SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 17
Download to read offline
The Science Behind Health
With Doctor Bones (Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.)
The Funny Man of Health
Educator
Entertainer
J
U
G
G
L
E
R
Scientist
Nutrition: is the process by which humans obtain
energy and nutrients in the form of foods and drink for
normal functioning, growth and repair. Good nutrition
means satisfying the biochemical needs of the body.
Nutrition is also the study of food and diet.
Nutrition may be viewed as a simple 3-Step process:
Step 1: Eating and Drinking. That seems fun and easy.
Step 2: Your body breaks down food into nutrients:
1. Carbohydrates become simple sugars,
2. Proteins become amino acids,
3. Fats become fatty acids and glycerol,
4. Vitamins and minerals are released.
We start our journey with the breakdown of
carbohydrates into simple sugars. This initiates
in the mouth where the enzyme amylase
starts digesting the carbohydrates (starches)
from our meal. Amylase is secreted by the
salivary glands.
Amylase breaks the carbohydrates (starches) from our meal into
smaller polysaccharides along with the disaccharide sugar called
maltose, which is constructed from two glucose molecules.
Starch polysaccharides +
maltose
Amylase
Enzymes are chemical “catalysts.” They are protein-based
molecules, which catalyze biochemical reactions taking place in
the body. They influence the rates of biochemical processes by
lowering the activation energies for these reactions.
Once the food or "ingesta" as it is now called, moves into the
stomach, the excitement really begins. Gastric juices start the task
of digesting food as the stomach churns. Gastric juices include
hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes called proteases and lipases.
Proteases, like pepsin, for example, are enzymes that help
breakdown proteins into peptides and amino acids.
Proteins Peptides Amino Acids
proteases peptidases
Lipases are enzymes that help in breaking down fats (triglycerides)
into mono- and diglycerides. This “soup” of gastric secretions and
partially digested food (also known as chyme) passes through the
pyloric sphincter (a type of valve between the stomach and the
small intestine) and moves into the small intestine.
The fat molecules, also called
triglycerides are then broken
down to fatty acids and
glycerol by lipases. These fat-
specific enzymes attack the
bonds between glycerol and
the respective fatty acids in
the fat molecule in a process
called hydrolysis, which adds
H2O across these bonds.
The acidified ingesta entering the small intestine stimulates the
release of secretin, a hormone secreted by epithelial cells in the
wall of the small intestine, which in turn, stimulates the release
of bicarbonate-rich fluids from the pancreas and liver.
The bicarbonate solution neutralizes the acidic ingesta in the
same way that sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 or "baking soda")
from an Alka-Seltzer tablet neutralizes stomach acid.
Interestingly, the mucous cells lining the stomach wall also
secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus, which protects the stomach
itself from being digested by hydrochloric acid.
The final stages of the enzymatic digestion of food occur in the
small intestine. It is through the small intestine that the
nutrients we obtain from foods are largely absorbed. The small
intestine comprises three sections, which in order of appearance
from the stomach are the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
The duodenum is short, but receives important secretions,
including an assortment of pancreatic enzymes and bile from
the liver via bile ducts. The jejunum is roughly 40% of the small
intestine in humans. The ileum is the remainder of the small
intestine and empties into the large intestine.
Bile is a complex mixture of water, various salts (electrolytes),
bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and bilirubin. Bilirubin is a
waste product resulting from the breakdown of hemoglobin
molecules from old red blood cells (erythrocytes). Bile acids
(also called bile salts) are important cholesterol derivatives
synthesized in the liver. Their importance comes from the fact
that bile acids behave much like a detergent does in dissolving
fats in water solutions. Once the fats are dissolved in a process
known as emulsification they can be digested by lipases
secreted by the pancreas and absorbed by the small intestine.
Bile Salts Emulsify Fats
Fat
Bile
Salts
Bile acids also facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
through the small intestine and aid in the elimination of excess
cholesterol from the body. About 5% of bile acids end up in the
feces, while the remainder are recycled through the ileum.
The Amazing Small Intestine
The small intestine is where amino acids and simple sugars are
