1. “Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris”
CGI Windows & Doors continuing education program for architects.
AIA Course Reference: CGI101
This course qualifies for 1.0 LU AIA/CES credits
2. CGI Windows & Doors is a Registered Provider with The
American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems.
Credits earned on completion of this program will be reported to
CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-
AIA members available on request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for
continuing professional education. As such, it does
not include content that may be deemed or
construed to be an approval or endorsement by the
AIA of any material of construction or any method or
manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in
any material or product. Questions related to specific
materials, methods, and services will be addressed
at the conclusion of this presentation.
3. CGI Windows & Doors
Established in 1994
Founded on basis of developing
and manufacturing high end
impact-resistant windows and
doors
Premier aluminum impact
windows and doors
Offering Miami-Dade County
impact-resistant windows &
doors
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
4. CGI Applications
New & Retrofit Construction
Residential & Light Commercial
Single Family Homes
Multi Family
Condos
Schools / Institutional
Low and mid-rise commercial
Government
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
5. CGI Products
Casement Windows
Single-Hung Windows
ProjectOut
Fix Windows
Custom Windows
French Doors
Sliding Glass Doors
All CGI products are Miami-Dade county
approved for large and small missiles –
NOA’s available on all products
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
6. New From CGI
Sliding Glass Door
+120/ -170 PSF Design Load (4’x8’ panels)
+120 / -140 PSF Design Load (4’x10’
panels)
+90 / -90 PSF Design Load (5’x10’ panels)
Minimal covers, snaps & extra parts
Simple frame assembly with a single row of
fasteners
Installation ease provides cost saving
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
7. New From CGI
Aspen Collection
Wood grain finishes
Blends the warmth of wood
with the strength of aluminum
Unique patented wood
painting process
Nine Finishes: Honey Pine, Burlwood,
Honey Cherry, Chestnut, Cherry, English Oak,
Hazelnut Brown, Mahogany Red, Walnut
Brown & Cinnamon Red
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
8. CGI Architectural Educational Programs
Architectural Symposiums (3hr AIA CEU)
Bonita Springs – November 16, 2007
Deerfield Beach – March 7, 2008
Tampa/St. Petersburg – June, 2008
Jacksonville – September, 2008
Orlando – December, 2008
AIA Presentations (1hr AIA CEU)
CGI 101 “Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris”
CGI 102 “Glazing Green with Impact Resistance”
CGI 103 “Understanding Wind Loads and Design Pressures”
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
9. Learning Topics
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
1) Effects of a Hurricane & Building Codes
2) Approved Products & Critical Components
3) Product Availability & Design Options
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10. Section One
Effects of a Hurricane & Building Codes
This section will provide background on hurricanes and their
effects on buildings and the building codes developed to
minimize wind-borne debris damage
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11. Most Destructive Hurricanes (Atlantic)
section one
Note: damages are listed in US Dollars and are not adjusted for inflation
Source: www.mthhurricane.com
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2008
12. Dynamics of a Hurricane
section one
High velocity winds create flying debris acting as shooting
missiles
Flying debris breaks through windows or doors allowing
pressure to build up inside the structure
Rapid changes in both negative and positive wind pressures
can cause severe structural damage
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13. Maintaining the Building Envelope
section one
Walls
Roofs
Louvers
Solid/Glazed Curtain
Wall
Windows & Doors
Air
Water
Wind
Wind-Borne Debris
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14. Code Objective
section one
The overall objective of building codes
developed for intensive hurricane winds
and wind-borne debris is to prevent the
penetration (or opening) of the envelop of
a structure thus minimizing the potential
damage to the structure
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15. Hurricane Code History
section one
1936: Miami requires storm shutters, capable of withstanding a wind pressure of 30 pounds
per square foot
1957: South Florid Building Code (SFBC) adopted, storm shutters were no longer required,
but if used deflection criteria were established to prevent contact with glass
1994: SFBC revised as a direct reaction to hurricane Andrew, include wind-borne debris
adoption (impact, uniform load, cyclic)
1995: SBCCI creates wind-borne debris standard: SSTD 12 (adopted by Palm Beach
County, FL)
1996: Texas Department of Insurance creates wind-borne debris standard
2000: International Building Code (IBC & IRC) adopts ASTM E1886 & E1996 (wind-borne
debris test standard)
2001: Florida Building Code (FBC) replaces SBCCI and includes wind-borne debris
standards for the state of Florida – HVHZ replace SFBC
2004: FBC internal pressure design option eliminated from code
2007: FBC amendment to Florida pan handle
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16. Current Code Status
section one
2006, IBC – ASTM E1886 & E1996
State adoption of I-Codes with wind-borne
debris protection
FL, GA, MS, LA, TX, SC, NC, CT, MA, VA, NY, RI
