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“Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris”
CGI Windows & Doors continuing education program for architects.

                     AIA Course Reference: CGI101
             This course qualifies for 1.0 LU AIA/CES credits
CGI Windows & Doors is a Registered Provider with The
American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems.
Credits earned on completion of this program will be reported to
CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-
AIA members available on request.



This program is registered with the AIA/CES for
continuing professional education. As such, it does
not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the
AIA of any material of construction or any method or
manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in
any material or product. Questions related to specific
materials, methods, and services will be addressed
at the conclusion of this presentation.
CGI Windows & Doors

          Established         in 1994
          Founded   on basis of developing
            and manufacturing high end
            impact-resistant windows and
            doors
          Premier aluminum impact
            windows and doors
          Offering  Miami-Dade County
            impact-resistant windows &
            doors


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
CGI Applications

          New       & Retrofit Construction
          Residential         & Light Commercial

            Single Family Homes
            Multi Family
            Condos
            Schools / Institutional
            Low and mid-rise commercial
            Government


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
CGI Products

          Casement          Windows
          Single-Hung           Windows
          ProjectOut
          Fix Windows
          Custom Windows
          French Doors

          Sliding      Glass Doors

         All CGI products are Miami-Dade county
         approved for large and small missiles –
              NOA’s available on all products


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
New From CGI

        Sliding Glass Door
             +120/ -170 PSF Design Load (4’x8’ panels)
             +120 / -140 PSF Design Load (4’x10’
              panels)
             +90 / -90 PSF Design Load (5’x10’ panels)
             Minimal covers, snaps & extra parts
             Simple frame assembly with a single row of
              fasteners
             Installation ease provides cost saving




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
New From CGI

        Aspen Collection
          Wood grain finishes
          Blends the warmth of wood
           with the strength of aluminum
          Unique patented wood
           painting process
          Nine Finishes: Honey Pine, Burlwood,
              Honey Cherry, Chestnut, Cherry, English Oak,
              Hazelnut Brown, Mahogany Red, Walnut
              Brown & Cinnamon Red


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
CGI Architectural Educational Programs

             Architectural Symposiums (3hr AIA CEU)
               Bonita Springs – November 16, 2007
               Deerfield Beach – March 7, 2008
               Tampa/St. Petersburg – June, 2008
               Jacksonville – September, 2008
               Orlando – December, 2008

             AIA Presentations (1hr AIA CEU)
               CGI 101 “Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris”
               CGI 102 “Glazing Green with Impact Resistance”
               CGI 103 “Understanding Wind Loads and Design Pressures”

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
Learning Topics

                   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris

        1)  Effects of a Hurricane & Building Codes

        2)  Approved Products & Critical Components


        3)  Product Availability & Design Options


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 9                                      Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
Section One


            Effects of a Hurricane & Building Codes


            This section will provide background on hurricanes and their
               effects on buildings and the building codes developed to
                          minimize wind-borne debris damage




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 10                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
Most Destructive Hurricanes (Atlantic)
                                                                                                               section one




                                 Note: damages are listed in US Dollars and are not adjusted for inflation
                                                     Source: www.mthhurricane.com




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 11                                       Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                              Introduction
                                                                                                                    2008
Dynamics of a Hurricane
                                                                                section one


            High velocity winds create flying debris acting as shooting
             missiles
            Flying debris breaks through windows or doors allowing
             pressure to build up inside the structure
            Rapid changes in both negative and positive wind pressures
             can cause severe structural damage




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 12                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Maintaining the Building Envelope
                                                                                section one


            Walls
            Roofs
            Louvers
            Solid/Glazed Curtain
             Wall
            Windows & Doors

             Air
             Water
             Wind
             Wind-Borne Debris

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 13                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Code Objective
                                                                                section one




         The overall objective of building codes
         developed for intensive hurricane winds
         and wind-borne debris is to prevent the
         penetration (or opening) of the envelop of
         a structure thus minimizing the potential
         damage to the structure


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 14                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Hurricane Code History
                                                                                                 section one

