-Bvck et al.). In (2010), Esbec &
Echeburua go into depth explaining the official psychitric diagnoses of personality disorders,
especially as they relate to committed violence in offenders (DeMond, 2015); as it concerns the
subcategories, or clusters as per the classiciation system in the Diagnostic and Statistic reference
book for mental disorders, PD’s are subdivided in the groups Clusters A, B, and C. Paranoid,
Borderline, and Narcassistic PD’s are most commonly affilated with violence, including lethal
domestic violence. This may include full diagnostic criteria for these disorders, or a signifcant
amount of the traits as proposed within the DSM (Esbec & Echeburua, 2010). As it concerns
theory of the criminal thought process, Dechant (2009), as well as Farrel, Clark, Ellingworth, &

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Pease (2005), explain the premise of what drives, and motivates the criminaility from different
perspectives; as it concerns the Psychodynamical Trait Theory as proposed in the research
Psychology of Criminal Behaviors: Theories from Past to Present, authors introduce the
importance of the subliminal activity stemming from childhood, that triggers the behaviors of the
present day criminality of an individual. The ego damage inflicted upon the now adult causes the
individual to behave in manner that is not deemed pro-social, in an effort to recooperate the lack
of ability to adapt to societal norms, thus causing the antisocial behavior patterns (Dechant,
2009). Also, Farrel, et al., cite that what motivates criminal activity is based upon three simple
concepts: motivation to committ any crime, a suitable target, or victim, and lack of safety
surrounding the person, or things being targeted for the crime.
Referring back to the original precept for correating IPV, and PD’s, Haggstrom, and
Petersson, (n.d.) present their scholarly research that pertains to mental disorders, and the direct
connection with violence between the male offender, and the female victim in the article
Characteristics of Intimate Partner Homicide Perpetrators. Additionally, these perpetrators use
reactive violence with their partners which is triggered by the male offender feeling vulnerable
because they have a sense of loss of control over a situation causing them to lash out
aggressively, or violently with their intimate partners (Haggstrom and Petersson, n.d.). This
exertion of control to combat the vulnerability in the offender can cumulate in not just physical
violence, but verbal, sexual, emotional, and perhaps even stalking of the female counterpart.
In direct contradiction to all theories posited on antecedents prior to lethal IPV, there are
two case studies which demonstrate otherwise: Psychic Family Violence and Pathological
Jealousy with Tragic Consequences, Buhas (2013), and Nelson, & Sherwood, ToBlame Chris
Benoit's Murder, Suicide: Was Brain Damage? (2010) both express in each case scenario where no

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known domestic violence, or over aggressive behaviors towards the former female intimate
partners exisisted prior to the crimes. Also -and of equal importance-there were no known
reported pychitric illness’ prior to either murders. These are the exceptions to the figurative rules
as presented with the variances in all other scenarios presented. Consequently, in the case studies
interwoven throughtout this study— the represetations of intimate partner violence that did
progress into murderous conspiracies are the case studies of the male perpetrators who did
committ these heinous crimes against their IP. These criminals consist of the notorious cases of
Scott Peterson, who killed his then preganant wife, Drew Peterson, (no known relation to the
former) who killed one of his former wives, and is suspected of killing yet a second wife, and
Charles “Buck” Thurman who is known for the overt, and savage attempted murder of his former
wife Tracy Thurman. In these instances authors Gore (2011), Lannmark Domestic Violence
Legislation: Tracy Thurman, vs. Torrington, CT, Is There a Dovonside?, and the articles Scott
Peterson: Statement Anaysis, author McClish (2003), and Drew Peterson Biogrpahy”
Murdered, by author Bio (2015) speak of the specifc details of the criminality of murder upon
their former intimate partners, as well as illustrate their behaviors, demeanors, and motives for
stalking, and murdering their wives, and girlfriends. Supplimentary, and complimentary to these
news articles are videos1, and or audio taped footgage of one –on- one interviews with these
criminals while there were missing persons (their female vicitms). [(Note that there was also as
forensic evidence, after mising persons were delclared, which had each of them detained on
suspicion of homicide)] (Gore (2011; McClish, 2003; & Bio, 2015). In some instances trials
were pending for the murders of missing women during the search for the former IP’s 2. In each
of the instances, their behaviors appear bizarre (i.e. calm, aloof, and intensley self assured,
1 See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11LAvopWkUQ
2 See http://www.today.com/id/30759276#.VVyzC0ZRJZZ

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inspite of incarcerations, and accusations,). These offenders, all, or in part, are representive of
the mindframes that are conducive to persons with NPD, and PPD (Gore 2011; McClish, 2003;
Bio, 2015; & Grohol, 2015). In some instances trials were pending for the murders of vicitms,
and they remained diligently confient that they would be acquited of any wrong doing where
there former IP’s were concerned.
Lastly, quantitive study on the demogrpahics of the vicitms killed via lethal intimate
partner violence, what weapons were used by the perpetrators, as well as timelines are provided
through federal law enforcments agencies, local agencies, as well as including multiple
variances in timespans. The F.B.I: Crime in the United States: Expanded Homicide Data, by
authors Unified Crime Report-F.B.I. (2010), presents data that states murder as being the number
one on the list of violent crimes committed. Additionally, lethal IPV ranking just under murder
by strangers, or acquaintances. As well, in the The F.B.I.: Special Report: Violence Among
Family and Intimate Partner, F.B.I. (2003), the number of wives, ex-wives, girlfriends, and ex-
girlfriends murdered by their former IPV is presented in clear, and fathomable data for quantitive
assessments.
Unmistakably with the clear and present danger that revolves around a) aggression,
b)violence, c) domestic violence, that are directly linked to d) lethal intimate partner violence,
and PD’s, the variances in literature pin points the necessity for review, as well as the
expounding upon of understanding what predilections are correlated with these disorders, and
specifically lethal IPV.
Methods

