Human Anatomy

1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
7
The Skeletal System:
Appendicular Division
PowerPoint®
Lecture Presentations prepared by
Steven Bassett
Southeast Community College
Lincoln, Nebraska

2. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
• The appendicular skeleton includes:
• Pectoral girdle
• Shoulder bones
• Upper limbs
• Pelvic girdle
• Hip bones
• Lower limbs

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.1 The Appendicular Skeleton
SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON
(see Figure 6.1)
Clavicle 2
2
4
Scapula
Pectoral
girdles
Upper
limbs
Pelvic
girdle
Lower
limbs
60
60
2
2
2
2
16
10
28
2
2
2
2
2
28
10
14
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal
bones
Metacarpal
bones
Phalanges
Hip bones
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal
bones
Phalanges
Anterior view of the skeleton highlighting the appendicular components.
The numbers in the boxes indicate the total number of bones of that type
or category in the adult skeleton.
Posterior view of the skeleton
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Hip
bone
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Scapula
Clavicle
206
12680

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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
 The Pectoral Girdle
 Includes the S-shaped clavicle (collarbone) and the flattened
scapula (shoulder blade)
 The clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
and is the only direct connection between the axial skeleton and
the pectoral girdle.
 The scapula is attached to the clavicle anteriorly but has no
connection to the actual axial skeleton; instead skeletal muscles
and ligaments support it.
 specification of scapula, such as spine, supraspinous and
infraspinous fossa, subscapularis fossa and Glenoid cavity.

5. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.4a Mobility of the Pectoral Girdle
Bones of the right pectoral
girdle, superior view
Sternoclavicular
joint
Manubrium
of sternum
Clavicle
Scapula
Acromio-
clavicular
joint

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Figure 7.3b The Clavicle
Acromial end Conoid tubercle Sternal facet
Costal
tuberosity
Sternal end
Right clavicle, inferior view
LATERAL
MEDIAL

7. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.5c The Scapula
Posterior view
Supraspinous
fossa
Medial
border
Superior
border
Body
Coracoid
process
Acromion
Neck
Spine
Infraspinous
fossa
Lateral
border
Inferior angle

8. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.5a The Scapula
Costal (anterior) view
Inferior angle
Lateral border
(axillary border)
Lateral
angle
Rim of
glenoid
cavity
Medial border
(vertebral border)
Subscapular
fossa
Superior
angle
Superior
border
Suprascapular
notch
Coracoid
process
Acromion
Body

9. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
 The upper limb consists of the
 Brachium (humerus): head, neck, capitulum,
trochlea, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa.
 Antebrachium (ulna and radius): bone
specifications, such as olecranon process of
ulna and head of radius.
 Wrist (carpals)
 Hand (metacarpals and phalanges)

10. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.2a The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Right upper limb, anterior view
Scapula
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal
bones
Metacarpal
bones (I to V)
Phalanges

11. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.6a The Humerus
Anterior views
Condyle Condyle
Capitulum Trochlea Capitulum Trochlea
Radial fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Intertubercular
sulcus
Radial
groove
Radial
groove
Deltoid
tuberosity
Shaft
(body)
Deltoid
tuberosity
Intertubercular
sulcus
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle Head
Anatomical neck
Anatomical
neckIntertubercular
sulcus
Greater
tubercle
Lesser
tubercle
Intertubercular
sulcus
Surgical
neck
Head

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Figure 7.6d The Humerus
Posterior views
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
Greater
tubercle
Head
Anatomical
neck
Olecranon
fossa
Medial
epicondyle
Trochlea Trochlea
Lateral
epicondyle Lateral epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Radial groove
for radial nerve
Deltoid tuberosity
Deltoid
tuberosity
Surgical neck
Anatomical neck
Greater tubercle
Head

13. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.7a The Radius and Ulna
Posterior view of the right radius and ulna
Olecranon
Proximal radioulnar joint
Head of radius
Neck of radius
RADIUS
ULNA
Interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
Ulnar notch
of radius
Ulnar head
Ulnar head
Ulnar styloid process
Ulnar
styloid
process
Articular cartilage
Distal extremity of radius Distal extremity of radius
Radial
styloid
process
Radial
styloid
process

14. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.7b The Radius and Ulna
Posterior view of the elbow joint
showing the interlocking of the
participating bones
Humerus
Olecranon fossa
Olecranon
Medial epicondyle
of humerus
Trochlea of humerus
Head of radius
Ulna

15. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.7c The Radius and Ulna
Anterior view of the elbow joint
Humerus
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Capitulum
Head of radius
Coronoid
process of ulna
Radial notch
of ulna

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Figure 7.7d The Radius and Ulna
Anterior view of the radius and ulna
Olecranon
Trochlear notch
Coronoid process
Radial notch of ulna
Head of radius
Neck of radius
Ulnar tuberosity
Radial tuberosity
Head of
radius
Interosseous
membrane
Attachment
surfaces for
interosseous
membrane
Ulnar notch
of radius
ULNA
RADIUS
Ulnar notch
of radius
Radial styloid
process
Distal radioulnar
joint
Head of ulna
Ulnar styloid
process
Radial
styloid process
Carpal
articular surface
Carpal
articular surface

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The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
 The Wrist and Hand
 The carpal bones are the 8 bones of the wrist.
 The metacarpal bones (5) articulate with the distal
carpal bones and make up the palm of the hand.
 The 14 phalanges of the hand make up the finger
bones.

18. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.8a The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Anterior (palmar) view of the bones of the right wrist
Scaphoid
Radius
Capitate
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Radius
Ulna
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezium
Trapezoid
I
II III IV
V I
II III IV
V
Hamate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
Ulna

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Figure 7.8b The Bones of the Wrist and Hand
Radius
Anterior (palmar) view of the bones
of the right wrist and hand
Scaphoid
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Metacarpal
bones
I
II III
IV
V
Lunate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Hamate
Capitate
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal
I
II III
IV
V
Radius
Ulna
Lunate
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Metacarpal
bones
Proximal
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Hamate
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
 The Pelvic Girdle
 The pelvic girdle consists of two ossa coxae bones.
 Each ossa coxae consists of: Ilium, Ischium and
pubis.
 These three bones merge together at
Acetabulum, where the head of Femur is joined
with.
 Supports and protects the lower viscera and
developing fetus in females
 The bones of the pelvic girdle and lower limb are
much more massive than their homologues of the
upper limb.

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle (Part 1 of 2)
Lateral view
Lateral view
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Posterior gluteal line
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Lunate surface of acetabulum
Acetabular fossa
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Iliac crest
Anterior
gluteal line
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Inferior gluteal line
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Inferior iliac notch
Acetabulum
Pubic crest
Superior ramus of pubis
Pubic tubercle
Inferior ramus of pubis
Acetabular notch
Obturator
foramen

22. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.10a The Pelvic Girdle (Part 2 of 2)
Lateral view
Lateral view
POSTERIOR ANTERIOR
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Ischial tuberosity
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial spine
Greater sciatic notch
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Posterior
gluteal line
Iliac crest
Anterior gluteal line
Anterior superior iliac spine
Inferior gluteal line
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Inferior iliac notch
Lunate surface of acetabulum
Acetabulum
Acetabular fossa
Pubic crest on superior
ramus of pubis
Pubic tubercle
Inferior ramus of pubis
Obturator foramen
Ischial ramus

23. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.11a The Pelvis (Part 1 of 2)
Anterior view
Sacrum
Ilium
Ischium Pubis
Coccyx
Sacrum
Arcuate line
Pectineal line
Acetabulum
Coccyx
Pubic tubercle
Obturator foramen
Pubic crest
Pubic
symphysis
Iliac
fossa
Iliac crest
Sacro-iliac
joint
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Hip
bone

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.10b The Pelvic Girdle
POSTERIORANTERIOR
Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Obturator groove
Superior pubic ramus
Pectineal line
Pubic tubercle
Inferior pubic ramus
Pubic synphysis
(symphyseal surface)
Iliac
fossa
Obturator
foramen
Arcuate
line
Iliac tuberosity
Posterior superior iliac spine
Auricular surface for
articulation with sacrum
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Spine of ischium
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Iliac crest
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Obturator groove
Superior pubic ramus
Pectineal line
Pubic tubercle
Pubic synphysis
(symphyseal surface)
Medial view
Inferior pubic ramus
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial ramus
Obturator foramen
Lesser sciatic notch
Spine of ischium
Arcuate line
Greater sciatic notch
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Auricular surface for
articulation with sacrum
Posterior superior iliac spine
Iliac tuberosity
Iliac fossa