        1936: Miami requires storm shutters, capable of withstanding a wind pressure of 30 pounds
              per square foot
        1957: South Florid Building Code (SFBC) adopted, storm shutters were no longer required,
              but if used deflection criteria were established to prevent contact with glass
        1994: SFBC revised as a direct reaction to hurricane Andrew, include wind-borne debris
              adoption (impact, uniform load, cyclic)
        1995: SBCCI creates wind-borne debris standard: SSTD 12 (adopted by Palm Beach
              County, FL)
        1996: Texas Department of Insurance creates wind-borne debris standard
        2000: International Building Code (IBC & IRC) adopts ASTM E1886 & E1996 (wind-borne
              debris test standard)
        2001: Florida Building Code (FBC) replaces SBCCI and includes wind-borne debris
              standards for the state of Florida – HVHZ replace SFBC
        2004: FBC internal pressure design option eliminated from code
        2007: FBC amendment to Florida pan handle

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 15                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                        2008
Current Code Status
                                                                                section one


            2006, IBC – ASTM E1886 & E1996
            State adoption of I-Codes with wind-borne
             debris protection
              FL, GA, MS, LA, TX, SC, NC, CT, MA, VA, NY, RI
                    NC 1,500 feet from water
                    TX in areas with building deportments or TDI program
                    MA 1 mile from water, not including Boston
                    RI 1 mile from water
                    CT 6 coastal counties
              Alabama, legislation pending to increase
              Missing States: New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland



Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 16                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Key Influences
                                                                                section one


            Insurance Industry
            Government Bodies
            Building Associations
            Architects/Engineers
            Hurricane Activity




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 17                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Wind-Borne Debris Standards
                                                                                section one


             Wind-borne debris requirements
              are defined by missile level and
              wind zone (building height and
              location)
             Wind-borne debris requirements
              are only applicable where
              mandated by local or regional
              building codes
             It is up to the architect to determine
              the right product performance and
              code approval for the project.

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 18                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Wind Zones
                                                                                section one




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 19                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Wind Zones & Missile Types
                                                                                section one




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 20                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Wind Zones
                                                                                  section one




Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
 21                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Section Two
                                                                                       2008
Impact Missile Requirements
                                                                                                            section one


         Missile                  Missile               Impact Speed                 Typical Use
         Level                                            feet/sec (mph)

             A                2 gram steel ball              130 (89)                  Above 30 ft
                                                                                  Wind Zone 1 through 4

             B                  2 lb. Lumber                 50 (34)                Skylights < 30 ft.
                                                                                   Wind Zone 2 (Basic)

             C                 4.5 lb. Lumber                40 (27)                 Less than 30 ft.
                                                                                  Wind Zone 1 & 2 (Basic)

             D                  9 lb. Lumber                 50 (34)                 Less than 30 ft.
                                                                                 Wind Zone 3 & 4 (Basic)
                                                                                Wind Zone 1 & 2 (Enhanced)

             E                  9 lb. Lumber                 80 (55)                 Less than 30 ft.
                                                                                Wind Zone 3 & 4 (Enhanced)


                                                                                   Wind Zone 1 – 110mph
                                                                                   Wind Zone 2 – 120mph
                                                                                   Wind Zone 3 – 130mph
                                                                                   Wind Zone 4 – 140mph
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 22                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                                   2008
Small & Large Missile Requirements
                                                                                section one




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 23                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Cyclical Pressure Testing
                                                                                section one

            Designed to simulate the positive and negative pressures
             caused by a hurricane
            Determines the maximum positive and negative design
             pressures of each approved window and door system
            9,000 total cycles with 3 seconds per cycle of design
             pressure
            Cycling occurs after impact




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 24                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Cyclic Static Air Pressure Loading
                                                                                              section one




                                                                                9,000 total

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 25                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                     2008
Critical Elements
                                                                                section one


             Size and type of glass
             Framing components and design
             Thickness of extrusions
             Method of anchoring the glass
             Type and location of fasteners
             Type and thickness of interlayer (missile dependant)
             Glass can not be punctured upon impact
             Glass must remain in framing after impact and cycling




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Certification Process
                                                                                section one


            Must be tested in certified test
             laboratory
            Engineering witness and review
            Proper labeling of the glass
            Three identical units must past
            Test results, applications, and check
             submitted to Dade County Product
             Control Division for Notice of
             Acceptance (NOA)




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 27                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Industry Facts
                                                                                section one


             South Florida leads the nation in addressing
              hurricane protection & building codes
             Miami-Dade County & Broward County were the
              first to adopt building codes that mandate impact
              resistant shutters or impact resistant glazing
             South Florida is the only region in the world to
              adopt provisions expanding impact resistant
              construction to the entire building envelope



Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 28                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Section Two


         Approved Products & Critical Components


                 This section will review glazing products that meet the
                         various code requirements and the critical
                              components used in those systems




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 29                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
Code Approved Products
                                                                                section two


        Glazed openings must be protected
              Impact-resistant panels or plywood
              Impact-resistant shutters
              Impact-resistant glazing system




Windows30 Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
        &                               Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
System Approval
                                                                                section two




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 31                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Critical Glazing Components
                                                                                section two


             Glass
             Structural Sealant
             Gaskets
             Fasteners (assembly and
              installation)
             Hardware
             Frame material (aluminum, wood or PVC)




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Impact-Resistant Glass
                                                                                section two


            One of the most critical components
            Various options based on price and performance
            Glass may break, but must maintain it’s integrity after impact




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Impact-Resistant Glass
        CYCLING EFFECTS
                                                                                                        section two
                        Polycarb Glass          Stormglass,     Saflex HP           Saflex® 90g (PVB)
                        Clad                    PET’s & SGP




                        <5”               4” to 8”                8” to 14”            10” to 20”




                       <13cm              10 to 20cm          10 to 35cm         25 to 50cm




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris    Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                              2008
Impact-Resistant Glass
        STRUCTURAL BOND
                                                                                                 section two




                                                                           Glass wants to pull
                                                                           out of frame


                                                                       Positive/negative pressures
                                                                       from cycling 50 to 200+ PSF



Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 35                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                        2008
Hardware
                                                                                section two


            Info
            Info
            info




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 36                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Common Locking Hardware Types
                                                                                section two

            Single Lock
            Single action multipoint locking systems
             (one operation activates several locks)
            Multi step locking system (more than one
             action required to activate two or more
             locking points
            Self closing locks (locks that engage
             automatically when product is closed)
       Many options and strengths available in each
          type. While a self closing lock may work
          great for a window, you would not want it
          on a door.



Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 37                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Framing Member Construction and
        Installation Fasteners
                                                                                   section two

       Corner Assembly of Framing Members
            Aluminum Products- usually secured with sheet
             metal screws (SMS) ranging in sizes from #8
             to #14 x specific lengths. Some products may
             be weld or crimped.
            Wood Product- Coped/Notched wood
             secured with nails, staples, screws or glue
            PVC- Generally fusion weld
      Common Installation Fasteners (please format)
            Into masonry- Concrete anchors in diameters from 3/16” to 5/16”
       Into wood- Sheet metal screws, lag bolts or even concrete anchors (will thread
      into wood)
       Into metal- Sheet metal screws or self-drilling screws (such as a Tek screw)



Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris            2008
Fasteners
                                                                                section two


            Info
            Info
            info




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Window and Door Frames
                                                                                section two


            Aluminum – durable and strong.
             Maintains structural characteristics.
            Wood – Traditional and good thermal
             performance. Not as strong as aluminum
             and degrades in humid climates. Often
             clad in PVC or Aluminum on exterior.
            PVC – Maintenance free and good
             thermal performance. May require
             internal reinforcing and could be
             adversely effected by UV in certain
             climates.
            Fiberglass- new to market

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Glass Attachment Methods
        (referred to as “GLAZING”)
                                                                                section two

            Wet Glazing
             A method of securing glass in a frame that uses sealants (often
             100% silicone) or glazing compounds instead of preformed,
             resilient gaskets
            Dry Glazing
             A method of securing glass in a frame that uses preformed,
             resilient gaskets instead of a wet sealant or glazing compound.

            Wet/Dry Combination Glazing
             A method that combines some sort of Wet and Dry Glazing

            Marine Glazing
             A dry glazing method where the framing member is build around
             the glass using a channel gasket. Glass replacement requires the
             framing member to be disassembled. Most common on operable
             windows and doors for the panels or sash.
            Inside Glazed
             A method in which glass is replaceable from inside the building
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Aluminum Extrusions
                                                                                section two

            Info
            Info
            info




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Details
                                                                                section two


            Info
            Info
            info




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Section Three


               Product Availability & Design Options


                This section will review the various design and product
                        options available to architects and owners.