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Concerning the hypothesis for this research study-Male perpetrators of Lethal
IPV, exhibit criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorders, and, or, Narcissistic Personality
Disorders, or have meet full diagnostic criteria- the following need to be considered: when male
offenders (as depicted throughout the research) commit murder against their either former, or
current female victims (intimate partners),often times either some aspects of their personality are
what clinicians, and laypersons alike , label as disordered. That is, there are overt parts of the
offender’s behaviors, and distinct actions of theirs that make the person experiencing his
behaviors pervasive, somehow catastrophic for the receiver of their actions. Furthermore, these
individuals with either a large amount of the traits of someone with PD’s, or who actually meet
the full diagnostic criteria , exhibit aggression, and or violence in order to gain control over a
person, and or situation that makes them feel vulnerable, or at any type risk for loss. Moreover,
people that are clinically diagnosed with PD’s are often in the criminal justice system, being
charged with any variance of domestic violence, including homicide--hence the association with
PD; s and Lethal IPV.
The expected outcome of understanding is directed at being able to foresee the predictors
of those that are probable to commit lethal domestic violence, in hopes to prevent further acts
down the road, with interventions such as treatment for batterers as well as a more profound
understanding, and outlook for the female victims of domestic violence, before the former
mentioned, evolves into a fatality. Also a stricter viewpoint as it considers law enforcement
interventions, as well as policy change regarding stalking-as a premise of IPV, and lethal IPV are
in effect throughout this study.
In this exploratory, and explanatory study of lethal IPV offenders, the antecedents of
those males that commit such offenses are delved into, attempting to discover more in-depth,

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and expounded upon evidence that PD’s: PPD, and NPD are undeniably predictors of homicide
that is related to domestic violence, whether it be former, or current girlfriends, or marital
partners.
As it honors the statement of relationship (hypothesis): Male perpetrators of Lethal IPV,
exhibit criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorders, and, or, Narcissistic Personality Disorders,
or have meet full diagnostic criteria, the specific criteria to be tested to prove the hypothesis to
be true, is do male perpetrators—which are those only of the born male species, or gender, and
perpetrators as those who commit murder against their former, or current girlfriends, or marital
spouses? Also what constitutes lethality as it relates to IPV? This term can be explained as either
an attempt to murder the female partner, or a successful murder that has taken place. A actual
death need not have taken place on the female victim, only the initial act of following through
with the plan of her demise—by her being slain regardless of how, or the outcomes (Mauch, &
Park, 2003). The verbiage of full diagnostic criteria, versus exhibiting some criteria for PD’s
refers to the differences in any individuals showing partial diagnostic criteria without being able
to be clinically diagnosed by a professional that is distinctly trained to assess mental depravity,
or disorders within a forensic capacity (i.e.). Thus full criteria refers to having what
characteristics are needed to consist of those that have a PD, as illustrated within the DSM
(which ever model is most current). Lastly, PPD, and NPD, as defined within the DSM account
for pervasive, and chronic personalities of these offenders that make their intimate partner
relationships very taxing to be akin to, as well as to behold from an outside source. Perpetrators
affiliated with NPD, exhibit incisive needs to protect the ego, and prevail -over any adversity- at
any cost, which can include violence to the point of lethality (Grohol, 2015). Offenders that
exhibit PPD spend their waking moments making sure others do not betray them, even if they are

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the ones acting in mischievous or untrustworthy manners. Their gear is to protect their own best
interests, as is a person with NPD. The ego of the person with NPD, and the protection of his
belongings, relationships, careers for examples, predominate over these particular male offenders
(Grohol, 2015). The female victim is the one that offends, or perpetrates harm in the male
disordered viewpoint, thus the violence, possible stalking, and possible evolution to murder
transpires with female victims and the male actors. Understanding, and reiterating these
depictions are a quintessential goal of a more in-depth insight into the mind of those that may
potentially commit lethal IPV.
Procedures
The population being examined for this study is as follows: a) male offenders with
antecedents of NPD, and PPD (or multiple traits of), before the lethal IPV transpires, b) male
offenders who commit lethal IPV without overt, or observable psychiatric disorders before fatal
IPV, C) male offenders who have committed homicide, other than IPV, and d) female victims of
IPV (Mauch, & Park, 2003). The verbiage of full diagnostic criteria, versus exhibiting some
criteria for PD’s, and the age range for the criminals being studied at this juncture consist of
eighteen, and older. The ages of female victims are also eighteen years of age, and above.
Sample Group.
Utilizing the State of Michigan website, both the statistical information from the
Michigan State Police (MSP) webpage, as well as procurement of specific data as it references
lethal IPV, female victims, male perpetrators, and any substance used by the offending criminal
if it is applicable-- by referring to the MSP Records Department (MSP, 2015).

