1.
Antarctica
The Mystery
Continent

2.
WASHINGTON | Recently released remote sensing photography
of NASA’s Operation IceBridge mission in Antarctica led to a
fascinating discovery when images revealed what some experts
believe could be the existence of a possible ancient human
settlement lying beneath an impressive 2.3 kilometers of ice.

3.
Antarctica is the largest
desert in the world.
Antarctica is the coldest, windiest,
highest and driest continent on Earth.
The coldest place on Earth is a high
ridge in Antarctica where
temperatures can dip below -133°F (-
93.2°C).
The highest temperature ever
recorded in Antarctica is 58.2°F
(14.5°C).
90%
FACTS AND INFORMATION

4.
Who owns what part of
Antarctica?
Antarctica does not belong to any
nation, but is governed under an
international treaty that bars
countries from owning or exploiting its
land. The 1959 AntarcticTreaty, signed
by 45 nations, suspended the claims of
seven countries for territory in the
region.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

5.
How cold does it get in the
Antarctic?
The coldest temperature recorded in
Antarctica was -89.6°C at Vostok station in
1983. The average winter temperature at
the South Pole is about -49°C. Your home
freezer is only about -15°C. The wind chill
factor means that it can feel much colder.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

6.
There’s an active undersea volcano off the
Antarctic coast.
In 2004, a research ship sent to investigate the
collapse of the Larsen B ice sheet made an unintended
discovery. Near the Antarctic Peninsula, the
continent’s northernmost point, scientists detected a
previously unknown, 2,300-foot tall volcano rising up
from the sea floor to within 900 feet of the water
surface. Temperature probes moving along the sea
found evidence of geothermal heating of seawater,
which along with other evidence indicate that the
volcano has been active recently.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

7.
There are no permanent
residents in Antarctica.
The only people who
live there are visiting scientists.
During the summer, the number
averages about 5,000. In the
winter, it drops to 1,000.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

8.
Why do fish not
freeze in cold
water?
Scientists studying
why fish in the Arctic
ocean don't freeze have
discovered how a natural
antifreeze that keeps
blood flowing at sub-zero
temperatures works. The
temperature of
the water in the Arctic is
a fairly constant 28.6
degrees Fahrenheit year-
round, close to
the freezing point of
seawater.
Why does it take
so long for salt
water to freeze?
While pure water
freezes at 0°C
(32°F), salt
water needs to be
colder before it
freezes and so it
usually takes longer to
freeze. The
more salt in the water,
the lower
the freezing point.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

9.
The Antarctic Ocean's freezing
temperatures of 28.8 degrees
Fahrenheit (minus 1.8 degrees
Celsius) are lower than the freezing
point of fish blood, which is
about 30.4 degrees F (minus 0.9
degrees C), which would seem to
suggest that all those fish should be
frozen in their tracks.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

10.
Why the oceans do not
freeze?
Ocean water freezes just like
freshwater, but at lower
temperatures. Fresh waterfreezes at
32 degrees Fahrenheit but
seawater freezes at about 28.4
degrees Fahrenheit , because of the
salt in it. When seawater freezes,
however, the ice contains very little
salt because only the water
part freezes.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

11.
How wide is
Antarctica?
Antarctica is
roughly 5.4
million square
miles (14 million
square
kilometers) in
size, and that's
with all of its
ice.
How thick is the
ice in the
Antarctic?
The tallest mountains
extend above the ice
sheet. The highest
mountain summit is the
Vinson Massif at 4,897
meters above sea level.
The deepest known ice
rests2,555
meters below sea level,
where the ice is over 4
kilometers thick. This
shaded relief view of
Antarctica emphasizes
the irregular shape of
the surface.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

12.
Is the Arctic ice or land?
The Arctic is a semi-enclosed
ocean, almost completely
surrounded by land. As a result, the
sea ice that forms in the Arctic is
not as mobile as sea ice in the
Antarctic. Although sea ice moves
around the Arctic basin, it tends to
stay in the cold Arctic waters.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

