1. 10
1: /
1.2:
!
A.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
1.
2.
3. 8 16
4.
3.
1.
2.
"# !
4. ! "
# $
1. Bits, Bytes "
2. " %&
3. ! "&
4. !
1
5. !
2
5. ' ( ! 2
1.
2.
$ :
A. %
1. #
1. # & $ &#
• '# !
• $ ( ( ) & ' ! &
• ( )' ! ! *!
!" "" " " " " " " "
$ ' ( (# $ # & ):
• + , ! )! & (’ ! '' ! $ - , !
( ( $ ' ).
• . ! ! ( # (# $ ( .
• ( ( ( ! ' 10 ,) & ! 1 ! $
( ) * 10- ) ! ) ' & & , ( )' .
5649
184
5833
11
1
2
$ 1:
A. %
1. #
2. # $ &#
• !
• $ , $ & $ &# ! # & ! / ' 0 2-
#" "" " " " " " " "
$ ' :
• ( $ ( & ( ! 3 - , ! (2 ( ) & & ! ) " ! :
• : 1 0 (#" & ! )
• : 1 1 (#" & ! )
• : 1 0 (& ! 1)
• : 1 1 (& ! 1)
110110
11100
1010010
1111
$ 2:
1011.01
10.111
1110.001
1111

2. 1 & 1: & ') ( ) $ $ &# :
$" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
1. #
2. # $ &# ( & )
1 & 2: & ') ! &#' ( # $ $ & &
( ' ( )' ) $ & $ & .
%" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
1. #
2. # $ &# ( & )
A. %
1. #
3. # & $ &#
• !
• $ , $ & $ &# ! # & ! / ' 0 8- $
&" "" " " " " " " "
$ ' :
• 2 ! 0 $ & $ & - , ( )' / ( ' 15 (7+7+1).
• &#' ( ! & ' " ( ' :
.".
• ! / 6 # , ( )' 6 & & ! ! 0
• ! / 14 # , (# )' 6 & & ! ! 1
&
0 8
1 9
2 10
3 11
4 12
5 13
6 14
7 15
+ 0 + 1
A. %
1. #
2. # & $ &#
$ 1:
1 :
$ 2:
1 :
'" "" " " " " " " "
24307
2714
27223
11
57.07
11.231
70.321
11

3. 1 & 1: & ') ( ) & $ &# :
(" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
1. #
2. # & $ &# ( & )
1 & 2: & ') ! &#' ( # & $ & &
( ' ( )' ) $ & $ & .
" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
1. #
2. # & $ &# ( & )
A. %
1. #
4. # & $ &#
• !
• $ , $ & $ &# ! # & ! / ' 0 16- $
" "" " " " " " " "
$ ' :
• 2 ! 0 $ $ & $ & - ,
( )' / ( ' 31 (15+15+1).
• &#' ( ! & ' " ( ' :
.".:
• ! / 5 #
( )' ! 5 & & ! 0
• ! / 12 #
( )' ! C & & ! 0
• ! / 18 #
( )' ! 2 & & ! 1
• ! / 28 #
( )' ! C & & ! 1
&
0 16
1 17
2 18
3 19
4 20
5 21
6 22
7 23
8 24
9 25
10( ) 26
11( ) 27
12(C) 28
13(D) 29
14(E) 30
15(F) 31
+ 1+ 0
A. %
1. #
4. # & $ &#
$ 1:
1 :
$ 1:
1 :
" "" " " " " " " "
16F1
5739
6E2A
1
AA.81
1C.802
C7.012
11

4. 1 & 1: & ') ( ) 16$ &# :
!
" #$
%$# #$%
!" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
1. #
4. # & $ &# ( & )
1 & 2: & ') ! &#' ( # 16$ & &
( ' ( )' ) $ & $ & .
"
#" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
1. #
4. # & $ &# ( & )
A. %
1. #
5. # ''
• ! '* ! " ( $ ( '' :
• $ , $ & $ &# ! # & ! / ' 0 b- $ #( b ! /
$" "" " " " " " " "
1 & : & ') &#' ( ) :
& &
' '
$ ' :
• ! " " # ! ( ' (b-1)+(b-1)+1=2b-1
• ( ! & )" ' (# 0 ) b-1 & ' (# b ) 2b-1
$ : (
(
A. %
2. ,
1. , & $ &#
• '# !
• , (# & ! &
• ( )' ! ! *!
%" "" " " " " " " "
$ '
• + , ! , ) & (# ) ! $ - , !
( ( $ ' ).
• . ! ! , (# $ ( .
• ( ( ( - , ) ! & # (# - , , )
• ) )" ! - , )
• ) ! $ # - , , )
3 5 4 9
3 7 8(
3 1 7 1
14
4

