1.
Hydrochloric Acid
• Burner Process:
Chlorine and Hydrogen react to form Hydrogen Chloride
H2 + Cl2  2 HCl (+184 KJ)
The gases are passed through a burner nozzle
They are ignited inside a combustion chamber (chamber is made of graphite)
The chamber is cooled by water such that the HCl gas produced cools down and absorbed into water to
make HCl acid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJvn-rH_lLQ&ab_channel=IITKharagpurJuly2018
https://www.essentialchemicalindustry.org/chemicals/hydrogen-chloride.html

2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_Kge2-EoEg&ab_channel=SMahendraAcademy

3.
Use of HCl
• Metal Cleaning
• Pickling of Metals
• Manufacturing of metal chlorides
• Pb(NO3)2 + 2HCl  PbCl2 + 2HNO3
• Neutralization in inorganic and organic
chemistry
• Hydrolysis of proteins and carbohydrates
• Manufacture glue
• Purify common salt
• Bleaching in textile industry
• Chemical reagent in laboratories
Laboratory preparations
• NaCl + H2SO4  NaHSO4 + HCl
• NaCl + NaHSO4  HCl + Na2SO4

4.
Nitric Acid / Aqua fortis / Oxy-acid of Nitrogen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjuA6d8LL1w&ab_channel=COLLEGECHEMISTRY
OSTWALD’s Process:
Step 01: Oxidation of NH3 to NO
NH3 + excess air  NO (Catalytic chamber (Pt) / Converter)
To ensure up to 95% of NH3 converts to NO:
• Temperature: 550 – 600C
• Pressure: 4 – 5 atm
• Excess of Oxygen
• Pt catalyst
NO is passed through chiller with temperature 150C

5.
OSTWALD’s Process:
Step 02: Oxidation of NO to NO2 Step 03: Formation of HNO3
NO2 enters the absorption tower where NO2 is
absorbed by water
Laboratory preparation of nitric acid
KNO3 + H2SO4  KHSO4 + HNO3
NaNO3 + H2SO4  NaHSO4  HNO3

6.
Sulphuric acid
https://byjus.com/chemistry/mass-production-of-sulphuric-acid/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSBDUTD2hSI&ab_channel=PravendraTomarllT-JEE%2FNEET
Contact Process
Step 01: formation of SO2
• S + O2  SO2
• 4FeS2 + 11O2  2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
Step 02: formation of SO3
2SO2 + O2  2SO3 (+46.98 Kcal) / Platinized asbestos or V2O5
Step 03: Pyrosulfuric acid / Oleum formation
SO3 + conc. H2SO4  H2S2O7
Step 04: dilution of H2S2O7 to get desired conc. of H2SO4

7.
Contact Process

8.
Lead Chamber process
https://gkscientist.com/manufacture-of-sulfuric-acid/