NC 1,500 feet from water
TX in areas with building deportments or TDI program
MA 1 mile from water, not including Boston
RI 1 mile from water
CT 6 coastal counties
Alabama, legislation pending to increase
Missing States: New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland
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17. Key Influences
section one
Insurance Industry
Government Bodies
Building Associations
Architects/Engineers
Hurricane Activity
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18. Wind-Borne Debris Standards
section one
Wind-borne debris requirements
are defined by missile level and
wind zone (building height and
location)
Wind-borne debris requirements
are only applicable where
mandated by local or regional
building codes
It is up to the architect to determine
the right product performance and
code approval for the project.
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19. Wind Zones
section one
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20. Wind Zones & Missile Types
section one
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21. Wind Zones
section one
Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
21 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Two
2008
22. Impact Missile Requirements
section one
Missile Missile Impact Speed Typical Use
Level feet/sec (mph)
A 2 gram steel ball 130 (89) Above 30 ft
Wind Zone 1 through 4
B 2 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Skylights < 30 ft.
Wind Zone 2 (Basic)
C 4.5 lb. Lumber 40 (27) Less than 30 ft.
Wind Zone 1 & 2 (Basic)
D 9 lb. Lumber 50 (34) Less than 30 ft.
Wind Zone 3 & 4 (Basic)
Wind Zone 1 & 2 (Enhanced)
E 9 lb. Lumber 80 (55) Less than 30 ft.
Wind Zone 3 & 4 (Enhanced)
Wind Zone 1 – 110mph
Wind Zone 2 – 120mph
Wind Zone 3 – 130mph
Wind Zone 4 – 140mph
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23. Small & Large Missile Requirements
section one
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24. Cyclical Pressure Testing
section one
Designed to simulate the positive and negative pressures
caused by a hurricane
Determines the maximum positive and negative design
pressures of each approved window and door system
9,000 total cycles with 3 seconds per cycle of design
pressure
Cycling occurs after impact
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25. Cyclic Static Air Pressure Loading
section one
9,000 total
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26. Critical Elements
section one
Size and type of glass
Framing components and design
Thickness of extrusions
Method of anchoring the glass
Type and location of fasteners
Type and thickness of interlayer (missile dependant)
Glass can not be punctured upon impact
Glass must remain in framing after impact and cycling
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
27. Certification Process
section one
Must be tested in certified test
laboratory
Engineering witness and review
Proper labeling of the glass
Three identical units must past
Test results, applications, and check
submitted to Dade County Product
Control Division for Notice of
Acceptance (NOA)
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28. Industry Facts
section one
South Florida leads the nation in addressing
hurricane protection & building codes
Miami-Dade County & Broward County were the
first to adopt building codes that mandate impact
resistant shutters or impact resistant glazing
South Florida is the only region in the world to
adopt provisions expanding impact resistant
construction to the entire building envelope
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29. Section Two
Approved Products & Critical Components
This section will review glazing products that meet the
various code requirements and the critical
components used in those systems
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30. Code Approved Products
section two
Glazed openings must be protected
Impact-resistant panels or plywood
Impact-resistant shutters
Impact-resistant glazing system
Windows30 Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
& Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
31. System Approval
section two
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32. Critical Glazing Components
section two
Glass
Structural Sealant
Gaskets
Fasteners (assembly and
installation)
Hardware
Frame material (aluminum, wood or PVC)
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
33. Impact-Resistant Glass
section two
One of the most critical components
Various options based on price and performance
Glass may break, but must maintain it’s integrity after impact
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
34. Impact-Resistant Glass
CYCLING EFFECTS
section two
Polycarb Glass Stormglass, Saflex HP Saflex® 90g (PVB)
Clad PET’s & SGP
<5” 4” to 8” 8” to 14” 10” to 20”
<13cm 10 to 20cm 10 to 35cm 25 to 50cm
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
35. Impact-Resistant Glass
STRUCTURAL BOND
section two
Glass wants to pull
out of frame
Positive/negative pressures
from cycling 50 to 200+ PSF
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36. Hardware
section two
Info
Info
info
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37. Common Locking Hardware Types
section two
Single Lock
Single action multipoint locking systems
(one operation activates several locks)
Multi step locking system (more than one
action required to activate two or more
locking points
Self closing locks (locks that engage
automatically when product is closed)
Many options and strengths available in each
type. While a self closing lock may work
great for a window, you would not want it
on a door.