5. $ :
(
(
A. %
2. ,
1. , & $ &#
&" "" " " " " " " "
$ ' :
• ! $ $ $ & & ! ! , ) )" & '' - , ' (#
, ) ( )" ! $ *
3 2 4 9
3 7 8(
2 8 7 1
1412
$ :
(
(
$ :
(
(
3 0 7 9
2 8 8(
2 7 9 1
1710
3 0 0 0 7 9
2 8 8(
2 9 9 7 9 1
1010 10 17
41 31
1 1 1 3
1 & : & ') &#' ( $ & $ &
(
(
( (
'" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
2. ,
1. , & $ &# ( & )
$ : (
(
A. %
2. ,
2. , $ &#
• ! # ! - , ) ! & #
(# - , , ) :
• ) - , ) .
• ) ! $ # - , , ) .
(" "" " " " " " " "
$ '
• . '# ! $ * ( ( ! / 0 $ ! $ & $ & .
• ( ) ( ! ( ! $ $ &#!
1 1 0 1
1 1 0(
0 1 1 1
23
21
$ 4: (
(
$ 2: (
(
A. %
2. ,
1. , & $ &#
" "" " " " " " " "
1 0 0 1
1 1 1(
0 0 1 0
22
1
$ 3: (
(
$ 5: (
(
1 1 1 0 0 0
(
0 0 1 1 0 1
2 2 2
1 0 1 0 1 1
3
2
1 0 1 0
1 0 1(
0 1 0 1
22
1 1
2121
1 0 1 . 0 0 1
(
0 0 1 . 1 0 0 1
1 1 . 1 0 0 1
1
22
2
3
2
2
1

6. 1 & 1: & ') &#' , ) $ $ &
(
(
(
" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
2. ,
2. , $ &# ( & )
$ 1: (
(
A. %
2. ,
3. , & $ &# & & $ &#
• ! , $ ' ! " $ & $ &#, '' :
• ) - , ) .
• ) ! $ # - , , ) .
• ! 16 , $ ' ! " $ & $ &#, '' :
• ) - , ) .
• ) ! $ # - , , ) .
" "" " " " " " " "
7 3 2
6 4(
6 4 6
1011
71
$ '
• 16$ &# / ! ! ( * $ ! $ & $ & .
• ( ( ( & ( ! ! ! ( ! $ & $ &#.
$ : ) (
( # "
C A A
2 F(
C 7 B
1010
152
12
26
11
3
712
1 & : & ') &#' , )
(
(
!! # ( #
!" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
2. ,
3. , & $ &# & & $ &# ( & )
A. %
2. ,
4. , ''
• ! '* ! " ( $ ( '' & ! ! , (#
( $ :
• ! - , ) ! & # (# - , , ) :
• ) b ! $ )" ! - , )
• ) ! $ # )" ! - , , )
#" "" " " " " " " "
1 & : & ') &#' ( ) :
& ( &
' ( '

7. $ 1: *
*
A. %
3. '' (' # &
1. '' (' #
• ! ( ' &# #( ! ! )! ( '' (' # ! ) $ $ " &*!
( ) !
• ( ) ! ! ( ! .
$" "" " " " " " " "
$ 2: *
*
5
5
10
5
15
5
20
1
2
3
4
101
101
1010
101
1111
101
10100
$ 1: +
1 : + = (#' (
$ 2
A. %
3. '' (' # &
2.
• ! ( ' &# #( ! ! $ ! ) $ $ " &*! , ) !
• , ) ! ! ( ! .
%" "" " " " " " " "
$ 2: +
1 : + = (#' (
$
17
5(
12
5(
7
5(
2
1
2
3
10001
101(
1100
101(
111
101(
10STOP. <5
1
2
3
STOP. <101
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
1. Bits, Bytes & ( &#! *! ! !
• ( ( ! * ) ! ! ! ( ' ! ! ( )"
"* ( & $ $ & - , .
• , - ( &( 0 1) bit. ( ' & # ! $
( & (' , ( ' ) .
• 8 ( bits 1 byte.
• 3 & 1 byte " ! ( & !# " & ! ! , !
! ( ! & ASCII ( ' # .
• ‘2, /')( ! ( ' ! ' & & $ & ( )! $ $ &#
.
&" "" " " " " " " "
!
1 byte 1 byte
bit bit bit bit bit bit bit bit
$ : ') : 01001000 01000101 01011100 01011100 01000001 01010011
H E L L A S
1 : + = (#' (
$ 2
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
1. Bits, Bytes & ( &#! *! ! !
• ( ! & ASCII ( * ( ' ) & $ & ( / ' bytes!
'" "" " " " " " " "