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 44                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
What to consider when selecting an impact
        system for a project
            Select a system that uses framing materials that are appropriate for your
             geographical zone
            Check the performance rating of the product you are considering. Impact
             resistant products are rated based on + & - PSF (positive & negative
             pounds per square foot). The higher the PSF the better.
            There are small missile and large missile rated products. Large missile can
             be used to satisfy small missile, but small missile will not satisfy large missile
             requirements. Small missile easier to pass.
            Try to avoid systems that require reinforcing to meet the minimum standard.
             This indicates a poorly designed system.
            Systems may require reinforcing for very large units or at very high PSF
             and that’s acceptable, but avoid carbon steel reinforcing that can rust (non-
             magnetic stainless steel reinforcing is fine).
            A system capable of high PSF ratings without any reinforcing is better.

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                     2008
What is important for a successful impact system

            Good glass bite on frame (dry systems require more bite than
             a wet system with a good bond)
            Frame material that is strong enough to resist the effects of
             9,000 cycles after the glass has been impacted
            Strong corner connections on frames
            Frame materials that won’t deteriorate or lose significant
             strength due to climate conditions
            Systems designed for impact from the start are generally
             better than older non-impact systems adapted for impact
             resistance


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   2008
Product Options
                                                                                   section three

       Active Glazing Options
              Plywood that meets Code
               specifications
              Code approved screens
              Code approved storm panels
              Code approved shutters

       Passive Glazing Options
              Code approved impact-resistant
               windows & doors
                    Wood
                    Aluminum Clad
                    Aluminum
                    Vinyl
                    Fiberglass

Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
 47                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Section Three
                                                                                         2008
Windows & Door Materials
                                                                                section three


             Aluminum
             Wood with Aluminum Exterior Clad
             Wood
             Vinyl
             Fiberglass




              Design performance will vary
              dramatically by manufacturers



Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 48                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris         2008
Window & Door Types
                                                                                section three


             Casement Window
             Single-Hung Window
             Fix/Picture Window
             Project Out Windows
             Sliding Windows
             French Doors
             Sliding Glass Doors

             No longer limited in design choices


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 49                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris         2008
Product Characteristics
                                                                                section three


            High Design Loads
            Limited Glazing Size
            Limited Overall Size
            Extremely Heavy
            More Expensive
            Higher Quality


         All impact products are not created equal!


Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 50                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris         2008
Quality Characteristics
                                                                                section three


            PVB Laminated Glass (90g)
            Strong Glass Bite (wet glazed with
             Silicone)
            Thicker Extrusions (higher design
             pressures)
            Stainless Steel Hardware (longer life)
            Quality Vendors on Hardware (longer
             life)
            Extruded Screens

            Small details make a big difference

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 51                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris         2008
Product Limitations
                                                                                   section three



        Aluminum impact-resistant windows typically give designers the
         greatest selection in product selection, glass size and design
        pressures offering the largest glazed openings and the highest
           design pressures compared to wood, vinyl and fiberglass




Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
 52                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Section Three
                                                                                         2008
Performance Charts
                                                                                   section three




                                   Example: manufacturers performance charts




Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
 53                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Section Three
                                                                                         2008
Product Selection
                                                                                   section three




                                   Example: manufacturers specification sheet


Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
 54                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Section Three
                                                                                         2008
Critical Design Elements
                                                                                   section three


            Physical location of structure
            Type of windows/door (aluminum,
             wood, vinyl)
            Overall window/door size
            Missile approval (large or small)
            Design pressures (to meet local
             requirements)
            Product code approval meets
             project specifications
            Produce design & aesthetics
Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
 55                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Section Three
                                                                                         2008
Notice of Acceptance
                                                                                section three



           There should be an NOA prior to
            specifying a product
           The NOA provides all the critical
            performance data
           All NOA’s are accessible on-line
            at www.miamidade.gov/buildingcode
           Confirm the promised
            performance with the approved
            NOA
           Check on the expiration date

Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 56                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris         2008
Installation Conditions
                                                                                       section three




                               Example: manufacturers installation specifications

Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
 57                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       Section Three
                                                                                             2008
Buyer (architect) Beware
                                                                                              section three



           Confirm the companies promise on
            product availability and
            performance
           Request a copy of the Notice of
            Acceptance (NOA)
           Make sure the product is
            approved for impact
           Check size and design pressures
           Make sure it meets the proper                               NOTE: we may change this
                                                                        slide to top 10 list
            impact requirement (large versus
            small)
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 58                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                       2008
Exceeding the Requirements
                                                                                         section three


