Our topic on the survey is “Material required in house wiring”. In survey, we concentrate mainly on switches, sockets, conduit metal boxes, and wires.

1. SURVEY REPORT
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
Neetika Arora
Chandan Garg (2011/71)
Deepak Singla (2011/43)
Manjinder Singh (2011/79)
Shubham Dani (2010/65)
Kulwinder Singh (2010/46)
1

2. 2

3. Index
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Introduction............................................................................7
Topics.....................................................................................9
Switches................................................................................11
3.1. Types of Switches (Rating).............................................13
3.2. Types of Switches (Operation)........................................15
3.3. Comparison of Various Types of Switches......................17
Sockets..................................................................................19
4.1. Types of Sockets.............................................................21
4.2. Comparison of Various Types of Sockets........................27
Plugs......................................................................................29
5.1. Types of Plugs................................................................29
5.2. Comparison of Various Types of Plugs............................31
Lamp Holder.........................................................................33
6.1. Types of Lamp Holder....................................................35
6.2. Comparison of Various Types of Lamp Holder................37
Support Modules....................................................................39
7.1. Various Support Modules................................................39
7.2. Comparison of Various Types of Support Modules..........47
House Wiring.........................................................................49
8.1. Factor Affecting The Choice of Wiring...........................49
8.2. Types of Wiring System..................................................51
8.2.1. Cleat wiring System..............................................53
8.2.2. CTS wiring System...............................................57
8.2.3. Metal or lead sheathed wiring System.....................59
8.2.4. Casing and Capping Wiring System........................61
3

4. 4

5. 9.
8.2.5. Conduit wiring System........................................63
8.2.6. Specification of Wires.........................................65
References...........................................................................67
9.1. Visiting Shops..............................................................69
9.2. Websites.......................................................................71
5

6. 6

7. Introduction
SURVEY REPORT means analysis of different
things of different company. Our topic on the survey is “Material
required in house wiring”. In survey, we concentrate mainly on
switches, sockets, conduit metal boxes, and wires. We visit the various
electrical shops and collect data in catalogues. In this report, we
compare them based on their ratings, standard packing, and prices.
Different company Havells, Anchor, Riyo, Fine etc. are taken for
comparison. Its help us to select that which brand is best with respect
to other brands in all aspects either economically or on the quality
basis. One purpose of market survey is also keep up-to-date about the
developments in all products. By the market survey, one can easily
make estimate about the total approximate cost of any project
beforehand. So Market Survey play an integral role for an Electrical
Engineer.
7

8. 8

9. Topics
To study various types of domestic wiring components such as:






Switches
Sockets
Plugs
Lamp holders
Support Modules
Cables
9

10. Switch
10

11. Switches
A switch is a device used for making and breaking the
electrical connection, hence allowing the current to be flow in required
durations. An important device is used in the house wiring. It is applied
in every electrical connection. There are many types of switches such
as: Mechanical Switch.
 Electro-Mechanical Switch.
 Electronic Switch.
The main function of switch is to perform ON and
OFF operations. In the electro-mechanical switch, there may be two or
three terminals depending upon application. This type of switch is
controlled manually, i.e. just by pressing it. This type of switch is most
widely today. Contacts of switch are connected to an external circuit.
Each set of contacts can be in one of two states either ‘closed’ meaning
the contacts are separate or the switches are non-conducting. The
mechanism actuating the transition between two states can be either is
toggle type.
11

12. I.
One-Way Switch
II.
Two-Way Switch
III. Bell Push Button
12

13. Based on operation, they are mainly of three types, which are as
follow:
I. One-Way Switch: It is a two terminal switch. It is preferred to be
connected in the phase wire. One terminal is connected to the
supply and other to the one terminal of the appliance. It is
connected almost to the every apparatus.
II. Two-Way Switch: It is a three terminal switch. It is always used
in a group of two to operate one appliance from two different
places any time. Two-end terminal of both the switches are shortcircuited side by side. Middle terminal of one switch is connected
to supply and of other is connected to one terminal of appliance.
We mostly use this switch in stairs.
III. Bell Push Button: It is a one-way switch with a spring controlled.
It always connects in phase wire. It is used in bell connection.
13

14. I.
6A Switch
II.
16A Switch
III. 32A DP Switch
14

15. Based on rating, they are mainly of three types, which are as follow:
I. 6A Switch: This switch is applied in the circuits containing the
current less than 6A. If the current exceeds the value of 6A then
terminal of switch starts burning. It is connected in house wiring
system to control the current lamp, TV, Fans etc.
II. 16A Switch: This switch is connected where the circuits
containing current more than 6A but less than 16A. If the current
exceeds the value of 16A then terminal of switch starts burning. It
is connected in house wiring system to control the major
appliances like water pumping motor, geyser etc.
III. 32A DP Switch: This switch is a four terminal switch or a
combination of two switches. Two terminals are connected to the
mains supply and two to the bus bar of domestic wiring. This
switch is connected in between the mains supply and bus bar of
domestic wiring.
Ratings of Single/Two/Push Way Switches:
1. 6A / 240V / 50Hz
2. 20A / 240V / 50Hz
3. 25A / 240V / 50Hz
4. 32A / 240V / 50Hz
15