13.
The Protocol on Environmental
Protection to the Antarctic Treaty,
added in 1991, explicitly bans any
extraction activity relating to mineral
resources, except for scientific
purposes.
But there are a number of countries in
Antarctica today doing just that…
FACTS AND INFORMATION

14.
The Piri Reis map is currently
located in the Library of the
Topkapı Palace
in Istanbul, Turkey, but is not on
display to the public.
This map shows Antarctica
with people and animals living
on the land despite it not
officially being discovered until
1818.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

15.
The Piri
Reis map

16.
The Piri Reis map

17.
The Piri Reis map
overlaid on a
modern day
Map --lines up
perfectly.

18.
The Piri Reis map
overlaid on a modern day
Map --lines up perfectly.
This area shows Antarctica.

19.
The Antarctic coast
There are two major discrepancies from known
coastlines: the North American coast mentioned above,
and the southern portion of the South American coast.
On the Piri Reis map, the latter is shown bending off
sharply to the east starting around present-day Rio de
Janeiro. A more popular interpretation of this territory
has been to identify this section with the Queen Maud
Land coast of Antarctica. This claim is generally traced
to Arlington H. Mallery, a civil engineer and amateur
archaeologist who was a supporter of pre-Columbian
trans-oceanic contact hypotheses. Though his
assertions were not well received by scholars, they
were revived in Charles Hapgood1966 book Maps of the
Ancient Sea Kings. This book proposed a theory of
global exploration by a pre-classical undiscovered
civilization based on his analysis of this and other
ancient and late-medieval maps
FACTS AND INFORMATION

20.
Who Discovered
Antarctica and
when was it
discovered?
1773: In January, Captain
James Cook and his crew
become the first men to
cross the Antarctic
Circle. 1775: In January,
Captain Cook, on his
third voyage, sails past
South Georgia and
discovers the South
Sandwich Islands two
weeks later.
How is a diamond
formed in the
earth?
Most natural diamonds
are formed at high
temperature and
pressure at depths of 140
to 190 kilometers (87 to
118 mi) in the Earth's
mantle. Carbon-
containing minerals
provide the carbon
source, and the growth
occurs over periods from
1 billion to 3.3 billion
years (25% to 75% of the
age of the Earth).
FACTS AND INFORMATION

21.
Internet news

22.
Internet news

23.
DIAMONDS

24.
New findings about diamond
deposits in Antarctica
Scientists say they have discovered
compelling evidence that diamonds
exist in the icy mountains of
Antarctica.
The researchers have identified a
type of rock in the permanently
frozen region that is known to
contain the precious stones.
DIAMONDS

25.
DIAMONDS

26.
Diamonds are called
"ice" with good
reason. Objects feel
cold not only because
they are at a lower
temperature than our
bodies, but also
because they can
extract or conduct the
heat away from us.
When you touch
a diamond to your lips,
it feels ice-cold
because it robs your
lips of their heat.
Why
are
diamonds
referred
to as
ice?
DIAMONDS

27.
gold
Diamonds are called "ice"
Diamonds
Diamonds

28.
Internet news

29.
Internet news

30.
INTERESTING SCIENTIFIC
DISCOVERIES IN ANTARCTICA
1. Dinosaurs once lived in Antarctica.
2. A meteorite found in Antarctica contains
possible evidence of ancient life on Mars.
3. Antarctica is the best listening spot on the
planet for earthquakes.
4. There’s an active undersea volcano off the Antarctic coast.
5. Antarctica may have been connected to North America
6. Antarctic icebergs are hotspots for aquatic life.
7. Antarctica once was a refuge for animals from an
ancient mass extinction.
8. Antarctica’s glaciers are in an irreversible retreat due to
climate change.
9. There’s a valley deeper than the Grand Canyon hidden
under the ice of West Antarctica.
10. Life exists thousands of feet under Antarctica’s ice.
SCIENTIFIC FACTS