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38. Framing Member Construction and
Installation Fasteners
section two
Corner Assembly of Framing Members
Aluminum Products- usually secured with sheet
metal screws (SMS) ranging in sizes from #8
to #14 x specific lengths. Some products may
be weld or crimped.
Wood Product- Coped/Notched wood
secured with nails, staples, screws or glue
PVC- Generally fusion weld
Common Installation Fasteners (please format)
Into masonry- Concrete anchors in diameters from 3/16” to 5/16”
Into wood- Sheet metal screws, lag bolts or even concrete anchors (will thread
into wood)
Into metal- Sheet metal screws or self-drilling screws (such as a Tek screw)
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
39. Fasteners
section two
Info
Info
info
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
40. Window and Door Frames
section two
Aluminum – durable and strong.
Maintains structural characteristics.
Wood – Traditional and good thermal
performance. Not as strong as aluminum
and degrades in humid climates. Often
clad in PVC or Aluminum on exterior.
PVC – Maintenance free and good
thermal performance. May require
internal reinforcing and could be
adversely effected by UV in certain
climates.
Fiberglass- new to market
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
41. Glass Attachment Methods
(referred to as “GLAZING”)
section two
Wet Glazing
A method of securing glass in a frame that uses sealants (often
100% silicone) or glazing compounds instead of preformed,
resilient gaskets
Dry Glazing
A method of securing glass in a frame that uses preformed,
resilient gaskets instead of a wet sealant or glazing compound.
Wet/Dry Combination Glazing
A method that combines some sort of Wet and Dry Glazing
Marine Glazing
A dry glazing method where the framing member is build around
the glass using a channel gasket. Glass replacement requires the
framing member to be disassembled. Most common on operable
windows and doors for the panels or sash.
Inside Glazed
A method in which glass is replaceable from inside the building
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
42. Aluminum Extrusions
section two
Info
Info
info
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
43. Details
section two
Info
Info
info
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
44. Section Three
Product Availability & Design Options
This section will review the various design and product
options available to architects and owners.
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45. What to consider when selecting an impact
system for a project
Select a system that uses framing materials that are appropriate for your
geographical zone
Check the performance rating of the product you are considering. Impact
resistant products are rated based on + & - PSF (positive & negative
pounds per square foot). The higher the PSF the better.
There are small missile and large missile rated products. Large missile can
be used to satisfy small missile, but small missile will not satisfy large missile
requirements. Small missile easier to pass.
Try to avoid systems that require reinforcing to meet the minimum standard.
This indicates a poorly designed system.
Systems may require reinforcing for very large units or at very high PSF
and that’s acceptable, but avoid carbon steel reinforcing that can rust (non-
magnetic stainless steel reinforcing is fine).
A system capable of high PSF ratings without any reinforcing is better.