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As it pertains to the selection of sample population, the MSP agency was used in
congruence with familiarity, of locations, and practices of this law enforcement agency. The
MSP agency enforces a wide variety of applications concerning statewide criminality. Domestic
Violence, whether lethal, or not, is of great magnitude in the state of Michigan, therefore, the law
enforcement in this region of the United States has approached this epidemic of crime in a
manner which evokes awareness for the surrounding communities, as well as additional training
for their law enforcement personnel (MSP, 2015).
Data Being Utilized.
Concerning the MSP agency, detailed reports on fatalities in relation to domestic
violence, as well as if any substances used by the offender during the commission of the act were
acquired from the records department. Also, quantitive data from a) The F.B.I. b) NCR
(National Crime Report), and Qualitive data was also studied via several case studies of both
infamous, as well unfamiliar cases across the United States. Lastly, prior research, and official
information has been also utilized to reinforce the theory upon which the premise of the study is
based upon—that males who offend using lethal IPV, have antecedents of PPD, and NPD’s (or
observable traits)-- prior to committing their crimes (The F.B.I.,2003 & MSP, 2015).
Mode of Analysis of Material.
Considering the analysis of the research material—the purpose of the proposed
hypothesis is to reveal that the PD’s NPD, and PPD specifically correlate with homicide as it
relates to IPV. The overall design of the study is structured around an exploratory-explanatory
basis (Babbie, 2013). Contemplating the Psychodynamic approach, as well as the Routine
Activities Theory as a basis for conception regarding the research proposal, these two

21
criminological theories are then also applied to the underlying theoretical framework as to why
these specific criminalities occur (Dechant, 2009; & Farrel et al.2005). Additionally, The
Rational Choice Theory, takes a direct look at the lucid thought process of the actor before
following through with the ultimate act of violence—being that of homicide (Dechant, 2009).
This theory also positively correlates with the subtype of Lethal IPV discussed elsewhere in this
study, stating that the male offenders know what they are doing, before the action occurs, versus
a heat of the moment reaction to betrayal that is often depicted in media coverage and movies.
Therefore, a cause and effect analysis, additional to a statistical analysis mode of approach is to
be utilized within this research endeavor. Subsequently- the timelines for retrieval of data being
utilized has been set forth as May, twenty- two thousand and fifteen, thus any data being utilized
at this juncture of the study, is being sanctioned to two separate year spans: two thousand
thirteen, through to two thousand fifteen, as well as nineteen ninety nine, though to two thousand
and one.
Diagram of Procedures

22
Overview
The National Institute of Justice (2007) posits that [s]talking is often included among
types of intimate partner violence. Stalking generally refers to harassing, or threatening behavior
that an individual engages in repeatedly, such as sending the victim unwanted presents,
following or lying in wait for the victim, damaging or threatening to damage the victim's
property, appearing at a victim's home or place of business, defaming the victim's character or
spreading rumors, or harassing the victim via the Internet by posting personal information. [A]s
with perpetrators of physical and sexual violence, stalkers may be motivated by a desire to exert
control over their victims. Stalking and intimate partner violence may co-occur (2007, para 8).
Subsequently, as it relates to stalking as a prelude to the follow through of death threats
from former intimate partners, those male offenders affiliated with these crimes (or pre-emptive
characteristics of homicide), are specifically correlated with the PD’s –NPD, and PPD as
described through the study as presented. As is the case with many notorious case studies, and
Lethal IPV
Population:Male Offenders
Ages 18+
Population: Female Victims
Ages 18+
Sample Population: from
states of Michgan, and Florida
Data: retrieved from F.B.I.
database, NCR, MSP reports,
Florida State Troopers,Case
Studies, and Relevant Scholarly
research
Modes of Anaysis of material
that has been utilized
Timeline Schedule for
collection of data , and entire
process

23
many other common every day occurrences, lethal IPV whether it results in an actual death of
the intended female victim, or an attempt on a life as committed by the male former intimate
partner, stalking in some formation often occurs. Stalking as it relates to any or all of the
following are in sequence with those predictive behaviors that have committed lethal IPV, and
the PD’s PPD, and NPD: a) waiting, or following the intended target, b) ruining relationships, or
jobs of the victim, c) threatening the intended target, or the people the victim is closest to, d)
destroying property, and e) hiring private investigators, or using surveillance equipment to track
the victim’s whereabouts during the course of a day (The National Institute of Justice, 2007).
In a landmark case study, as it relates to IPV, and stalking as well, convicted offender
Charles “Buck” Thurman first physically, and psychologically abused his former wife—Tracy
Thurman. After Tracy, left with their very young child after enduring “Buck’s” abuse some time,
he stalked her for months, making direct, and specific threats to take her life (Broderick &
Ruthman, and.; Gore, 2015). Tracy barely survived a brutal attack on her life, in front of her
child, that left her partially disabled from the attack on her life—as promised by her former
husband. Charles Thurman, exhibited direct traits of paranoia often accusing his wife of being
unfaithful: as explained in the criteria for PPD, as well as his violent outbursts, and overall
abusive demeanor he had with Tracy; he also had exhibited this within his other rapports in life.
These all correlate with traits of PPD as depicted in DMV models (Broderick & Ruthman, &;
Gore, 2015). Subsequently, the notoriety of the convicted former military, and civilian officer
Drew Peterson, the abusive and controlling nature with one former girlfriend, and the death (and
suspicion of yet another intimate partner), also tabulates a correlation between, both PD’s NPD,
and PPD, and the traits that represent them so predominantly; these behaviors are in conjunction
with his maltreatment of all of his female IPs (Bio, 2015; & Celizic, 2009). Lastly, and also