absorbed. The bulk of the minerals that we need are also
captured via the small intestine.
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are two of the major proteolytic
(protein digesting) enzymes secreted by the pancreas. They cut
proteins into medium to small peptides, which can then be
cleaved into amino acids by a family of aminopeptidase enzymes
also secreted by the pancreas.
Pancreatic amylase converts starch into the disaccharides,
maltose, sucrose and lactose. These sugars are then cleaved by
their respective enzymes, maltase, sucrase and lactase. People
who are lactose (milk sugar) intolerant either lack the enzyme
lactase or have too little of it for the proper conversion of lactose
into glucose and galactose. Try “Lactase” Milk.
The inner surface (called the
lumen) of the small intestine is
not smooth, but instead is
covered with millions of finger-
like projections called villi,
which significantly increase the
surface area of the small
intestine. Quite ingenious.
Villi Anatomy
Glucose is absorbed through the epithelial cells lining the villi of
the small intestine. Actually, glucose is absorbed along with
sodium, which binds to glucose via a sodium-dependent hexose
transporter in a process known as active transport.
Pumping glucose molecules
and sodium ions (Na+) across
the epithelial cell membrane
and against a change in
solution concentration (known
as a gradient or "slope") is
called active transport.
This process requires energy in
the form of ATP. From here,
glucose enters the blood to be
carried to the individual cells
of the body, thus satisfying
their energy needs.
Active transport
The villi are lined with epithelial cells, whose exposed surface has
hundreds of tiny, hair-like projections called Microvilli. The
microvilli further increase the surface area of the small intestine
thus contributing to a much-enhanced absorption of nutrients.
Viewed through a microscope, the closely packed microvilli look
sort of like a brush, hence the name "brush border" is used to
describe their appearance.
Epithelial Cells of the Small Intestine
Microvilli
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
The large intestine functions
largely like a septic system in
eliminating waste products
(i.e., bacteria and indigestible
foods) from our body.
The last portion of the small
intestine (ileum) is separated
from the first part of the large
intestine (cecum) by the
ileocecal valve, which prevents
materials in the large intestine
from backing up into the small
intestine.
The Amazing Large Intestine
Transverse
Colon
Ascending
Colon
Descending
Colon
Ileum
Sigmoid
Colon
Cecum
RectumAppendix
Anal Canal
The large intestine in humans has three primary functions:
1. Reabsorption of water and electrolytes such as sodium.
2. Bacterial fermentation.
3. Packaging waste materials for disposal.
The large intestine reclaims much of the water used in digestion in
order to avoid dehydration of the body. In the case of diarrhea, for
example, the large intestine is forced to discharge waste products
before the water reabsorption process is complete.
Constipation, on the other hand, occurs when the large intestine
retains waste products for too long. Waste materials basically dry
out to the point where they become hard to pass. When Mother
Nature calls we struggle to get the job done. It is then that we are
truly in need of intestinal fortitude.
The large intestine is a miniature ecosystem teeming with various
bacteria, intestinal yeasts and fungi, along with a host of other
microbes, which come together to produce the "intestinal flora" as
we know it.
Many of the intestinal bacteria are "friendly" like lactobacillus
acidophilus and bifidobacteria (bifidus), which are also known as
probiotic bacteria. Probiotics has been defined as the ingestion by
the host, live microorganisms in amounts that produce a health
benefit for the host.
Although most probiotic microorganisms are bacteria, the yeast
Saccharomyces boulardii has been given probiotic status.
Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) is used, for example, to
prevent diarrhea linked to the use of antibiotics.
We need these friendly intestinal microorganisms to help defend
us against harmful bacteria and other pathogenic organisms and
toxins. A healthy intestinal flora not only boosts our immune
system, there is also evidence to suggest that friendly intestinal
microbes aid in the elimination of pre-carcinogenic or mutagenic
compounds from the body.
Intestinal bacteria can also affect the synthesis and metabolism of
certain vitamins (K, B12, biotin and folic acid). Vitamin K is known
as the anti-hemorrhagic vitamin and is synthesized by intestinal
bacteria.
Step 3: Nutrients are transported via the blood to all parts of
your body where they are taken up by the cells and used as
energy or for the construction or "synthesis" as it is called, of
other compounds needed by the body.