             Building codes are minimum requirements
             Info
                                        NOTE: idea is to survey industry experts
             Info                      (Paul B., John K, Vinu A.) and get their
             Info                      comments/perspective on exceeding requirements




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 59                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris                  2008
Details and Terminology
                                                                                section two

             Muntins- are members that divides a glass pane
              within a window or door. In the past they were
              structural members which required many small
              panes to be used, but current codes (due to
              higher performance requirement) have done
              away with most true muntins. Today they are
              commonly surface applied on one or both sides.
              May be contoured (pictured) or flat. In the
              kitchen cabinet industry, these are referred to
              as mullions.
             Glazing Beads/Glazing Stops- the member
              that holds the glass in place from one side and
              is removable.
             Mullions- Members used to structurally support
              windows and/or doors when being joined
              together. Some products have build in structural
              members that serve the same purpose as a
              mullion, but generally at lesser performance
              level.
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris   Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris       2008
Section One Summary
                                                                                summary


       Effects of a hurricane & building codes
            Summary point1
            Summary point 2
            Summary point 3
            Summary point 4




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 61                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris     2008
Section Two Summary
                                                                                summary


       Approved products & critical components
            Summary point 1
            Summary point 2
            Summary point 3
            Summary point 4




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 62                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris     2008
Section Three Summary
                                                                                summary


       Product availability & design options
            Summary point 1
            Summary point 2
            Summary point 3
            Summary point 4




Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
 63                                     Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris     2008
THANK YOU
Len Quist
CGI Marketing Director




For additional information on CGI visit: www.cgiwindows.com

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Windows & Doors For Wind Borne Debris