24
infamous for lethal IPV, Scott Peterson, former husband of Laci Peterson, was convicted of
killing his pregnant wife and their unborn baby, and participating in stalking behaviors with his
former extramarital girlfriend Amber Frey (McClish, 2003; & Good Morning America, 2003).
Scott Peterson did not overtly signal to the outside world that he had dangerous intentions toward
the mother of his child, like most case examples do. He however did prove to be aloof, theatrical,
and arrogant much like those behaviors characterized in NPD during the days his pregnant wife
was presumed missing. His behaviors were that of someone who did not have a concern in the
world, other than pursuing, and reigniting the romance with his former extra marital girlfriend.
(McClish, 2003; & Good Morning America, 2003). Scott Peterson did not overtly signal to the
outside world--his deviant thought processes.
Case Studies
The following case studies represent not only infamous examples of lethal IPV (with, or
without stalking), but those that have traits resembling those with PD’s of PPD, and NPD
(Grohol, 2015).
Charles “Buck” Thurman (PPD).
June 10, 1983—Charles “Buck” Thurman a man that was estranged from his then wife-Tracy
Thurman- savagely beat, kicked, stomped, cut, and stabbed her while she lie on the ground in a
pool of her own blood unable to defend herself from her attacker3. The wounds inflicted upon
her, by “Buck” Thurman consisted of over one dozen stab wounds to various parts of Tracy’s
body, three cuts to her throat (which included severing of her esophagus), and prints on her face
3 See movie based upon actual lifeevents: The Tracy Thurman Story: A Cry for Help:
https://youtu.be/XVdrUu8_Dlg.

25
and neck area from the footwear her estranged husband left during the commission of the this
brutal attack (Broderick & Ruthman, &; Gore, 2015). This was an attempt to fatally wound
Tracy as promised for months—ongoing by Buck Thurman during their separation. Although this
attack was meant to take her life—Tracy Thurman survived this attack that was meant to have
killed her. Tracy spent nearly an entire year in the hospital recovering from her injuries. This
victim of lethal intimate partner violence survived and went on to live a productive life, opposed
to the attack that what was supposed to fatally wound her. In spite of repeated and ongoing
attempts to involve law enforcement for the protection of her, and her child, the law did not
protect the victim that day—much which was lack of awareness of the severity, and validity of
domestic related offenses and deaths. Tracy was stalked for months by her former husband, and
was threatened every step of the way. Because of the successful attack on the victim by the
intended offender, laws have changed in order for victims of domestic violence to be taken more
seriously, and for mandates that reinforce the necessity of law enforcement persons to be
required to respond to complaints as to concerns about domestic violence (offenders must be
taken into custody). Tracy sued the city in which the attack occurred, and won her lawsuit, which
also helped to enact the statute known as The Family Violence Prevention and Response Acts -
1984 (Broderick & Ruthman, &; Gore, 2015).
Drew Peterson (NPD, & PPD)
In the year 2007, former military policeman, and former police sergeant Drew Peterson was
named suspect in the disappearance of his fourth wife Stacy Cale Peterson; this was after his
indictment for the death of his third wife—Kathleen Savio. Additionally to his formal murder
charges, and conviction for the murder of his former wife, Drew Peterson was also charged, and
sentenced with soliciting a murder for hire plot against a city attorney while incarcerated for his

26
deceased wife’s murder(Bio, 2015). Throughout each relationship Peterson was involved in—he
was alleged to be abusive, controlling, and unethical as a law enforcement official in some form.
After merely four months into a committed relationship, former girlfriend Kylie Piry left-then-
boyfriend Drew Peterson. It was said by the victim that he was controlling. Kylie cites that as a
police officer, he used his power as a law enforcement employee to harass her. Yet another
former spouse of Peterson’s-Vicki Connolly- also left the marriage saying he was unfaithful,
controlling, and unethical as an undercover detective. Connolly states that her ex-husband went
as far as to bug their home in order to be able to keep tabs on her whereabouts. Former wife
Savio, obtained a personal protection order against him, due to physical abuse that occurred.
Kathleen left the marriage, and filed for divorce. As the former couple arranged the final
installments of their divorce arrangement in 2004, Kathleen never showed for the hearing she
and Drew were supposed to attend; she was later found drowned in her bathtub. In the October
2007, Stacy Cale Peterson disappeared on her way to a family member’s home where she went
to in order to help paint her house. It was well known by loved ones that Stacy was also leaving
the marriage between her and Drew Peterson. Drew Peterson was linked, and then sentenced for
the death of his former wife Stacy (Bio, 2015; & Celizic, 2009).
Scott Peterson (NPD).
December 24, 2002, eight month pregnant Laci Peterson, former wife of convicted Scott
Peterson (no relation to Drew Peterson or his victims)—became a missing person after a walk
with the family pet early one morning (McClish, 2003; & Good Morning America, 2003). Scott,
Laci’s husband, and father of the unborn child , appeared calm, and aloof as he told the police
later that day that he was concerned about his then pregnant wife’s unusual disappearance from
home when he returned from a fishing trip. He told local law enforcement that she went to walk

27
the family dog as he left to go fishing, and that she hadn’t been seen since. On April 13, 2003, a
baby was found washed ashore within a local marina. The next day near the very same location,
a woman’s body was also found washed ashore in that marina. Both bodies found were identified
to be that of both Laci, and her unborn child. As an investigation ensued, forensic and
circumstantial evidence convicted Scott Peterson of both murders. During the initial
investigation into the disappearances, the former husband went on record to admit he was
having an extra marital affair with girlfriend Amber Frey (McClish, 2003; & Good Morning
America, 2003). Amber cites that she was not aware of Laci, or her disappearance until media
coverage on television. Amber, and Scott were in love by her accounts, and by Scott’s, he did
not, or was never in love with Amber. Scott Peterson went on camera multiple times attempting
to convince the viewing audience that he was worried about his wife and child, and desperate to
find her. In correlation with these media reports about him searching for his wife—he continued
to pursue a relationship with his former girlfriend. Scott Peterson stalked his former girlfriend in
the legal sense of the word: He called her repeatedly (all recorded on audio tape), insisted they
reunite, left her romantic gifts, and changed his appearance from the usual clean cut and prim
identity he typically esteemed, to a blonde, carefree hair style, and a goatee style beard (the
complete opposite of his original societal approved persona). Scott continued to pursue Amber
Frey until the day he was arrested for the murder of his former wife and child (McClish, 2003; &
Good Morning America, 2003).
Personality Traits that Predict Violent Behaviors
“Personality traits are correlated with aggression, low agreeableness, low
conscientiousness, high neuroticism, and were found to be associated with physical aggression
in men and women” (Varley-Thorton, Graham-Kevan &Archer, 2010; p.178). Authors Varley at

