5. Stratum cornium
Outer most skin layer
Cells flattened without nuclie and
cytoplasmic organels.
Corneocytes which are joined by
desmosomes
20 -25 cells layer
6. Stratum Lucidum
Between granulosum and corneum
Thick epidermis of palm and soles has
an additional layer i.e. electrolucent
Stratum Granulosum
Presence of intracellular kerato-hyline
granules
2-5 cell layers
7. Stratum germinativum
Columnar cells
1-2 cells layer
Mitosis at every 18th or 19th day
8. Stratum spinosum
Also prickle cell layer
8-10 cells layer
Appear shrunken and spine like
Numerous desmosomal connecting
plaques which adjacent keratinocytes
and provide a network of stability.
9. Glands Sebaceous Sweat gland
Of skin gland Eccerine Apocrine
site Absent in Lowest Sub
glabrous skin portion of cutaneous
dermis or b/t fat
dermis and
subcutaneous
fat
location In face, lips, All over body Axilla and
nipple, glans except muco- genital
penis, labia major,
cutaneous region
it opens directly
into exterior junctions
10. Sebaceous` Eccerine Apocrine
Holocrine secretion –During heat Mammary
cell disintegrate to gland…???
secrete sebum active
at birth and puberty Sweating
Contains free fatty
acids and triglycerides,
steroids, waxes,
Evaporation
paraffin
Stimulated by sex Cooling of body
hormones
Especially in male,
dehydroepiandrosteron
e which is responsible
for acne on face
11. Hair
• develops from primary epithelial germ from ecto derm
• three parts :
•Lower – base of follicle upto insertion of erector
pilorum muscle
•Middle – erector pilorum to sebaceous duct opening
•Upper – sebaceous duct opening to follicular orifice
• growth stages
• anagen – 80%, at any moment of time
• catagen – transitional phase, last for 1 week
• telogen – resting phase, 3 months hair sheds off
12. Color of skin
Melanin – keratinocyts in s.germinatum
Hb in blood
13. FUNCTIONS
Maintaining the integrity and shape
Protective
Sensory
Storage [fats, water, chloride, sugar]
Synthetic function – Vit d3
Regulation of temperature
Excretory & Water - electrolytes balance
Absorptive – U V lights, external application
Secretary
Acts as immunological organ
16. Macules
Circumscribed
Altered skin color
Flat n non palpable
Any shape n size
No texture change
17. 1. Hypo pigmented-- melanocytes or amount of
pigment they produce
{tuberous sclerosis, naevus acromicus, leprosy}
TOTAL ABSENCE OF MELANOCYTES:VITILIGO
2. Hyper pigmented- melanin in epidermis
(freckles, cloasma)
no of melanocytes (lentigo)
increase melanin in dermis (mongolian spots)
3. Erythema – capillary dilatation---- increase blood
flow-----pink macules---- blanch on pressure
(viral rash)
4. Purpura – extravasation of RBC’S in dermis-----
no blanching
5. Ecchymosis – large purpura (thrombocytopenic
purpura)
18. papules
Small elevation of skin – less then 1 cm
Cause
Hyperplasia of epidermis, dermis or both
Shape
acuminate pointed shape – miliaria rubra
Scaly - guttate psoriasis
Dome shape – molluscum contagiosum
Flat topped – lichen planus
Color
Red – psoriasis
Pearly white – molluscum contagiosum
Violaceous – lichen planus
Coppery – secondary syphilis
Yellow – xanthomatosis
Heamo or necrotic – meningococcemia
Blue / Black papules – melonoma
Skin color – adenoma sebaceum, amyloidosis
Papules with central umbilication as in molluscum contagiosum
Pedenculated papules – neurofibromatosis
19. plaques
Solid
Plateau like elevation of skin
Coalescence of neighboring papules or by
enlargement of existing papules
Erythematous + silvery scaling – psoriasis
Lichenified + accentuated margins – ch.
Eczema
Hypo pigmented – tub. leprosy
21. Wheal (hives)
Transient vascular reaction & vasodilatation in
upper dermis
As allergic response
Evanescent elevated lesion
Erythematous
Edematous
With central pallor
Shape - Irregular
Flat/dome, oval, geographic, serpiginous or annular
Size – 3-4 mm or large
DERMOGRAPHISM
ANGIO-EDEMA – diffused edematous reaction
occurring in areas with loose dermis and
subcutaneous tissue i.e. lips, penis, hands etc.
22. Vesicles
Circumscribed
Elevated
Superficial
Size – 0.5 cm diameter
Consist clear fluid
Pustules – vesicle + pus
Bulla – vesicle + more then 0.5 cm, arise by
separation of skin within epidermis walls are thin
enough to permit visualization of the serous or
blood tinged fluid inside.
Intraepidermal vesiculation – impetigo contagiosa
& pemphigus foliaceous
24. PSORA
Primary Psora - mind And Skin & Mucus
Membranes
…the trouble some effects occur at the level
of the limiting protective envelopes, which
separate man from his environment, viz. the
skin and its appendages – hairs, nails & m.m.
and at the level of limitless mind
In skin….eruptions and discharges
The appearance of boils and the reappearance
of eruptions and discharges under treatment
is reliable index of the good action of an
adequately selected remedy.
…sensitization and allergic responces are
psoric in origin
25. SYCOSIS
altered physical expressions
Non suppurative inflammatory reactions
The imbalance of adrenal cortical
hormones produces pigmentation of skin
and m.m. as in addisonian syndrome
moles, naive, “liver spot”, freckles, malar
pigmentation (butterfly
type), vaccinations and inoculations
These result in chronic inflammations of
skin, m.m. (catarrhs), serous m. and gland
with indurations without suppuration
26. Tubercular
…skin pigmentation, cracks and
fissures of the skin
Premature graying of hair and
formation of pustules and lupus
27. SYPHILIS
skin, hair, nails : squamous copper
colored eruptions – non itching.
Itching eruption < night
Pustular, cracks, fissures, ulceration
with indurations and with
acrid, bloody, foul discharges;
sloughing, gangrene
mucous and serous mem.: acute and
chronic catarrhal with typical
discharges
acrid, bloody, foul, necrotic changes.