  • 1. “Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris” CGI Windows & Doors continuing education program for architects. AIA Course Reference: CGI101 This course qualifies for 1.0 LU AIA/CES credits
  • 2. CGI Windows & Doors is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credits earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non- AIA members available on request. This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
  • 3. CGI Windows & Doors   Established in 1994   Founded on basis of developing and manufacturing high end impact-resistant windows and doors   Premier aluminum impact windows and doors   Offering Miami-Dade County impact-resistant windows & doors Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 4. CGI Applications   New & Retrofit Construction   Residential & Light Commercial   Single Family Homes   Multi Family   Condos   Schools / Institutional   Low and mid-rise commercial   Government Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 5. CGI Products   Casement Windows   Single-Hung Windows   ProjectOut   Fix Windows   Custom Windows   French Doors   Sliding Glass Doors All CGI products are Miami-Dade county approved for large and small missiles – NOA’s available on all products Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 6. New From CGI Sliding Glass Door   +120/ -170 PSF Design Load (4’x8’ panels)   +120 / -140 PSF Design Load (4’x10’ panels)   +90 / -90 PSF Design Load (5’x10’ panels)   Minimal covers, snaps & extra parts   Simple frame assembly with a single row of fasteners   Installation ease provides cost saving Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 7. New From CGI Aspen Collection   Wood grain finishes   Blends the warmth of wood with the strength of aluminum   Unique patented wood painting process   Nine Finishes: Honey Pine, Burlwood, Honey Cherry, Chestnut, Cherry, English Oak, Hazelnut Brown, Mahogany Red, Walnut Brown & Cinnamon Red Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 8. CGI Architectural Educational Programs   Architectural Symposiums (3hr AIA CEU)   Bonita Springs – November 16, 2007   Deerfield Beach – March 7, 2008   Tampa/St. Petersburg – June, 2008   Jacksonville – September, 2008   Orlando – December, 2008   AIA Presentations (1hr AIA CEU)   CGI 101 “Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris”   CGI 102 “Glazing Green with Impact Resistance”   CGI 103 “Understanding Wind Loads and Design Pressures” Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 9. Learning Topics Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 1)  Effects of a Hurricane & Building Codes 2)  Approved Products & Critical Components 3)  Product Availability & Design Options Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 9 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 10. Section One Effects of a Hurricane & Building Codes This section will provide background on hurricanes and their effects on buildings and the building codes developed to minimize wind-borne debris damage Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 10 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 11. Most Destructive Hurricanes (Atlantic) section one Note: damages are listed in US Dollars and are not adjusted for inflation Source: www.mthhurricane.com Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 11 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Introduction 2008
  • 12. Dynamics of a Hurricane section one   High velocity winds create flying debris acting as shooting missiles   Flying debris breaks through windows or doors allowing pressure to build up inside the structure   Rapid changes in both negative and positive wind pressures can cause severe structural damage Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 12 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 13. Maintaining the Building Envelope section one   Walls   Roofs   Louvers   Solid/Glazed Curtain Wall   Windows & Doors   Air   Water   Wind   Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 13 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 14. Code Objective section one The overall objective of building codes developed for intensive hurricane winds and wind-borne debris is to prevent the penetration (or opening) of the envelop of a structure thus minimizing the potential damage to the structure Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 14 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 15. Hurricane Code History section one 1936: Miami requires storm shutters, capable of withstanding a wind pressure of 30 pounds per square foot 1957: South Florid Building Code (SFBC) adopted, storm shutters were no longer required, but if used deflection criteria were established to prevent contact with glass 1994: SFBC revised as a direct reaction to hurricane Andrew, include wind-borne debris adoption (impact, uniform load, cyclic) 1995: SBCCI creates wind-borne debris standard: SSTD 12 (adopted by Palm Beach County, FL) 1996: Texas Department of Insurance creates wind-borne debris standard 2000: International Building Code (IBC & IRC) adopts ASTM E1886 & E1996 (wind-borne debris test standard) 2001: Florida Building Code (FBC) replaces SBCCI and includes wind-borne debris standards for the state of Florida – HVHZ replace SFBC 2004: FBC internal pressure design option eliminated from code 2007: FBC amendment to Florida pan handle Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 15 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 16. Current Code Status section one   2006, IBC – ASTM E1886 & E1996   State adoption of I-Codes with wind-borne debris protection   FL, GA, MS, LA, TX, SC, NC, CT, MA, VA, NY, RI   NC 1,500 feet from water   TX in areas with building deportments or TDI program   MA 1 mile from water, not including Boston   RI 1 mile from water   CT 6 coastal counties   Alabama, legislation pending to increase   Missing States: New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 16 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 17. Key Influences section one   Insurance Industry   Government Bodies   Building Associations   Architects/Engineers   Hurricane Activity Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 17 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 18. Wind-Borne Debris Standards section one   Wind-borne debris requirements are defined by missile level and wind zone (building height and location)   Wind-borne debris requirements are only applicable where mandated by local or regional building codes   It is up to the architect to determine the right product performance and code approval for the project. Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 18 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 19. Wind Zones section one Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 19 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 20. Wind Zones & Missile Types section one Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 20 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 21. Wind Zones section one Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & for Impact 21 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Two 2008