8. A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
2. & )
• + ! $ ( ! bits " ( ! # & ((# bits $ ( ).
. ( ' )" & & )! & ') ( ! ) 1 byte)
• 4! byte )" & ') = 8
(" "" " " " " " " "
4 )! ( ' & ') 8:
• ( ! ! ( 28
• ! )' ! ! ( , & , ( ! ! ( (#
0 ) 28-1 ($ ' $ (# 0 ) 255)
• & $ & ( *! & / ') # # !
- (Most Significant Bit – MSB) & $ # ! $
- (Least Significant Bit – LSB)
00000000 = 0
00000001 = 1
00000010 = 2
00000011 = 3
…
11111100 = 252
11111101 = 253
11111110 = 254
11111111 = 255
$ &
& ') 8
(1 byte)
& $ &
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
2. & )
• & $ bits &
$ .
• ! ( ! ' # bits (# & ') # (' *! (#
$ ! & .
• ! ( ! ( # bits (# & ') )" ( (overflow) &
" ! ! bits ( ( / ! ! & ') (# .
!" "" " " " " " " "
$ : & $ & ( ! ( ' & ') 8 (1 byte) : 254, 12, 515
( ! :
• 3 " . 1 # & ') 8 & $ & ( : 11111110
• 3 " . 1 # & ') 8 & $ & ( : 00001100
• 3 " . 1 # & ') 8 & $ & ( : 00000011
)" ( " ' ($ ! & $ & ( & # )
1 & : ! ( ! ( & , & ( ' & ') 8.
( ( ( * )" ( " ' (overflow);
!" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
2. & )
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
3. ! ( ! &*! )
• + ! ! & *! ( ! ! 3 #( :
• 1 #( ! & .
• # bit ( SB) ( 0 #' ( (0 (+) & 1 (-) )
!" "" " " " " " " "
4 )! ( ' & ') 8:
• ( ! ! ( 28-2 =254
• 127 ! & & 127 !
! & &) .
• ) !
• 0 ! ( $ , )
• &# ( # & ! ''
! &# ( # .
• #( # $ ! " ( ! ( !
00000000 = +0
00000001 = +1
00000010 = +2
00000011 = +3
…
01111100 = +124
01111101 = +125
01111110 = +126
01111111 = +127
10000000 = -0
10000001 = -1
10000010 = -2
10000011 = -3
…
11111100 = -124
11111101 = -125
11111110 = -126
11111111 = -127
##
&
&)
! &
&)

9. A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
3. ! ( ! &*! (' ( 1
• + ! ! & *! ( ! ! 3 #( :
• 2 #( ! ! 1.
• . !#! : « ! ), bits : . 0 ! 1 & & 1 ! 0»
!!" "" " " " " " " "
4 )! ( ' & ') 8:
• ( ! ! ( 28-1 = 255
• 127 ! & & 127 !
! & &) & )! ! 0.
• ) !
• 0 ! ( $ , )
• &# ( # & ! ''
! &# ( # .
• ( #/' # ( ! ) ! "! & (' * ( 2!
00000000 = +0
00000001 = +1
00000010 = +2
00000011 = +3
…
01111100 = +124
01111101 = +125
01111110 = +126
01111111 = +127
10000000 = -127
10000001 = -126
10000010 = -125
10000011 = -124
…
11111100 = -3
11111101 = -2
11111110 = -1
11111111 = -0
&
&)
! &
&)
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
3. ! ( ! &*! (' ( 2
• + ! ! & *! ( ! ! 3 #( :
• 3 #( ! ! 2.
• . !#! : « ( ' 0 (' ( 1 & ( ) ! $ »
!#" "" " " " " " " "
4 )! ( ' & ') 8:
• + ! & $ & ( ! & -7:
• # +7 ! : 00000111
• (' ( 1 : 11111000
+1
• (' ( 2 :11111001
• 1 (
:
• 5 ( & ( #/' 0.
• 6 # , ! & ! ( ( ! (# &
• ! ! ( & $ & ( $ $ )! !
( )" # ! *! * ! " !
& ') & ! ! )" ( " ' .
00000000 = +0
00000001 = +1
00000010 = +2
00000011 = +3
…
01111100 = +124
01111101 = +125
01111110 = +126
01111111 = +127
10000000 = -128
10000001 = -127
10000010 = -126
10000011 = -125
…
11111100 = -4
11111101 = -3
11111110 = -2
11111111 = -1
&
&)
! &
&)
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
3. ! ( ! &*! (' ( 2
• )' , ! $ ! ') & ( ! # ! (' ( 2 !# ,
# ! ( ' ( ! &# # ! :
• ( ' 0 (' ( 2 & ( ' 0 ) .
• 7 0 ! &# ( # .
!$" "" " " " " " " "
! ! &# # & $ & ( ') 11111001 ( ' & ') 8
:
4" :
• # ! : 11111001
• (' ( 1 : 00000110
+1
• (' ( 2 :00000111
1 # ! : (
1 & 1: 7 ! ! ( ( 2 ! ( & ! &*! $ $ &*! *!
, (' * ( 2 ( ' & ') 4 & ( ' &
') 8:
(
(
(
!%" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
3. ! ( ! &*! (' ( 2