31.
Is there any oil
in Antarctica?
The most valuable
resources
of Antarctica lie
offshore, namely
the oil and natural gas
fields found in the Ross
Sea in 1973.
Exploitation of all
mineral resources by
signatory states is
banned until 2048 by the
Protocol on
Environmental
Protection to
the Antarctic Treaty.
What are the
natural
resources of
Antarctica?
Some of the natural
resources of
Antarctica include its
mineral deposits of
iron ore,
chromium, gold, copp
er, nickel, and
platinum, marine
wildlife and small
reserves of coal and
hydrocarbons.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

32.
Floating oil rig (platform)
How does an oil rig float?
The official term for a buoyant oil
rigs is a floating production system.
The main types are classified as
FPSO systems, which stands
for floating production, storage and
offloading. Floating production
systems are generally utilised in
water depths ranging from 600 to
6,000 feet.

33.
Floating oil rig (platform)

34.
Antarctic Scientific Research
Stations and country flags

35.
Seven countries have laid
claim to parts of Antarctica
and many more have a
presence there - why do they
all want a piece of this frozen
wasteland?
FACTS AND INFORMATION

36.
Some countries maintain a
permanent army presence on
the Antarctic mainland, and the
worry is that some countries
are either not reporting military
deployment, or may instead be
recruiting civilian security
contractors for essentially
military missions.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

37.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

38.
How many nations
have stations in
Antarctica?
Seven nations have made
claims in Antarctica, but
about 30 of the countries
that have signed the
Antarctic Treaty send
personnel to research
stations on the Antarctic
continent and the
Antarctic Peninsula. All
told, there are as many
as 45 year-round stations
and 30 summer stations
(field stations).
The US operates a base
at the South Pole, which
conveniently straddles
every territorial claim.
This year China built its
fourth base. Next year it
will build a fifth.
All Antarctica's 68
bases are research
stations, established for
scientific purposes.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

39.
Amazing Antarctic Research Buildings
THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY'S HALLEY VI it's probably the most
well-tested: the first in the line of Halley stations is from the late 1950s, and
VI opened up in February. This variation has hydraulic legs
(it can ski) and houses up to 52 researchers.
research stations

40.
THE BRITISH ANTARCTIC
SURVEY'S HALLEY VI research
station
research stations

41.
Occupied and managed by the Korea Polar
Research Institute. The design looks like a flying-
saucer. Is able to comfortably hold as many as 60
researchers at a time.
research stations

42.
The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is a
United States scientific research station at
the South Pole, the southernmost place on
the Earth.
research stations

43.
The front of the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
research stations

44.
research stations

45.
Concordia Antarctic
Research Station

46.
Jang Bogo Korean Antarctic
Research Station 1
research stations

47.
India's Bharati Research Center
(the country's third Antarctic station)
is made from 136 prefab containers, but you
wouldn't know from looking.
The station's designed to
keep a minimal carbon footprint and
is wrapped in an aluminum case to protect against
wind and cold.
research stations

48.
German Antarctic
research station
research stations

49.
Internet news

50.
Internet news

51.
China Taishan Antarctic
research station

52.
The SANAE IV research
base

53.
The Comandante Ferraz Antarctic Station is a
permanent Antarctic research station named
after the Brazilian Navy Commander Luís
Antônio de Carvalho Ferraz, who visited
Antarctica many times.
research stations

54.
US Foreign Policy
Antarctic research
station.
research stations

55.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

56.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

57.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

58.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

59.
More than 20 additional flights will transport hundreds
of scientists and support personnel to Antarctica. The
photo above shows newly arrived passengers getting on
a transport vehicle to be taken from the Sea Ice
Runway to McMurdo Station.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

60.
McMurdo Station
Base Antarctica.

61.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

62.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

63.
Unmanned underwater vehicle provides first 3-D images of
underside of Antarctic sea ice.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

64.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

65.
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

66.
Look at these
rims
Made for the
snow
Vehicles scientist use to
travel around Antarctica

67.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

68.
Scientist make these
holes to get
to the water at the bottom
beneath the ice
FACTS AND INFORMATION

69.
What kind of animals live in
Antarctica?
Antarctica Animals -South Polar. Antarctic
animals - The most abundant and best known
animals from the southern
continent. Penguins, whales
seals, albatrosses, other seabirds and a
range of invertebrates you may have not
heard of such as krill which form the basis of
the Antarctic food web.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