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Figure 7.12a Divisions of the Pelvis
Superior view showing
the pelvic brim and
pelvic inlet of a male
Pelvic brim
Pelvic inlet
Greater pelvis
Pelvic outlet

26. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
 The male and female pelvis contains numerous
differences.
 Generally the male pelvis is heavier with more prominent
markings due to the larger muscles attached to it.
 Differences are noted as how the female compares to
the male
 Enlarged pelvic outlet, due to wider ischial spines
 Less curvature of the sacrum and coccyx
 Wider, more circular pelvic inlet
 Broader, lower pelvis
 Widely fanning ilia
 Pubic angle greater than 100 degrees

27. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.13 Anatomical Differences in the Male and Female Pelvis
Male
Female
Ischial
spine
Ischial
spine
90°
100°
or less
or more

28. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
 The Lower Limb
 Responsible for transferring the body weight
to the ground
 Consists of the following structures:
 The femur (thigh)
 The patella (kneecap)
 The tibia (leg)
 The fibula (leg)
 Tarsal bones of the ankle
 Metatarsal bones and phalanges of the foot

29. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.9a The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Right lower limb, lateral view
Hip bone
(coxal bones)
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones
Phalanges

30. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.14a The Femur
Landmarks on the anterior surface of the right femur
Neck
Greater
trochanter Greater trochanter
Articular surface of head
Neck
Fovea for ligament
of head
Lesser trochanter
Lesser
trochanter
Intertrochanteric line
Shaft (body)
of femur
Shaft
of femur
Lateral epicondyle
Patellar surface
Lateral condyle Lateral condyle
Patellar surface
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Medial condyle

31. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
• The Femur
• Posterior view (distal structures)
• Linea aspera
• Lateral supracondylar ridge
• Medial supracondylar ridge
• Lateral and medial condyles
• Intercondylar fossa
• Lateral and medial epicondyles

32. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Landmarks on the posterior surface of the right femur
Greater
trochanter
Articular surface
of head
Neck
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal
tuberosity
Lesser
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Greater
trochanter
NeckHead
Lesser
trochanter
Gluteal tuberosity
Pectineal line
Linea aspera
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Medial supracondylar
ridge
Lateral epicondyle
Popliteal surface
Lateral condyle
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral supracondylar ridge
Medial supracondylar ridge
Popliteal surface
Adductor tubercle
Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Intercondylar fossaIntercondylar fossa
Figure 7.14d The Femur

33. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Femur

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Figure 7.15a The Patella
Anterior surface of the right patella
Base of patella
Attachment area
for quadriceps
tendon
Attachment area
for patellar
ligament
Apex of
patella

35. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.16a The Tibia and Fibula
Anterior views of the right tibia and fibula
Lateral tibial condyle
Medial tibial condyle
Head of fibula
Superior
tibiofibular joint
Tibial tuberosity
Head of fibula
Interosseous
border of fibula
Anterior margin
Shaft of fibula
Shaft of tibia
Interosseous
border of tibia
Interosseous
membrane
of the leg
Inferior
tibiofibular joint
Medial malleolus (tibia)
Inferior articular surface
Lateral
malleolus
(fibula)
Lateral
malleolus (fibula)

36. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
 The Ankle and Foot
 There are 7 tarsal bones that make up the
ankle.
 The metatarsal bones (5) articulate with the
distal tarsal bones and make up the arches of
the foot.
 The 14 phalanges of the foot make up the
toe bones.

37. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 7.17a Bones of the Ankle and Foot, Part I
Superior view of the bones of the right foot. Note the
orientation of the tarsal bones that convey the weight of the
body to both the heel and the plantar surfaces of the foot.
Distal phalanges
Middle phalanges
Proximal phalanges
Head of 1st metatarsal bone
Shaft of 1st metatarsal bone
Base of 1st metatarsal bone
Medial cuneiform bone
Intermediate cuneiform bone
Lateral cuneiform bone
Cuboid
Navicular
Trochlea of talus
Calcaneus

38. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Foot

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Individual Variation in the Skeletal System
• The skeleton can reveal important
information about an individual (See table
7.1 and 7.2)
• Information such as:
• Racial differences
• Medical history
• Body size
• Muscle mass
• Age
• Sex

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Table 7.1 Sexual Differences in the Adult Human Skeleton (Part 1 of 2)

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Table 7.2 Age–Related Changes in the Skeleton (Part 1 of 2)