10. 1 & 2: 4 ( ' & ') 8 ( ! & ! ( & )!
(' ( 2. ( $ & $ & ! " ! &#' ') :
!&" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
4. ! ( *! ! ( '
3. ! ( ! &*! (' ( 2
A. %
5. , "! & (' *
1. , $ &# (' ( 2
• (' ( 2 )" ! $ ! # ! & ! & ' (
( )! ! & ! $ $ &#:
• 0 / & ')
• ! & ( & ! 0 ! (' ( 2
• 2' ( ! ! ( ) !
• "#! & ! !
!'" "" " " " " " " "
1 & : . ! ( 15+17, 15-17, -15+17, -15-17 ! "! & (' *
( 2 ( ' & ') 8 $ $ &*! - , !. ( ' ( )'
$ & $ &#
: :
# 15 ! : 00001111
# -15:
• # +15 ! : 00001111
• (' ( 1 : 11110000
+1
• (' ( 2 :11110001
1 # -15 ! : 11110001
# 17 ! : 00010001
# -17:
• # +17 ! : 00010001
• (' ( 1 : 11101110
+1
• (' ( 2 :11101111
1 # -17 ! : 11101111
A. %
5. , "! & (' *
1. , $ &# (' ( 2
!(" "" " " " " " " "
! (* :
1 :
00001111
00010001
00100000
11111
! (* : ( (
1 : ( (
00001111
11101111
11111110
1111 ( )' ! :
11111110
(' ( 1
00000001
(' ( 2
00000010
1 # 10$ &#
2
! (* : ( (
1 : (
11110001
00010001
100000010
11111
! (* : ( ( ( (
1 : ( ( (
11110001
11101111
111100000
1111 1111 ( )' ! :
11100000
(' ( 1
00011111
(' ( 2
00100000
1 # 10$ &#
32
1 & : & ') ! ( ( " ( *! ! ) $
(' * ( 2. % # $ $ & ! ( *! 8 $ $ &
- , (bits)
#" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
5. , "! & (' *
1. , $ &# (' ( 2

11. A. %
5. , "! & (' *
2. , '' "! & (' *
• ! ( ' # ! 2:
• ! ), bits ( $ ! & ! ! ( 1- , #( - , )
• ) ! $
• ! " 8 ! ( ' # ! 8:
• . ! ! ( 7-. #( - , ( (' ( 7)
• ) ! $ (& )" (' ( 8)
• ! " 16 ! ( ' # ! 16:
• . ! ! ( 15-. #( - , ( (' ( 15)
• ) ! $ (& )" (' ( 16)
• &. .&. & )" ! ( &#! ! ! &*! *! ! " .
• 4( ( , " ! & /* $ 2$ &#
#" "" " " " " " " "
$ 1: ( & ! ( $ & $ &# & ') 4.
:
32 $ & $ &# ! :
& ') 4:
(' ( 15: ,
(' ( 16: -
A. %
5. , "! & (' *
2. , '' "! & (' *
#" "" " " " " " " "
$ 2: ! ( ( $ & $ &# & ') 4 &
! "! & (' * ( 16. ( ' ) $ & $ &
.
:
) : . * / *
, ) : 0 * 12 *
) & ) 4:
, ) & ) 4:
( &#! (
) ! :
(' ( 15:
(' ( 16: 1 :
( )' ! ! &# ( ' (' ( 16:
# ! : 3
(' ( 15: )
(' ( 16: ,
! (* ( )' ! : ( , ( 4 * 1. * ( (
0032
FF81
FFB3
1 & : & ') ! ( (
I. ( & $ &#
II. ( $ &# & ! "! & (' * ( 2
III. ( & $ &#
IV. " "! & (' * ( 16.
+ * (33) & ') 8, * (3V) & ') 4
#!" "" " " " " " " "
A. %
5. , "! & (' *
2. , '' "! & (' *