More Related Content

What's hot

Animal Nutrition (www.bioguruindia.com)
Animal Nutrition  (www.bioguruindia.com)Animal Nutrition  (www.bioguruindia.com)
Animal Nutrition (www.bioguruindia.com)sum_itbhu
 
IB Biology Digestion
IB Biology DigestionIB Biology Digestion
IB Biology DigestionBob Smullen
 
Nutrition & digestive system
Nutrition & digestive systemNutrition & digestive system
Nutrition & digestive systemitutor
 
The digestive system
The digestive systemThe digestive system
The digestive systemjjcorrea121
 
IB Option H Further Human Physiology PPT
IB Option H Further Human Physiology PPTIB Option H Further Human Physiology PPT
IB Option H Further Human Physiology PPTFernanda Silva
 
The digestive system
The digestive systemThe digestive system
The digestive systemssmith352
 
Diet and digestive system 2015
Diet and digestive system 2015Diet and digestive system 2015
Diet and digestive system 2015martamosquera
 
Plant and Animal Digestive System
Plant and Animal Digestive SystemPlant and Animal Digestive System
Plant and Animal Digestive Systemdfag15
 
Chapter 13 Heterotrophic Nutrition 1210745399273844 9
Chapter 13 Heterotrophic Nutrition 1210745399273844 9Chapter 13 Heterotrophic Nutrition 1210745399273844 9
Chapter 13 Heterotrophic Nutrition 1210745399273844 9Imelda Ishak
 
The Digestive System
The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System
The Digestive SystemJenny Dixon
 
02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra
02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra
02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar ChandraDilip Kumar Chandra
 
Mechanical & Chemical Digestion
Mechanical & Chemical DigestionMechanical & Chemical Digestion
Mechanical & Chemical DigestionBruce Coulter
 
Digestion Introduction
Digestion IntroductionDigestion Introduction
Digestion IntroductionBruce Coulter
 
Chapter 27 Nutrition and Digestion
Chapter 27 Nutrition and DigestionChapter 27 Nutrition and Digestion
Chapter 27 Nutrition and DigestionAthena Anne Scarlet
 

What's hot (19)

Digestive system master honors 20016
Digestive system master honors 20016Digestive system master honors 20016
Digestive system master honors 20016
 
Animal Nutrition (www.bioguruindia.com)
Animal Nutrition  (www.bioguruindia.com)Animal Nutrition  (www.bioguruindia.com)
Animal Nutrition (www.bioguruindia.com)
 
IB Biology Digestion
IB Biology DigestionIB Biology Digestion
IB Biology Digestion
 
Nutrition & digestive system
Nutrition & digestive systemNutrition & digestive system
Nutrition & digestive system
 
The digestive system
The digestive systemThe digestive system
The digestive system
 
IB Option H Further Human Physiology PPT
IB Option H Further Human Physiology PPTIB Option H Further Human Physiology PPT
IB Option H Further Human Physiology PPT
 
The digestive system
The digestive systemThe digestive system
The digestive system
 
Chapter 14
Chapter 14Chapter 14
Chapter 14
 
Diet and digestive system 2015
Diet and digestive system 2015Diet and digestive system 2015
Diet and digestive system 2015
 
Plant and Animal Digestive System
Plant and Animal Digestive SystemPlant and Animal Digestive System
Plant and Animal Digestive System
 
Digestion
DigestionDigestion
Digestion
 
Chapter 13 Heterotrophic Nutrition 1210745399273844 9
Chapter 13 Heterotrophic Nutrition 1210745399273844 9Chapter 13 Heterotrophic Nutrition 1210745399273844 9
Chapter 13 Heterotrophic Nutrition 1210745399273844 9
 
The Digestive System
The Digestive SystemThe Digestive System
The Digestive System
 
Digestion
DigestionDigestion
Digestion
 
02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra
02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra
02. Nutrition in animals by Dilip Kumar Chandra
 
Mechanical & Chemical Digestion
Mechanical & Chemical DigestionMechanical & Chemical Digestion
Mechanical & Chemical Digestion
 
Digestion Introduction
Digestion IntroductionDigestion Introduction
Digestion Introduction
 
Digestion presentation
Digestion presentationDigestion presentation
Digestion presentation
 
Chapter 27 Nutrition and Digestion
Chapter 27 Nutrition and DigestionChapter 27 Nutrition and Digestion
Chapter 27 Nutrition and Digestion
 

Similar to Nutrition: Acquiring Nutrients from Foods.