16. 16

17. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TYPE OF SWITCHES
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Company Name
Havells
Deluxe
Anchor
Cherry
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
Code
Standard pkg.
6A Single Way Switch
AHCSXXW101/06
20
14111/95111
30
14121/95121
30
R-001
20
161
20
Havells
Deluxe
Anchor
Cherry
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
6A Two Way Switch
AHCSXXW102/06
14112/95112
14122/95122
R-002
162
20
30
30
20
20
140/27/28/42/66/-
Havells
Deluxe
Anchor
Cherry
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
6A Bell Push Switch
AHCSBXW100/06
14112/95112
14122/95122
R-003
163
20
30
30
20
20
150/27/28/42/62/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
16A Single Way Switch
AHCSXXW161
20
14401/95401
10
R-004
20
164
20
158/81/50/78/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
16A Two Way Switch
AHCSXXW162
14402/95402
R-006
165
192/97/62/103/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Classic)
20
10
20
20
32A DP Switch With Indicator
AHCSDIW321
10
14404/95404
10
R-021
10
416
10
17
Price(Rs)/Unit
104/20/21/33/50/-
480/142/150/150/-

18. Socket
18

19. Sockets
A power socket is a device to which electrical
devices can be connected to receive the electric current required for
their operation. Connected by a system of cables to a power source,
usually an electricity generation facility operated by an energy
production company, it generally has no moving parts. Instead, it
contains metal strips which make contact with the prongs of an electric
plug inserted into the socket. It’s through these contacts that the electric
current is transmitted.
Electrical devices which connect to a power
source through a power socket are considered to be portable because
they can easily be connected and disconnected from the power source.
Portable electric devices have a length of cable terminating in a two,
three or four prong plug. The prongs are shaped like blades or
cylinders, and may be a combination of the two. When a plug is inserted
into a power socket, a circuit is completed. Every power socket thus
needs at least two slots one with a live or “hot” contact strip to transmit
current to the device being plugged in, and one to return the current.
19

20. I. 2 Pin Socket
II. 3 Pin Socket
III.5 Pin Socket
20

21. TYPES OF SOCKETS
I.
2-Pin Socket: As the name implies, it consists of two pins or
holes in which 2-pin plug is inserted. It is mainly used in case of
light load. Its contacts are made of copper alloys. These are made
of different shapes. These are used for small loads.
Ratings: 6A / 240V / 50Hz.
II. 3-Pin Socket: From its name, it is cleared that it consists of three
pins or holes in which 3-pin plugs are inserted. These are better
than 2-pin socket from safety point of view. Because it has three
pins. The third pin has greater diameter as compared to two other
pins. It is used for earthing purpose. Diameter of third pin is
increase in order to decrease resistance. In case of fault, it may
be short circuited, then under such condition , this pin provide
low resistance path to short circuit current and hence provides
better safety to operator.
Ratings of 3-pin socket:
1. 6A / 240V / 50Hz
2. 10A / 240V / 50Hz
3. 16A / 240V / 50Hz.
III.
5 Pin Socket: From its name , it is cleared that it consist of 5
pins or hole, into which in which 3 pin or 2 pin plugs are
inserted. It is a combination of 2-pins or 3-pins according to
requirement. These type of sockets are most widely used.
21

22. Multi-Pin Socket
22

23. Today, we can use many auxiliaries by using single 5-pin
socket.
Ratings of 5-pin socket:
1. 6A / 240V / 50Hz
2. 10A / 240V / 50Hz
3. 16A / 240V / 50Hz
IV.
Multi-Pin Socket: With the multi socket, we can connect no. of
appliances having different type of plug of any pin type by same
switch. We can control all the appliances connected to multi
socket just by one switch. This socket is also known as
UNIVERSAL SOCKET.
Ratings of Multi Sockets:
1. 6A / 240V / 50Hz
2. 10A / 240V / 50Hz
3. 16A / 240V / 50Hz
23

24. Round Type Extension Board
24

25. V.
Round Type Extension Board: It is simply a board consists of
many sockets. Sometimes, we have to extent electrical
connection for temporary purpose. There we use this type of
socket. From the name, it indicates that it may be of round or
rectangular shape and the wire is wounds on the periphery
provided inside the cord. An indicator is also connected near
the sockets, which shows the presence of supply. Sometimes a
fuse is also connected for safety of the operator and appliances
to eliminate the fault.
Ratings of Extension Boards:
6A / 240V / 50Hz
25

