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The dark sector
Jesús Martínez Manso
What is the Universe made of?
68%
27%
5%
Dark energy
Dark matter
"Normal" matter
• Gas (H)
• Stars
• Dust
What?
How?
Dark
matter
Galaxies
South Pole Telescope: microwavesSpitzer: infraredGTC: visible
My research
Dark energy: the weirdo
Universe is
expanding, and
accelerating!
Mysterious effect, let’s call it DARK ENERGY
Einstein’s equations
Geometry
of space
Energy and
mass
G
Einstein’s equations
Gmn =8pG Tmn
3 space + 1 time components…
16 equations, ugh!
Universe is isotropicAssumptions:
Universe is homogeneous
… at large scales
Just ONE equation for the expansion of the Universe:
Observations
Riess, Perlmutter & Schmidt 1998
Perlmutter, Schmidt & Riess 1998
“speed ”
“distance”
Universe is accelerating!!
Observations
Fitting theory to observations
Extra term: dark energy
“speed ”
“distance”
Weird properties
DE density remains constant as Universe expands
while matter and radiation get diluted
DE will increasingly dominate the Universe, accelerating
expansion even more
Size of
Universe
time (billion years)
0 7 14 21 28 35
Big Rip
You are
here
Where is this extra energy coming from?
But, what is it, really?
Λ = vacuum energy?
10120
prediction Evacuum
measured Λ
>
Merp.
DE’s cousin: inflation
Cool discoveries ahead
Some day we might
harness the power of
dark energy in
technology
Fritz Zwicky, 1933
Galaxy cluster “Coma”
Dark matter
H. Babcock, 1939
The Dark Sector of the Cosmos
The Dark Sector of the Cosmos
Dark matter
How does it interact?
Gravitational force
Electromagnetic force
Weak force
Strong force
?
Dark matter
What can it be?
We need to figure out things like:
• Better measurement of its temperature
• Does it annihilate with itself?
Unlike with dark energy, here we have some
plausible candidates, like WIMPS
BUT
Black holes
Come closer,
I just wanna
play…
Hi, I’m a region where
space is so warped
that not even light
can escape.
Formation of BH depends on density,
not just on total mass.
There are several ways to form one
Main types
Micro BH,
Mass < 1 gram
Stellar BH,
Mass ~ 10
Msun
Supermassive BH,
Mass ~ 1 Billion Msun
Stellar black holes
• Most common black holes
• Final evolutionary stage of large stars
Stellar black holes
We should not fear their fly-
by’s any more than other
bodies of same mass
Supermassive black holes
• Almost every biggish galaxy has one at its center
• They have masses around 1 BILLION times our Sun
Our galaxy has one too:
Supermassive black holes
From time to time, they will swallow gas clouds and light up the entire galaxy.
In these stages, they are called Active Galactic Nuclei
Gultekin et al. 2009
Supermassive black holes
We don’t know how they formed!!
BH mass is correlated to
host galaxy mass:
Which formed first??
Thanks!

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The Dark Sector of the Cosmos