Digestive system
Digestive systemDigestive system
Digestive systemKomal Kp
 
The digestive system
The digestive systemThe digestive system
The digestive systemssmith352
 
C26 Digestion In Human
C26 Digestion In HumanC26 Digestion In Human
C26 Digestion In HumanCarolyn Khoo
 
Mechanical And Chemical Digestion Of The Digestive System
Mechanical And Chemical Digestion Of The Digestive SystemMechanical And Chemical Digestion Of The Digestive System
Mechanical And Chemical Digestion Of The Digestive SystemAlyssa Jefferson
 
CN UNIT MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION 1.pptx
CN UNIT MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION 1.pptxCN UNIT MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION 1.pptx
CN UNIT MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION 1.pptxJessicaMoses12
 
Process Of Digestion Of A Burger
Process Of Digestion Of A BurgerProcess Of Digestion Of A Burger
Process Of Digestion Of A BurgerAshley Lovato
 
Digestion R. CóRdoba
Digestion R. CóRdobaDigestion R. CóRdoba
Digestion R. CóRdobaulia
 
Digestion
DigestionDigestion
Digestionulia
 
Digestion and absorption
Digestion and absorptionDigestion and absorption
Digestion and absorptionAnurag Verma
 
digestion_and_absorption_of_nutrients.ppt
digestion_and_absorption_of_nutrients.pptdigestion_and_absorption_of_nutrients.ppt
digestion_and_absorption_of_nutrients.pptgoladiid2023
 
Digestive System Yatendra Singh
Digestive System Yatendra SinghDigestive System Yatendra Singh
Digestive System Yatendra SinghYatendra Singh
 
Food Digestion Research Paper
Food Digestion Research PaperFood Digestion Research Paper
Food Digestion Research PaperBritney Hill
 
The digestive system.
The digestive system.The digestive system.
The digestive system.irenebyg
 
Science Grade 8- The Digestive System.pptx
Science Grade 8- The Digestive System.pptxScience Grade 8- The Digestive System.pptx
Science Grade 8- The Digestive System.pptxnairamarano
 

Similar to Nutrition: Acquiring Nutrients from Foods. (20)

Digestive system
Digestive systemDigestive system
Digestive system
 
LIFE PROCESSES PART- 3.pptx
LIFE PROCESSES PART- 3.pptxLIFE PROCESSES PART- 3.pptx
LIFE PROCESSES PART- 3.pptx
 
The digestive system
The digestive systemThe digestive system
The digestive system
 
C26 Digestion In Human
C26 Digestion In HumanC26 Digestion In Human
C26 Digestion In Human
 
Mechanical And Chemical Digestion Of The Digestive System
Mechanical And Chemical Digestion Of The Digestive SystemMechanical And Chemical Digestion Of The Digestive System
Mechanical And Chemical Digestion Of The Digestive System
 
Human digestive system
Human digestive systemHuman digestive system
Human digestive system
 
CN UNIT MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION 1.pptx
CN UNIT MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION 1.pptxCN UNIT MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION 1.pptx
CN UNIT MACRONUTRIENTS AND DIGESTION 1.pptx
 
Process Of Digestion Of A Burger
Process Of Digestion Of A BurgerProcess Of Digestion Of A Burger
Process Of Digestion Of A Burger
 
Digestion R. CóRdoba
Digestion R. CóRdobaDigestion R. CóRdoba
Digestion R. CóRdoba
 
Digestion
DigestionDigestion
Digestion
 
Digestion and absorption
Digestion and absorptionDigestion and absorption
Digestion and absorption
 
digestion_and_absorption_of_nutrients.ppt
digestion_and_absorption_of_nutrients.pptdigestion_and_absorption_of_nutrients.ppt
digestion_and_absorption_of_nutrients.ppt
 
Life processes
Life processesLife processes
Life processes
 
Digestive System Yatendra Singh
Digestive System Yatendra SinghDigestive System Yatendra Singh
Digestive System Yatendra Singh
 
The digestivesystem
The digestivesystemThe digestivesystem
The digestivesystem
 
Food Digestion Research Paper
Food Digestion Research PaperFood Digestion Research Paper
Food Digestion Research Paper
 
The digestive system.
The digestive system.The digestive system.
The digestive system.
 
ANIMAL NUTRITION.pptx
ANIMAL NUTRITION.pptxANIMAL NUTRITION.pptx
ANIMAL NUTRITION.pptx
 
Nutrition
NutritionNutrition
Nutrition
 
Science Grade 8- The Digestive System.pptx
Science Grade 8- The Digestive System.pptxScience Grade 8- The Digestive System.pptx
Science Grade 8- The Digestive System.pptx
 

More from Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.