  • 22. Impact Missile Requirements section one Missile Missile Impact Speed Typical Use Level feet/sec (mph) A 2 gram steel ball 130 (89) Above 30 ft Wind Zone 1 through 4 B 2 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Skylights < 30 ft. Wind Zone 2 (Basic) C 4.5 lb. Lumber 40 (27) Less than 30 ft. Wind Zone 1 & 2 (Basic) D 9 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Less than 30 ft. Wind Zone 3 & 4 (Basic) Wind Zone 1 & 2 (Enhanced) E 9 lb. Lumber 80 (55) Less than 30 ft. Wind Zone 3 & 4 (Enhanced) Wind Zone 1 – 110mph Wind Zone 2 – 120mph Wind Zone 3 – 130mph Wind Zone 4 – 140mph Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 22 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 23. Small & Large Missile Requirements section one Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 23 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 24. Cyclical Pressure Testing section one   Designed to simulate the positive and negative pressures caused by a hurricane   Determines the maximum positive and negative design pressures of each approved window and door system   9,000 total cycles with 3 seconds per cycle of design pressure   Cycling occurs after impact Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 24 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 25. Cyclic Static Air Pressure Loading section one 9,000 total Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 25 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 26. Critical Elements section one   Size and type of glass   Framing components and design   Thickness of extrusions   Method of anchoring the glass   Type and location of fasteners   Type and thickness of interlayer (missile dependant)   Glass can not be punctured upon impact   Glass must remain in framing after impact and cycling Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 27. Certification Process section one   Must be tested in certified test laboratory   Engineering witness and review   Proper labeling of the glass   Three identical units must past   Test results, applications, and check submitted to Dade County Product Control Division for Notice of Acceptance (NOA) Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 27 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 28. Industry Facts section one   South Florida leads the nation in addressing hurricane protection & building codes   Miami-Dade County & Broward County were the first to adopt building codes that mandate impact resistant shutters or impact resistant glazing   South Florida is the only region in the world to adopt provisions expanding impact resistant construction to the entire building envelope Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 28 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 29. Section Two Approved Products & Critical Components This section will review glazing products that meet the various code requirements and the critical components used in those systems Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 29 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 30. Code Approved Products section two Glazed openings must be protected   Impact-resistant panels or plywood   Impact-resistant shutters   Impact-resistant glazing system Windows30 Doors for Wind-Borne Debris & Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 31. System Approval section two Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 31 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 32. Critical Glazing Components section two   Glass   Structural Sealant   Gaskets   Fasteners (assembly and installation)   Hardware   Frame material (aluminum, wood or PVC) Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 33. Impact-Resistant Glass section two   One of the most critical components   Various options based on price and performance   Glass may break, but must maintain it’s integrity after impact Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 34. Impact-Resistant Glass CYCLING EFFECTS section two Polycarb Glass Stormglass, Saflex HP Saflex® 90g (PVB) Clad PET’s & SGP <5” 4” to 8” 8” to 14” 10” to 20” <13cm 10 to 20cm 10 to 35cm 25 to 50cm Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 35. Impact-Resistant Glass STRUCTURAL BOND section two Glass wants to pull out of frame Positive/negative pressures from cycling 50 to 200+ PSF Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 35 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 36. Hardware section two   Info   Info   info Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 36 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 37. Common Locking Hardware Types section two   Single Lock   Single action multipoint locking systems (one operation activates several locks)   Multi step locking system (more than one action required to activate two or more locking points   Self closing locks (locks that engage automatically when product is closed) Many options and strengths available in each type. While a self closing lock may work great for a window, you would not want it on a door. Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 37 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 38. Framing Member Construction and Installation Fasteners section two Corner Assembly of Framing Members   Aluminum Products- usually secured with sheet metal screws (SMS) ranging in sizes from #8 to #14 x specific lengths. Some products may be weld or crimped.   Wood Product- Coped/Notched wood secured with nails, staples, screws or glue   PVC- Generally fusion weld Common Installation Fasteners (please format)   Into masonry- Concrete anchors in diameters from 3/16” to 5/16”  Into wood- Sheet metal screws, lag bolts or even concrete anchors (will thread into wood)  Into metal- Sheet metal screws or self-drilling screws (such as a Tek screw) Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 39. Fasteners section two   Info   Info   info Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 40. Window and Door Frames section two   Aluminum – durable and strong. Maintains structural characteristics.   Wood – Traditional and good thermal performance. Not as strong as aluminum and degrades in humid climates. Often clad in PVC or Aluminum on exterior.   PVC – Maintenance free and good thermal performance. May require internal reinforcing and could be adversely effected by UV in certain climates.   Fiberglass- new to market Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 41. Glass Attachment Methods (referred to as “GLAZING”) section two   Wet Glazing A method of securing glass in a frame that uses sealants (often 100% silicone) or glazing compounds instead of preformed, resilient gaskets   Dry Glazing A method of securing glass in a frame that uses preformed, resilient gaskets instead of a wet sealant or glazing compound.   Wet/Dry Combination Glazing A method that combines some sort of Wet and Dry Glazing   Marine Glazing A dry glazing method where the framing member is build around the glass using a channel gasket. Glass replacement requires the framing member to be disassembled. Most common on operable windows and doors for the panels or sash.   Inside Glazed A method in which glass is replaceable from inside the building Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 42. Aluminum Extrusions section two   Info   Info   info Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 43. Details section two   Info   Info   info Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 44. Section Three Product Availability & Design Options This section will review the various design and product options available to architects and owners. Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 44 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 45. What to consider when selecting an impact system for a project   Select a system that uses framing materials that are appropriate for your geographical zone   Check the performance rating of the product you are considering. Impact resistant products are rated based on + & - PSF (positive & negative pounds per square foot). The higher the PSF the better.   