28
el. (2010) state within their study that Heaven (1996), found that low agreeableness was
correlated with IPV; they also posit that those that offend, also have lower adaptable personality
traits. “Cluster B PD’s, known as the dramatic type within the any DSM sequence, consist of
APD, BPD, HPD (Histrionic Personality Disorder), NPD, and are affiliated with perpetrators of
crime and violence together”. NPD has been associated with violence in relationships. The
relationship between narcissism, and aggression happens when a threat to the ego of that male
occurs, or a continual self-appraisal is interrupted by the opposing person adjacent to the person
exhibiting NPD. “A narcissistic may react with aggression if they feel humiliated, or socially
rejected, or if their self-esteem is hampered”—they also report low levels of empathy for their
victims” (Varley at el.; 2010; p. 179). Cluster A PD’s which consists of PPD (for one), are
considered the odd disorders; they are known to be affiliated with violent criminal behaviors—
including IPV. Furthermore, predictors for IPV were different for men, than women; the male
IPV was predicted by higher Cluster A PD, and Cluster A, and B PD traits (Hoerman, &
Dombeck, 2015). Additional to the aforementioned is the concept that Cluster A is the group of
disorders that are closest to a true mental illness (Varley at el. 2010; p. 184; & Hoerman, &
Dombeck, 2015).
Lethal IPV without Any Recognized PD’s.
Author Buhas (2013), presents a scenario based from actual events, and it is as follows: a
man murders his wife after she explains to him that she has fallen out of love with him—and in
love with another man while working and away from home on a regular basis. By the time the
end of the evening was through—the male spouse planned, and followed through with murdering
his wife. Before this event transpired, there was no known marital issues, including spousal
abuse of any sorts, by the convicted spouse. The defendant, a middle aged father and dedicated

29
family man, showed no overt signs of a violent nature toward anyone in the community, nor his
family (Buhas, 2013) This is clearly the exception to the rule that warning signs, predictors, and
other people in, and outside of the relationship noticing that something was askew in the
relationship, or the actor. Addtionally, and briefly, is the case of pro wrestler Chris Benoit, who
also appeared to have a stable marital-family life, and showed no pronounced ideations of PD’s,
or any characteritcs of any depravity that could alert others to what happened (Nelson &
Sherwood, 2010) ; Chris Benoit, asphixiated his wife, and then later was found hung in the
family home elsewhere, and apart from his wife—also deceased, and presumed to have
commited suicide. It had been reported that no one knew of any abuse, or estrangements
between the couple (Nelson & Sherwood, 2010).
Securely and Insecurely Attached Individuals
Within the behavioral sciences field, it is a general assumption that male batterers are
insecurely attached—however, roughly forty percent of male batterers studied, were found to
have secure attachment styles. Furthermore, nineteen percent that were presumed to have NPD,
and BPD were securely attached (Leonarda-Bvck, Leenaars, Geradus Emmel Kamp, & van
Marle, 2014). NPD is directly correlated with either attachment style, as well as being directly
linked with both physical, and psychological violence (DeMond, 2015). Hetrosexual women and
their male narcassitic counterparts are more apt to be in violent relationships because of the male
naracassitic behaviors, adjoined mentallites,and because females are more apt to exhibit the types
of interpersonal behaviors needed to fuel a narcassist’s notorious intensity of requiring their self-
seeking needs being met (females tend to be more nurtruing, and tentive opposed to the male
counterpart). Thus they become a direct target for his rage,when his demands are not
unremittingly fullfilled; studies show that compared with batterers, (opposed to non battering

30
males)—roughly five percent show signs of NPD (Leonarda-Bvck et al., 2014). In essence, NPD
is more conspicuous in violent males, than in non battering males (Buck et al. , 2014; &
DeMond, 2015).
Observably, behavorial traits of those that exhibit PD’s—whether it be the full diagnostic
criteria, or some overt characteritcs of these particular disorders, show direct correlation with
violence—and more specifically lethal IPV (Varley-Thorton, 2010). As mentioned in the
preceding information, as well as the case studies that have depicted male offenders that exhibit
traits of PPD, and NPD, or both, the obvious violent outcome for the victim of the male offender
with narcasisitic criteria, or paranoid ideations as such as with the infamous mentioned, support
the basis for the original theory that these traits,or full criterion for disorders that are prevleant in
those that stalk, and go onto commit domestic related homicide as mentioned throughout this
study (Leonards Bvck et al., 2014;Varley-Thorton et al., 2010; Hoerman et al., 2015; Smith &
Farole, 2009).
The Prevleance of IPV Related Homicide
With focus on two sets of quantitve data, 1) the sample population of the State of
Michigan (SOM), and 2) The United States as a whole--how many intimate partner related
deaths that have occurred during the time spans of nineteen ninety nine through to two thousand
and one, as well as the year two thousand fourteen were complied (MSP, 2015). Addtionally,
what the relationship was to the offender, as well as modes of the homicide will be pointed out.
Specific mention of weaponry are also touched upon. It is also withstanding that stalking, as it
relates to IPV, both lethal and otherwise, are used in direct conjunction, or as a antecedent in
some cases, before the murder (or attempted murder transpires). Subsequently, the prevelance of
stalking prior to an attack in IPV homicides is roughly seventy five percent. (stalking is generally