Vitamins Essential to Human Nutrition
Vitamins Essential to Human NutritionVitamins Essential to Human Nutrition
Vitamins Essential to Human NutritionDon R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 17
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 17Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 17
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 17Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 16
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 16Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 16
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 16Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 12 and 13
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 12 and 13 Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 12 and 13
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 12 and 13 Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 7
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 7Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 7
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 7Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 5
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 5Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 5
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 5Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 4
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 4Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 4
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 4Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 3
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 3Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 3
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 3Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 2
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 2Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 2
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 2Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 1
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 1Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 1
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 1Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
An Examination of Carbohydrates in the Diet.
An Examination of Carbohydrates in the Diet.An Examination of Carbohydrates in the Diet.
An Examination of Carbohydrates in the Diet.Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."
Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."
Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.
 

More from Don R. Mueller, Ph.D. (20)

Vitamins Essential to Human Nutrition
Vitamins Essential to Human NutritionVitamins Essential to Human Nutrition
Vitamins Essential to Human Nutrition
 
The Metabolism of Fats
The Metabolism of FatsThe Metabolism of Fats
The Metabolism of Fats
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 17
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 17Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 17
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 17
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 16
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 16Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 16
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 16
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 14 and 15
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 12 and 13
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 12 and 13 Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 12 and 13
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 12 and 13
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
Astonishing Astronomy 101 – Chapters 9, 10 and 11
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 8
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 7
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 7Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 7
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 7
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 6
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 5
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 5Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 5
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 5
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 4
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 4Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 4
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 4
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 3
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 3Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 3
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 3
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 2
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 2Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 2
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 2
 
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 1
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 1Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 1
Astonishing Astronomy 101 - Chapter 1
 
An Examination of Carbohydrates in the Diet.
An Examination of Carbohydrates in the Diet.An Examination of Carbohydrates in the Diet.
An Examination of Carbohydrates in the Diet.
 
The Metabolism of Glycogen
The Metabolism of GlycogenThe Metabolism of Glycogen
The Metabolism of Glycogen
 
Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."
Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."
Foods Glorious Foods! With Doctor Bones "The Funny Man of Health."
 
Survey of the B-Vitamins
Survey of the B-VitaminsSurvey of the B-Vitamins
Survey of the B-Vitamins
 
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E and K)
 

Recently uploaded

Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a DifferenceEmpowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a DifferenceLovely Foundation
 
Reclaiming Pure Traditions Plants Enrichen Our Farms and Food.pdf
Reclaiming Pure Traditions Plants Enrichen Our Farms and Food.pdfReclaiming Pure Traditions Plants Enrichen Our Farms and Food.pdf
Reclaiming Pure Traditions Plants Enrichen Our Farms and Food.pdfStephen Gleave
 
HOTMEN TAJUR BOGOR JAWA BARAT INDONESIAA
HOTMEN TAJUR BOGOR JAWA BARAT INDONESIAAHOTMEN TAJUR BOGOR JAWA BARAT INDONESIAA
HOTMEN TAJUR BOGOR JAWA BARAT INDONESIAAPermataAnnisa3
 
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.Jolyn Sambrano
 
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern EuropeBeet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern EuropeGarden Goddess, LLC
 
Explore The flavors Of Indian cuisine In Budapest : Indian Palate
Explore The flavors Of Indian cuisine In Budapest : Indian PalateExplore The flavors Of Indian cuisine In Budapest : Indian Palate
Explore The flavors Of Indian cuisine In Budapest : Indian PalateIndian Palate
 
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdfFood Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdfMohamed Miyir
 

Recently uploaded (7)

Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a DifferenceEmpowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
Empowering Communities: Food Donation NGO Making a Difference
 
Reclaiming Pure Traditions Plants Enrichen Our Farms and Food.pdf
Reclaiming Pure Traditions Plants Enrichen Our Farms and Food.pdfReclaiming Pure Traditions Plants Enrichen Our Farms and Food.pdf
Reclaiming Pure Traditions Plants Enrichen Our Farms and Food.pdf
 
HOTMEN TAJUR BOGOR JAWA BARAT INDONESIAA
HOTMEN TAJUR BOGOR JAWA BARAT INDONESIAAHOTMEN TAJUR BOGOR JAWA BARAT INDONESIAA
HOTMEN TAJUR BOGOR JAWA BARAT INDONESIAA
 
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
Piping techniques in decorating cakes and cupcakes.
 