26. 26

27. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TYPE OF SOCKETS
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Company Name
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
Code
Standard Pkg. Price(Rs)/Unit
6A 2 Pin Socket
AHLKSXW062
20
106/14301/95301
20
25/R-009
20
42/168
20
54
Havells
Anchor
Fine(Modular)
6A 3 Pin Socket
AHLKPXW063
10
14302/95302
10
172
10
150/33/198/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
6A 5 Pin Socket
AHLKPXW065
14304/95304
R-010
170
10
20
20
10
154/33/47/99/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
Universal Socket
AHLKPXW130
14307/95307
R-013
171
10
10
10
10
260/84/100/132/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
4 Steps Fan Regulator
AHLRFXW004
20
14501/95501
10
R-017
10
181
20
520/232/155/319/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Modular)
5 Steps Fan Regulator
AHLRFHW005
10
14502/95502
10
R-018
10
182
10
580/261/180/425/-
27

28. 2-Pin Plug
3-Pin Triangular Plug
28

29. Plugs
An AC power plug is a portable electrical
connector which consists at the minimum of two metal contact prongs
designed to make contact with matching points connected to a power
supply, usually contained in a protected electrical outlet. Except for the
actual metal contacts, an AC power plug is protected by an insulated
grip that's designed for ease of insertion into, or extraction from, a
power outlet. Power is transmitted from the plug to the device by means
of an insulated cable.
AC power plugs, and the outlets they plug
into, conform to the electrical codes of the nation they're located in,
which vary greatly from one nation to another, and considerable debate
exists as to the efficacy of each. They all have at least two prongs one,
called “live” or “hot,” and a second prong, usually called “neutral” or
“cold.” Many have a third prong, which conducts current only in the
case of insulation failure in the device. These prongs fit into the slots
on the electrical outlet and make contact with metal elements inside the
outlet that are wired into corresponding components of the electrical
system.
Types of Plugs:
1. 2-Pin 6A / 240V
2. 2-Pin 16A / 240V
3. 3-Pin Triangular pin 6A / 240V
4. 3-Pin Triangular Plug 16A / 240V
29

30. 30

31. COMPARISON OF VARIOUS TYPE OF PLUGS
S No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
ITEMS
2-Pin Plug
6A / 240V / 50Hz.
2-Pin Plug
16A / 240V / 50Hz.
3-Pin Plug
6A / 240V / 50Hz.
3-Pin Plug
16A / 240V / 50Hz
HAVELLS
LEGEND
FINE
45.00
23.00
22.50
55.00
27.00
28.00
60.00
31.00
31.00
80.00
46.00
56.00
31

32. Lamp Holder
32

33. Lamp Holder
Light bulbs are inserted in Light Bulb
Sockets usually known as Lamp Holders, which provide electrical
connections to the bulb and support it in the lighting fixture. At the end
of life of bulb, to change power, colour, lighting technology etc., the
use of lamp holders allows the lamps to be change safely and
conveniently. There are many different standards for these sockets,
created by de facto and by various standards bodies. A general coding
system is a letter or abbreviation followed by a number. Some
miniature lamps have wire leads suitable for direct connection to wires;
some reflector lamps have screw terminals for wire connections.
The function of Lamp Holder is to support Lamp and to
connect it electrically to the supply terminals. Generally, lamp holders
are made of Bakelite with solid Brass plungers, which touch with the
cap of lamp that is made of Brass with Porcelain insulation between
two Brass plungers. Brass holders are most durable but may give a
shock in case the connections are loose. The switch controls the lamp
holders. These are of different type or sizes of lamps are available in
circuits for the connection of different type of lamp we use different
type of lamp holders.
33

34. Batten Lamp Holder
Angled Lamp Holder
Pendant Lamp Holder
34

35. TYPES OF LAMP HOLDERS
I.
Batten Holders: There are variety of batten type lamp holders in
the market such as:A. Straight Batten Lamp Holder Fitted With A ‘Short Shied’:
This shield provides protection against touching of lamp cap.
The batten holder has no back plate and hence it cannot be
mounted directly on a surface without use of a box or base.
Batten Lamp Holders may have two or three terminals present.
B. Angle Lamp Holder: These type of lamp holders available in
short and long shield. The long shield provides better
protection against touching of lamp. They have limited use in
a modern installation.
II.
Pendant Lamp Holder: This type of lamp holder is used where
pendant or hanging type lightning is required. Electrical structure
or same function as compared to other lamp holder but
mechanically, there is a change as compared to other lamp
holders. At a time, there is only one lamp can placed or fit in it.
Ratings of Lamps Inserted In It:
1. 100W, 200W, 40W Lamp / 220V / 50 Hz
2. 15 W, 18 W, 40 W CFL / 220 V / 50 Hz
35