31
defined as a course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person
to feel fear (Stalking Resource Center, 2012).
National Statisitcs.
As reported within the (UCR) Unified Crime Reports-F.B.I (2010)--murder is the most
prevalent for all crimes committed including other violent offenses, and nonviolent crimes alike.
With murders done by acquaintances being in the lead for the number of these acts
committed, fatalities committed by former intimate partners is next in line, ranking number two
of who commits homicide (Unified Crime Reports-F.B.I , 2010). Additional to the aforesaid is
the return to the mention of PD’s and violent crimes; APD is been found to be more prevalent in
those that commit stranger, or acquaintance homicide, over intimate partner homicide who’s
correlates are with PPD, NPD, and often times BPD (Haggstrom & Petersson, n.d.).
It has been reported in 2010, that six hundred three murders have been committed with
the relationship to the perpetrator being that of a female spouse. Subsequently, the relationship of
girlfriend to the actor was only second to the marital wife for being murdered. The UCR reports
that four hundred ninety two girlfriends have been slain via IPV (F.B.I., 2010). Additionally, a
subcategory of love triangle—meaning a third romantic partner was either part of the homicide,
and or relationship, causing the dispute: roughly ninety persons have been slain in this manner.
Spouses
ExSpouses
Girlfriends
33,432
3,879
808
42,880
4,922
1,054
54,552
6,213
1,482
67,662
7,911
1,840
87,681
1,055
2,404
92,896
11,659
2,894
The Love Triangle.

32
A third romantic partner, whether it be perceived (if there are issues of mistrust, and
anger issues, as with PPD), or actual extramarital- committed relationship affairs via the female
partner, spark a fury of jealousy, and self-entitled tyranny over a threat to the relationship by the
male offender (Shackleford, Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, 2003). According to evolved theories
relating to why male spouses murder their wives—many of these homicides are well thought out
plans, and not the caught in the heat of the moment- that are lacking ingenuity- happenstances.
The male spouse’s contemplating in why he kills his female partner transpires because the
benefits outweigh the costs for the individual that follows through with killing his spouse.
Consider also The Rational Choice Theory-especially at this juncture. Authors Shackleford,
Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, (2003) also posit that merely the kinship between the actor, and
his IP (and-or- her other partner), simply allow for close proximity of the intended targets, thus
commencing the pre- murderous plans into action. The perception, or actual loss of the
committed relationship, via the other partner, evokes a mentality in the perpetrator that the other
male is a rival, and a threat to what his self-esteem (could this being narcissistic motivation).
The rival as well as the betrayal of the committed female partner must be eliminated—and then
the evolution of the crime ensues4 (Shackleford, Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, 2003).
Additionally to the aforementioned— it is theorized that the younger a female spouse is,
the more vulnerable a target she is as it concerns being killed via IPV-love triangle. Also, there
also appears to be a connection whereas the younger the male actors are more geared toward
these love triangle murders. Subsequently, younger females are also more likely to be involved
in a love triangle in general, thus having a more vulnerable place to be victimized in a Lethal
4 See also Buhas (2013).Psychic Family Violence and Pathological Jealousy with Tragic Consequence as utilized
elsewhere in research material,for depiction of sex jealousy and a lovetriangle.

33
IPV triangle, versus for example elderly females being involved in these love triangles
(Shackleford, Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, 2003).
In essence—sexual male jealousy is the hallmark trait that theorists’ state is responsible
for the love triangle homicides; a third party is likely to spur the intense side of the male sexual
jealousy, which then evokes the murder (s) (Shackleford, Buss, & Weekes-Shackleford, 2003).
Sample Population: Variables
As it pertains to weaponry used, relationship to the offender, and the presence of
substances as the perpetrator was arrested for victimizing the former intimate partner, the
following will provide a brief synapsis of what the state of Michigan saw as it regards lethal IPV
(MSP, 2015).
To initiate the best understanding, it is outlined from the SOM Fatal Domestic Violence
Incidence Crime Report’s-- that out of fifty two murder female victims from MI, in two thousand
fourteen, thirty two of these female victims were IPV related. Furthermore, fourteen of those
killed were girlfriends, two of them were former girlfriends, thirteen killed were spouses of the
offenders, and one was an ex-spouse of the offender. As well—substance use at the time of the
criminality consists of the following: three males offender were under the influence of alcohol,
three offender were under the influence of drugs, and one male offender was under the influence
of both alcohol and drugs, for a total of seven offenders using substances while committing the
crime of lethal IPV (MSP, 2015)
Also from the SOM-MSP Crime Incidence Report (2015), the following weapons were
used in the commission of the crime lethal IPV: hand guns were used by fourteen out of the

34
thirty three offenders committing homicide. Second in sequence after guns were personal
weapons which can consist of feet and fists for examples of the offender for a calculation of
eight total; third in order for weaponry used is the category of knives, or other cutting
instruments at six offenders committing homicide via this method. Asphyxiation, and firearms
came next in line with four total, and then fire, and rifles ranking last on the list with a total of
one person using each method to commit homicide (MSP, 2015).
Graphic 1.0 Graphic 1.1
Top Three Weapons Used in Lethal IPV: SOM-MSP(2015) Relationshipto Offender: SOM- MSP(2015)
National Statistics 1999-2001; FBI Special Report (2003).
Table 1.0
Age of Victim Quantity
18-65 years old 11,821
66 years old + 46
Table 1.1
Girlfriends
14
Spouses
13
Former
Girlfriends
2
ExSpouses
1
Handguns
14
Personal Weapons
8
Knives/Cutting
Instruments
6

35
1999-2001 Male Offenders Who Used Substances During the
Commission of the Crime
Alcohol 182,822
Drugs 77
The FBI (2003)
Table 1.2
Weapons Used in Domestic Related
Homicide 1999-2001
Quantity
Firearms 1,679
Handgun 8,997
Rifle 1,464
Shotgun 2,189
Other Firearms 202
Knife/ Cutting Instruments 26,415
Motor Vehicle 6,867
Personal Weapons 599,072
Poison 78
Explosives 22
Fire 331
Asphyxiation 200
Unknown 19,787
The FBI (2003).