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
46. What is important for a successful impact system
Good glass bite on frame (dry systems require more bite than
a wet system with a good bond)
Frame material that is strong enough to resist the effects of
9,000 cycles after the glass has been impacted
Strong corner connections on frames
Frame materials that won’t deteriorate or lose significant
strength due to climate conditions
Systems designed for impact from the start are generally
better than older non-impact systems adapted for impact
resistance
Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
47. Product Options
section three
Active Glazing Options
Plywood that meets Code
specifications
Code approved screens
Code approved storm panels
Code approved shutters
Passive Glazing Options
Code approved impact-resistant
windows & doors
Wood
Aluminum Clad
Aluminum
Vinyl
Fiberglass
Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
47 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three
2008
48. Windows & Door Materials
section three
Aluminum
Wood with Aluminum Exterior Clad
Wood
Vinyl
Fiberglass
Design performance will vary
dramatically by manufacturers
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49. Window & Door Types
section three
Casement Window
Single-Hung Window
Fix/Picture Window
Project Out Windows
Sliding Windows
French Doors
Sliding Glass Doors
No longer limited in design choices
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50. Product Characteristics
section three
High Design Loads
Limited Glazing Size
Limited Overall Size
Extremely Heavy
More Expensive
Higher Quality
All impact products are not created equal!
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51. Quality Characteristics
section three
PVB Laminated Glass (90g)
Strong Glass Bite (wet glazed with
Silicone)
Thicker Extrusions (higher design
pressures)
Stainless Steel Hardware (longer life)
Quality Vendors on Hardware (longer
life)
Extruded Screens
Small details make a big difference
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52. Product Limitations
section three
Aluminum impact-resistant windows typically give designers the
greatest selection in product selection, glass size and design
pressures offering the largest glazed openings and the highest
design pressures compared to wood, vinyl and fiberglass
Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
52 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three
2008
53. Performance Charts
section three
Example: manufacturers performance charts
Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
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2008
54. Product Selection
section three
Example: manufacturers specification sheet
Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
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2008
55. Critical Design Elements
section three
Physical location of structure
Type of windows/door (aluminum,
wood, vinyl)
Overall window/door size
Missile approval (large or small)
Design pressures (to meet local
requirements)
Product code approval meets
project specifications
Produce design & aesthetics
Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
55 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris Section Three
2008
56. Notice of Acceptance
section three
There should be an NOA prior to
specifying a product
The NOA provides all the critical
performance data
All NOA’s are accessible on-line
at www.miamidade.gov/buildingcode
Confirm the promised
performance with the approved
NOA
Check on the expiration date
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57. Installation Conditions
section three
Example: manufacturers installation specifications
Designing Doors for Wind-Borne Debris
Windows & for Impact
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2008
58. Buyer (architect) Beware
section three
Confirm the companies promise on
product availability and
performance
Request a copy of the Notice of
Acceptance (NOA)
Make sure the product is
approved for impact
Check size and design pressures
Make sure it meets the proper NOTE: we may change this
slide to top 10 list
impact requirement (large versus
small)
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59. Exceeding the Requirements
section three
Building codes are minimum requirements
Info
NOTE: idea is to survey industry experts
Info (Paul B., John K, Vinu A.) and get their
Info comments/perspective on exceeding requirements
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60. Details and Terminology
section two
Muntins- are members that divides a glass pane
within a window or door. In the past they were
structural members which required many small
panes to be used, but current codes (due to
higher performance requirement) have done
away with most true muntins. Today they are
commonly surface applied on one or both sides.
May be contoured (pictured) or flat. In the
kitchen cabinet industry, these are referred to
as mullions.
Glazing Beads/Glazing Stops- the member
that holds the glass in place from one side and
is removable.
Mullions- Members used to structurally support
windows and/or doors when being joined
together. Some products have build in structural
members that serve the same purpose as a
mullion, but generally at lesser performance
level.
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61. Section One Summary
summary
Effects of a hurricane & building codes
Summary point1
Summary point 2
Summary point 3
Summary point 4
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61 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
62. Section Two Summary
summary
Approved products & critical components
Summary point 1
Summary point 2
Summary point 3
Summary point 4
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63. Section Three Summary
summary
Product availability & design options
Summary point 1
Summary point 2
Summary point 3
Summary point 4
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63 Windows & Doors for Wind-Borne Debris 2008
64. THANK YOU
Len Quist
CGI Marketing Director
For additional information on CGI visit: www.cgiwindows.com