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern EuropeBeet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
Beet Kvass The Probiotic-Rich, Fermented Tonic from Eastern Europe
 
Explore The flavors Of Indian cuisine In Budapest : Indian Palate
Explore The flavors Of Indian cuisine In Budapest : Indian PalateExplore The flavors Of Indian cuisine In Budapest : Indian Palate
Explore The flavors Of Indian cuisine In Budapest : Indian Palate
 
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdfFood Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
Food Supplement Directive No. 333-2020.pdf
 

Nutrition: Acquiring Nutrients from Foods.

  • 1. The Science Behind Health With Doctor Bones (Don R. Mueller, Ph.D.) The Funny Man of Health Educator Entertainer J U G G L E R Scientist
  • 2. Nutrition: is the process by which humans obtain energy and nutrients in the form of foods and drink for normal functioning, growth and repair. Good nutrition means satisfying the biochemical needs of the body. Nutrition is also the study of food and diet. Nutrition may be viewed as a simple 3-Step process: Step 1: Eating and Drinking. That seems fun and easy.
  • 3. Step 2: Your body breaks down food into nutrients: 1. Carbohydrates become simple sugars, 2. Proteins become amino acids, 3. Fats become fatty acids and glycerol, 4. Vitamins and minerals are released. We start our journey with the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars. This initiates in the mouth where the enzyme amylase starts digesting the carbohydrates (starches) from our meal. Amylase is secreted by the salivary glands.
  • 4. Amylase breaks the carbohydrates (starches) from our meal into smaller polysaccharides along with the disaccharide sugar called maltose, which is constructed from two glucose molecules. Starch polysaccharides + maltose Amylase Enzymes are chemical “catalysts.” They are protein-based molecules, which catalyze biochemical reactions taking place in the body. They influence the rates of biochemical processes by lowering the activation energies for these reactions.
  • 5. Once the food or "ingesta" as it is now called, moves into the stomach, the excitement really begins. Gastric juices start the task of digesting food as the stomach churns. Gastric juices include hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes called proteases and lipases. Proteases, like pepsin, for example, are enzymes that help breakdown proteins into peptides and amino acids. Proteins Peptides Amino Acids proteases peptidases
  • 6. Lipases are enzymes that help in breaking down fats (triglycerides) into mono- and diglycerides. This “soup” of gastric secretions and partially digested food (also known as chyme) passes through the pyloric sphincter (a type of valve between the stomach and the small intestine) and moves into the small intestine. The fat molecules, also called triglycerides are then broken down to fatty acids and glycerol by lipases. These fat- specific enzymes attack the bonds between glycerol and the respective fatty acids in the fat molecule in a process called hydrolysis, which adds H2O across these bonds.
  • 7. The acidified ingesta entering the small intestine stimulates the release of secretin, a hormone secreted by epithelial cells in the wall of the small intestine, which in turn, stimulates the release of bicarbonate-rich fluids from the pancreas and liver. The bicarbonate solution neutralizes the acidic ingesta in the same way that sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3 or "baking soda") from an Alka-Seltzer tablet neutralizes stomach acid. Interestingly, the mucous cells lining the stomach wall also secrete bicarbonate-rich mucus, which protects the stomach itself from being digested by hydrochloric acid. The final stages of the enzymatic digestion of food occur in the small intestine. It is through the small intestine that the nutrients we obtain from foods are largely absorbed. The small intestine comprises three sections, which in order of appearance from the stomach are the duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
  • 8. The duodenum is short, but receives important secretions, including an assortment of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the liver via bile ducts. The jejunum is roughly 40% of the small intestine in humans. The ileum is the remainder of the small intestine and empties into the large intestine. Bile is a complex mixture of water, various salts (electrolytes), bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and bilirubin. Bilirubin is a waste product resulting from the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules from old red blood cells (erythrocytes). Bile acids (also called bile salts) are important cholesterol derivatives synthesized in the liver. Their importance comes from the fact that bile acids behave much like a detergent does in dissolving fats in water solutions. Once the fats are dissolved in a process known as emulsification they can be digested by lipases secreted by the pancreas and absorbed by the small intestine.