36
Top Three Weapons Usedfor Domestic RelatedHomicide Nation Wide- 1999-2001; FBI
(2003) Graphic 2
Essentially, whether it be the sample population of the SOM, or the Nationwide
Statistics-- domestic related homicide, or Lethal IPV, there are variances in modes of application
of the crimes, variances in which, or how many characteristics there are related to PD’s, as well
as what type of relationship the male perpetrator is to the female victim-girlfriend or spouse-
past, or present (MSP, 2015; & FBI, 2003). For additional illustration, or definitions on the
previous mentioned (see Appendix—1, 2, and 3).
A Subtype of Mode Used to Commit Lethal IPV.
As it has already been transcribed throughout the quantitive data presented within this
study—variants in weaponry used by the perpetrator, on the victim are presented; furthermore,
Unknown Weapons
19,787
Knife/ Cutting Instruments
26,415
Personal Weapons
599,072

37
the last category of means of which a former, or current intimate partner follows through with
the intended act of violence--murder for hire transpires additional to the methods that are
presented in the SOM, and FBI crime reports.
The FBI (2013) states that a California man was sentenced to six years in prison for soliciting a
hitman to kill [h]is wife because of a decade old business dispute. He ordered the killin[g] to take
place only after the victi[m] was tortured, and forced to pay fifteen million dollars to his offshore
bank account. An Idaho man was sentenced to fifty years in prison for hiring his handyman to
install a pipe bomb on his wife’s car in an effort to kill her, and his mother in law (p.1).
The head of the violent crimes unit at The FBI states the following: these crimes happen
more often than you would think5, and the FBI actually handles a lot of these types of scenarios6
(FBI, 2013). Murder for hire is something that does transpire frequently in IP situations, and it is
not as an isolated occurrences that many people may surmise. These atypical scenarios that are
also aspects of IPV, are not so atypical, or for made for television movies.
Discussion
As it concerns Lethal IPV, PD’s, and a probable two way causation of substance use
during the commission of the crime, a unanticipated finding as it relates to the prevalence of
substance use (drugs and-or- alcohol) allude to them being a contributing factors of these
homicides; however, during the course of analysis of the study, these such substance use(s), are
not as prominent as biased presentation while these cases are in the media, or even according to
5 See news story for additional casestudy history: http: texas-husband-accused-hiring-hit-man-kill-wife-17105641.
6 See also for additional casestudy http://abcnews.go.com/US/man-accused-attempting-hire-hitman-kill-model-
wife/story

38
popular opinions. There are often inferences, or suppositions made that people are intoxicated, or
under the influence of (i.e. illicit drugs) more often than actuality. Again this is presumed, and
not proven evident within the quantitive data presented in this study. In fact, it is quite the
opposite for the sample population of the State of Michigan: out of the thirty two IPV female
victims from Michigan---only seven of the perpetrators were under the influence of drugs and -
or- alcohol at the time of the crime (MSP, 2015). As substance use is often an integral factor with
many criminalities that occur, it is not the rule, but yet the exception as it relates to Lethal IPV.
Substance use as a control group variable is also considered. Those that did not show the
presence of any substance use during the act of the violence, are much more prominent than the
general assumption that the male offenders who were under the influence of either, or alcohol,
and illicit drug use.
Summary and Conclusion.
As it concerns the theoretical framework of this research endeavor, The Rational Choice
Theory—as it posits that the criminal acts according to his awareness, and fully aware cognitive
processes, they make choices, based upon what they choose to do in any give situation. Next, the
Psychodynamic Trait Theory dictates that what prompts the individual to behave as they do
within their criminality –is determinant upon unconscious motivators that took place because of
nuisances from childhood (Dechant, 2009). As it correlates with PD’ s (i.e. NPD), in theory the
strained child mother relationship in the male criminal (narcissistic type) promotes, and
antecedes the behaviors that drive the ego prone, over reactions in the relationship upheavals.
Lastly—with the Routine Activities Theory, this simply comes into fruition as stalking the victim
prior to the actual act of homicide transpires. Knowing the target, and what the schedules and

39
weakness are, provide the offender with a vulnerable target, which is not adequately protected
because of knowing the victim’s daily routines (Farrel et al. 2005).
As it is contemplated how these types of individuals work within their mental
frameworks, which ultimately include the assessments, or knowledge of personality defect to the
point where it is classified as disorder—prevention through awareness is an ultimate goal.
Practical applications of this more in-depth, and assured understanding of the predictors—which
are PDs NPD, and PPD, over the already prominently known BPD, and suspected APD, may
help to ascertain a more in-depth analysis for professional development (i.e. law enforcement
agencies treatment of offenders, victims, and scenarios), policy reform, to assist with ideas and
education regarding control, and possibly even pre evaluations as it relates to pre-marital testing
(alerting the significant to the to the predictors of such possible depravity). Personality Disorders
are directly correlated as predictors for not only violent behaviors in general, but they are
specifically interwoven as it concerns domestic violence, and Lethal IPV. Once again substance
use can, or does occur with these subtypes of crime, but they are not prominent precursors, or
two way causations—overall as it relates to these types of homicides. Lastly, most cases of IPV
involved a female victim, and a male defendant (Smith & Farole, 2009) as well as an important
point that will be reiterated before the close of this discussion: APD is often affiliated with
individuals who commit crime, including the likes of those male offenders used within the case
studies presented within; however, criminals that have been diagnosed with APD, are more apt to
commit stranger, and acquaintance homicides, versus those are diagnosed with NPD, and PPD’s
(Haggstrom, & Petersson, n.d.)
Alternative Theory Based Conclusions.