There are small missile and large missile rated products. Large missile can be used to satisfy small missile, but small missile will not satisfy large missile requirements. Small missile easier to pass.   Try to avoid systems that require reinforcing to meet the minimum standard. This indicates a poorly designed system.   Systems may require reinforcing for very large units or at very high PSF and that’s acceptable, but avoid carbon steel reinforcing that can rust (non- magnetic stainless steel reinforcing is fine).   A system capable of high PSF ratings without any reinforcing is better. Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 46. What is important for a successful impact system   Good glass bite on frame (dry systems require more bite than a wet system with a good bond)   Frame material that is strong enough to resist the effects of 9,000 cycles after the glass has been impacted   Strong corner connections on frames   Frame materials that won’t deteriorate or lose significant strength due to climate conditions   Systems designed for impact from the start are generally better than older non-impact systems adapted for impact resistance Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 47. Product Options section three Active Glazing Options   Plywood that meets Code specifications   Code approved screens   Code approved storm panels   Code approved shutters Passive Glazing Options   Code approved impact-resistant windows & doors   Wood   Aluminum Clad   Aluminum   Vinyl   Fiberglass Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & for Impact 47 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three 2008
  • 48. Windows & Door Materials section three   Aluminum   Wood with Aluminum Exterior Clad   Wood   Vinyl   Fiberglass Design performance will vary dramatically by manufacturers Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 48 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 49. Window & Door Types section three   Casement Window   Single-Hung Window   Fix/Picture Window   Project Out Windows   Sliding Windows   French Doors   Sliding Glass Doors No longer limited in design choices Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 49 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 50. Product Characteristics section three   High Design Loads   Limited Glazing Size   Limited Overall Size   Extremely Heavy   More Expensive   Higher Quality All impact products are not created equal! Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 50 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 51. Quality Characteristics section three   PVB Laminated Glass (90g)   Strong Glass Bite (wet glazed with Silicone)   Thicker Extrusions (higher design pressures)   Stainless Steel Hardware (longer life)   Quality Vendors on Hardware (longer life)   Extruded Screens Small details make a big difference Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 51 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 52. Product Limitations section three Aluminum impact-resistant windows typically give designers the greatest selection in product selection, glass size and design pressures offering the largest glazed openings and the highest design pressures compared to wood, vinyl and fiberglass Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & for Impact 52 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three 2008
  • 53. Performance Charts section three Example: manufacturers performance charts Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & for Impact 53 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three 2008
  • 54. Product Selection section three Example: manufacturers specification sheet Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & for Impact 54 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three 2008
  • 55. Critical Design Elements section three   Physical location of structure   Type of windows/door (aluminum, wood, vinyl)   Overall window/door size   Missile approval (large or small)   Design pressures (to meet local requirements)   Product code approval meets project specifications   Produce design & aesthetics Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & for Impact 55 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three 2008
  • 56. Notice of Acceptance section three   There should be an NOA prior to specifying a product   The NOA provides all the critical performance data   All NOA’s are accessible on-line at www.miamidade.gov/buildingcode   Confirm the promised performance with the approved NOA   Check on the expiration date Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 56 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 57. Installation Conditions section three Example: manufacturers installation specifications Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & for Impact 57 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three 2008
  • 58. Buyer (architect) Beware section three   Confirm the companies promise on product availability and performance   Request a copy of the Notice of Acceptance (NOA)   Make sure the product is approved for impact   Check size and design pressures   Make sure it meets the proper NOTE: we may change this slide to top 10 list impact requirement (large versus small) Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 58 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 59. Exceeding the Requirements section three   Building codes are minimum requirements   Info NOTE: idea is to survey industry experts   Info (Paul B., John K, Vinu A.) and get their   Info comments/perspective on exceeding requirements Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 59 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 60. Details and Terminology section two   Muntins- are members that divides a glass pane within a window or door. In the past they were structural members which required many small panes to be used, but current codes (due to higher performance requirement) have done away with most true muntins. Today they are commonly surface applied on one or both sides. May be contoured (pictured) or flat. In the kitchen cabinet industry, these are referred to as mullions.   Glazing Beads/Glazing Stops- the member that holds the glass in place from one side and is removable.   Mullions- Members used to structurally support windows and/or doors when being joined together. Some products have build in structural members that serve the same purpose as a mullion, but generally at lesser performance level. Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 61. Section One Summary summary Effects of a hurricane & building codes   Summary point1   Summary point 2   Summary point 3   Summary point 4 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 61 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 62. Section Two Summary summary Approved products & critical components   Summary point 1   Summary point 2   Summary point 3   Summary point 4 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 62 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 63. Section Three Summary summary Product availability & design options   Summary point 1   Summary point 2   Summary point 3   Summary point 4 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 63 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
  • 64. THANK YOU Len Quist CGI Marketing Director For additional information on CGI visit: www.cgiwindows.com