70.
Internet post

71.
Internet post

72.
Internet post

73.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

74.
Internet news

75.
Pyramids of Antarctica

76.
Pyramids of Antarctica

77.
Pyramid in Antarctica

78.
Internet news
Doomsday vault
For storing all the
Worlds seeds.

79.
Doomsday vault

80.
Doomsday vault

81.
Doomsday vault

82.
Doomsday vault

83.
Doomsday vault

84.
Doomsday vault

85.
Doomsday vault

86.
Doomsday vault

87.
Ruins Of Ancient
City Found In
Antarctica
FACTS AND INFORMATION

88.
Internet news

89.
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90.
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91.
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92.
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93.
Internet news

94.
Why Are There No
Real Photos of The
Complete Earth?
NASA has never been
into space far enough
from the Earth to get the
whole planet in
the frame
IN NEARLY 60 YEARS of alleged
space exploration NASA has
never been able to offer us a
single genuine photograph of the
Earth from space—NOT ONE!
Even though we’ve had good,
high-resolution cameras for
nearly 100 years, NASA has
never taken a true photograph of
the Earth.
By their own admission, all of
the pictures we see are
composites, paintings or
computer-generated images.
Why is this? Could the answer
be, horror of horrors, that NASA
has never been into space—or at
least, not far enough from the
Earth to get the whole planet in
the frame?
FACTS AND INFORMATION

95.
The New Zealand crew of the Tangaroa vessel conducted
parallel sonar sweeps (pictured in a photo illustration) to map
the geography of Antarctic sea life as part of a marine census in
The team also used advanced video imaging to photograph the
seafloor to a depth of 2.1 miles (3.5 kilometers)—resulting in
eye-opening images of little-known polar animals.

96.
Internet news

97.
animals in Antarctica

98.
Giant sea stars or starfish that measure 24 inches (60
centimeters) across are held by Sadie Mills, left, and Niki
Davey
Giant, Unknown Animals
Found off Antarctica

99.
Giant, Unknown Animals
Found off Antarctica
The 19-inch-long (50-centimeter-long) creature might
be a tunicate, or sea squirt, say scientists who found
it during a large-scale survey of Antarctic life

100.
Collected from the Ross Sea shelf in southern Antarctica,
this 9.8-inch-long (25-centimeter-long) giant sea spider was
one of 30,000 animals found during a 35-day census in early
2008.
Giant, Unknown Animals
Found in Antarctica

101.
An Antarctic octopus found at 3,280 feet (1,000 meters) in
southern Antarctica's Ross Sea was one of about 18 octopus
species recorded.
Giant, Unknown Animals
Found in Antarctica

102.
This predatory fish, called a stareater, uses its luminous red
chin appendage to lure prey into striking distance.
Giant, Unknown Animals
Found in Antarctica

103.
This 19-inch-long (50-centimeter-long) daggertooth sports
a striking iridescent body and sapphire blue eyes. An
Antarctic neighbor of the predatory stareater.
Giant, Unknown Animals
Found in Antarctica

104.
This shrimplike crustacean was collected 985 feet
(300 meters) deep on the Ross Sea shelf.
Giant, Unknown Animals
Found in Antarctica

105.
This sea cucumber—held by Sadie Mills of New
Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric
Research—is known as a sea pig.
Giant, Unknown Animals
Found in Antarctica

106.
High-powered cameras photographed this sea star or a starfish
of the genus Labediaster (lower left) surrounded by brittle stars
on a seamount 492 feet (150 meters) below the surface of
Antarctica's Ross Sea.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

107.
This hydroid—likely a new species—measures
2.5 inches (6.5 centimeters) across its head
and has stalks over 39 inches (100
centimeters) long.
Giant, Unknown plant
Found in Antarctica

108.
Internet news

109.
FACTS AND INFORMATION

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114.
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115.
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Dakkar
Dakkar
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