40
Opposed to the posited correlative variables of personality disorders, substance use, and
lethal IPV, what is considered out of the spectrum of mental disorder diagnoses, is a strictly
criminological point of view on this type of criminal behavior, especially as it relates to the case
studies interwoven within this study: a marker by which individuals are labeled because of their
behaviors---psychopath is an alternative to psychiatric diagnoses (e.g. PD’s) (Psiquiatr, 2015).
Apart from the laymen’s everyday coined phrase depicting someone that is irrational, or overtly
displaying outbursts of anger, a psychopath has some very distinct, and compiled characteristic
traits (that also intertwine with official diagnoses of PD’s). According to Hare’s Checklist for
Psychopathy7 (also include a separate one for adolescence)—the following are some of the traits
that warrant a label of an individual being a psychopath: glibness and-or- superficial charm,
talkative of one’s self-importance, and superficially when communicating, grandiose sense of
self-worth, pathological lying, and conning and manipulating others-- without regard, guilt, or
remorse about it, or any misdeed (Psiquiatr, 2015). The quality of close bonded relationships
with someone of this nature is shallow at best; shows of emotion are shallow, if not aloof
altogether, and this type of individual does not except responsibility for the any the actions that
are performed. These are just some traits presented for reference as it relates to a psychopathy
checklist. It is also clear that nearly all the diagnosable personality disorders from Cluster, A and
B, share nearly every trait that is mentioned within this data, as well as many more that have not
been included within. There are, as with the PD’s, overlapping syndromes that occur with one
another, but in a proverbial nutshell—psychopathy encompasses some of each disorder as the
criteria dictates in the DSM (various models included). Psychopathy may very well be the
alternative label, versus diagnostic criteria via clinical perspective diagnoses (Psiquiatr, 2015).
7 See Hare’s Checklistfor full criteria for psychopathy http://www.encyclopedia.com/d.oc/1G2-3405700188.html

41
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45
Appendix A
Personality Disorders Affiliated with Violent Behaviors, and the Traits They Have in Common
People with Personality Disorders have a tendency toward exhibiting the following traits or
behaviors and some traits or behaviors are in unison with other personaility disorders.
Those with Narcassistic Peronality Disorder: grandiose self importance, constant need for
affirmation, strong sense of entitlement, exploitive of others, decietful, snobbish, patronizing,
belief in unlimited power or brilliance,lacks empathy for others.Those with Antisocial
Personality Disorder show disregard for others, lack empathy for others, are rebellious
against laws, and rules from an early age, have an inflated sense of self appraisal, are decietful,
and mistrusting of others because of their own behaviors. Those with Paranoid Perosnality
Disorder exhibit pervasive mistrust of others intentions, are difficult to get along with, and will
have voids in relationships due to either aloofness, and or being argumentative with people who
are close to them. They tend to have trouble not being on attack, or defense in order to ward off
perieved wrongs or attacks.Those with Borderline Personality Disorder can be difficult to get
along with, have strong emotional reactions to percieved fear of betrayal, or abandonment,
practice binge substance use, sexual promiscuity, have suicidal ideations,and severe anger
outbursts.
*Notice that there are very similar, or distinctly common characteristics of some of these disorders, which are in
relation to violent behaviors—orspecifally domestic violence,and lethal intimate partner violence.
Narccassitic
Personality
Disorder
Antisocial
Personality
Disorder
Paranoid
Personality
Disorder
Borderline
Personality
Disorder

46
Appendx B
People ofInfamy Who have Commited Lethal Intmate Partner Violence From 1990’s-2000’s
** Recognized as having traits resembling personality disorders by either laymen, or professionals-
Y=Yes, N=No
Male Offender/State Female/Relationshi
p to Offender
Violent
Behavior
Prior to
Murder
Allegations
of Stalking
**
Scott Peterson CA Pregnant-Marital
Wife
None
known
Wife No,
for
Mistress
yes
Y
DrewPeterson
IL
Former Wives Yes,
repeat
offender-
multiple
female
victims
Yes
multiple,
w/different
females
Y
Charles ”Buck” Thurman
MA
Estranged Wife Yes,
repeat
offender-
reason for
separatio
n
Yes,overt,
coincided
with direct
death
threats on
estranged
wife
Y
Orenthal James Simpson
CA
Estranged Wife Yes,
repeat
offender-
reason for
separatio
n
Yes,
multiple
complaints
Y
Chris Benoit
GA
Marital Wife (and
child)
Unknown None
Known
N
Mark Unger
MI
Estranged Wife None
Known
None
Known
Y

47
Appendix C
Murders in the United States in 2013 by Relationship
Convicted murderers who were diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder, were more often
found guilty of killing acquaintances and strangers, over intimate partner homicides;
furthermore, domestic violence related fatalities are in juxtaposition with Cluster A, and B
Personality Disorders—other than APD, including BPD, PPD, and NPD’s (Haggstrom and
Petersson, n.d.; & Esbec & Echeburua, 2010).
Murders in2013
12,253
ByIntimate Partner Violence
1,061
These types are Affiiated with
Cluster, andB Personaility
Disorders, other thanAPD
ByStrangers/Aquaintences
2,660
These types are Affiliatedwith
APD

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