  • 9. Bile Salts Emulsify Fats Fat Bile Salts Bile acids also facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins through the small intestine and aid in the elimination of excess cholesterol from the body. About 5% of bile acids end up in the feces, while the remainder are recycled through the ileum.
  • 10. The Amazing Small Intestine The small intestine is where amino acids and simple sugars are absorbed. The bulk of the minerals that we need are also captured via the small intestine. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are two of the major proteolytic (protein digesting) enzymes secreted by the pancreas. They cut proteins into medium to small peptides, which can then be cleaved into amino acids by a family of aminopeptidase enzymes also secreted by the pancreas. Pancreatic amylase converts starch into the disaccharides, maltose, sucrose and lactose. These sugars are then cleaved by their respective enzymes, maltase, sucrase and lactase. People who are lactose (milk sugar) intolerant either lack the enzyme lactase or have too little of it for the proper conversion of lactose into glucose and galactose. Try “Lactase” Milk.
  • 11. The inner surface (called the lumen) of the small intestine is not smooth, but instead is covered with millions of finger- like projections called villi, which significantly increase the surface area of the small intestine. Quite ingenious. Villi Anatomy Glucose is absorbed through the epithelial cells lining the villi of the small intestine. Actually, glucose is absorbed along with sodium, which binds to glucose via a sodium-dependent hexose transporter in a process known as active transport.
  • 12. Pumping glucose molecules and sodium ions (Na+) across the epithelial cell membrane and against a change in solution concentration (known as a gradient or "slope") is called active transport. This process requires energy in the form of ATP. From here, glucose enters the blood to be carried to the individual cells of the body, thus satisfying their energy needs. Active transport
  • 13. The villi are lined with epithelial cells, whose exposed surface has hundreds of tiny, hair-like projections called Microvilli. The microvilli further increase the surface area of the small intestine thus contributing to a much-enhanced absorption of nutrients. Viewed through a microscope, the closely packed microvilli look sort of like a brush, hence the name "brush border" is used to describe their appearance. Epithelial Cells of the Small Intestine Microvilli Cytoplasm Nucleus Mitochondrion
  • 14. The large intestine functions largely like a septic system in eliminating waste products (i.e., bacteria and indigestible foods) from our body. The last portion of the small intestine (ileum) is separated from the first part of the large intestine (cecum) by the ileocecal valve, which prevents materials in the large intestine from backing up into the small intestine. The Amazing Large Intestine Transverse Colon Ascending Colon Descending Colon Ileum Sigmoid Colon Cecum RectumAppendix Anal Canal
  • 15. The large intestine in humans has three primary functions: 1. Reabsorption of water and electrolytes such as sodium. 2. Bacterial fermentation. 3. Packaging waste materials for disposal. The large intestine reclaims much of the water used in digestion in order to avoid dehydration of the body. In the case of diarrhea, for example, the large intestine is forced to discharge waste products before the water reabsorption process is complete. Constipation, on the other hand, occurs when the large intestine retains waste products for too long. Waste materials basically dry out to the point where they become hard to pass. When Mother Nature calls we struggle to get the job done. It is then that we are truly in need of intestinal fortitude.
  • 16. The large intestine is a miniature ecosystem teeming with various bacteria, intestinal yeasts and fungi, along with a host of other microbes, which come together to produce the "intestinal flora" as we know it. Many of the intestinal bacteria are "friendly" like lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria (bifidus), which are also known as probiotic bacteria. Probiotics has been defined as the ingestion by the host, live microorganisms in amounts that produce a health benefit for the host. Although most probiotic microorganisms are bacteria, the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii has been given probiotic status. Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) is used, for example, to prevent diarrhea linked to the use of antibiotics.
  • 17. We need these friendly intestinal microorganisms to help defend us against harmful bacteria and other pathogenic organisms and toxins. A healthy intestinal flora not only boosts our immune system, there is also evidence to suggest that friendly intestinal microbes aid in the elimination of pre-carcinogenic or mutagenic compounds from the body. Intestinal bacteria can also affect the synthesis and metabolism of certain vitamins (K, B12, biotin and folic acid). Vitamin K is known as the anti-hemorrhagic vitamin and is synthesized by intestinal bacteria. Step 3: Nutrients are transported via the blood to all parts of your body where they are taken up by the cells and used as energy or for the construction or "synthesis" as it is called, of other compounds needed by the body.