36. 36

37. COMPARISON OF VAROIUS TYPE OF LAMP HOLDER
S No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
ITEMS
Batten Lamp Holder
Jumbo Batten Lamp Holder
Angle Lamp Holder
Pendent Lamp Holder
37
HAVELLS
50.00
60.00
60.00
45.00
LEGEND
20.00
35.00
20.00
25.00
SSK
25.00
35.00
30.00
25.00

38. 4-Steps Fan Regulator
5-Steps Fan Regulator
Lamp Dimmer
38

39. Support Modules
In our daily life, we use another support
modules in the switch boards like fan regulator, Lamp Dimmer,
Telephone jack, TV outlet and LAN outlet.
Various Support Modules:
I. Fan Regulator: In order to control or regulate the speed of the
Fan, Fan Regulator is used. There are many type of fan regulators
are available in the market like Electronic Fan Regulator is most
widely used today. By using them, we can control the speed of fan
in steps. Its size is almost equal to other domestic auxiliaries like
switch or simple electrical socket.
II. Lamp Dimmer: Dimmers are devices used to vary the brightness
of a light. By decreasing or increasing the RMS voltage and,
hence, the mean power to the lamp, it is possible to vary the
intensity of the light output. Although variable-voltage devices are
used for various purposes, the term dimmer is generally reserved
for those intended to control light output from resistive
incandescent, halogen, and (more recently) compact fluorescent
lights (CFLs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). More specialized
equipment is needed to dim fluorescent, mercury vapor, solid state
and other arc lighting.
Dimmers range in size from small units the
size of a light switch used for domestic lighting to high power
units used in large theatre or architectural lighting installations.
Small domestic dimmers are generally directly controlled,
although remote control systems (such as X10) are available.
39

40. TV Outlet
Telephone Jack
Lamp Indicator
40

41. Modern professional dimmers are generally controlled by a digital
control system like DMX or DALI. In newer systems, these
protocols are often used in conjunction with Ethernet.
III. TV Outlet: This provides the accommodation for the aerial
connection. This is installed in the switchboard. In case of
concealed conduit wiring, this type of outlet cannot project out of
the surface. On this outlet, one end of the flexible cable is
connected. Whereas the other end of that wire is connected to the
TV.
IV.
Telephone Jack: It is another outlet which is installed in switch
board in order to provide the connection to Telephone. Normally
RJ-45 jack is used for this purpose. Its size is almost equal to the
single or two way switches. One or more points are available in a
single jack.
V.
Indicator: The purpose of the indicator is to show the presence of
electricity. Mostly Red color indicator is used. Depending upon
the quality and type of light used, its price may vary. This
indicator is mostly turn ON at all the times, so it should be such
that it consume less power.
VI.
Cover Plates: Whether looking for classic western look. Cover
Plates covers the whole sets of switches and sockets. These plates
provides extra ordinary look to your house. These plates are made
of insulating material mostly P.V.C (Poly Vinyl Chloride) is used.
They do not have any electrical connection with wiring they just
provide pleasant look. Different manufactures made different
types of cover plates. According to the no. of switches and
sockets, these are made of different types and sizes.
41

42. One Module Cover Plates
Two Module Cover Plates
Three Module Cover Plates
Four Module Cover Plates
42

43. Different Types of Cover Plates:
a) One-Module: In the domestic wiring where one switch is used,
this cover plate is used. For different types or sizes of switches
depend upon their manufacturer’s plates are made of different
sizes.
b) Two-Module: In the domestic wiring where two switch is
used, this cover plate is used. For different types or sizes of
switches depend upon their manufacturer’s plates are made of
different sizes.
c) Three-Module: In the domestic wiring where three switch is
used, this cover plate is used. For different types or sizes of
switches depend upon their manufacturer’s plates are made of
different sizes.
d) Four-Module: In the domestic wiring where four switch is
used, this cover plate is used. For different types or sizes of
switches depend upon their manufacturer’s plates are made of
different sizes.
e) Six-Module: In the domestic wiring where six switch is used,
this cover plate is used. For different types or sizes of switches
depend upon their manufacturer’s plates are made of different
sizes.
f) Eight-Module: In the domestic wiring where eight switch is
used, this cover plate is used. For different types or sizes of
switches depend upon their manufacturer’s plates are made of
different sizes.
g) Twelve-Module: In the domestic wiring where twelve switch
is used, this cover plate is used. For different types or sizes of
switches depend upon their manufacturer’s plates are made of
different sizes.
43

44. 44

45. h) Multi-Module: In the domestic wiring where many or no. of
switch is used, this cover plate is used. These points may be
consist of switches, sockets for indicator etc. because in
domestic wiring, according to the requirements no. of points
are different at different places, so to overcome this problem
we use multi-module cover plate. Multi-Module are of
different sizes or shape.
45

46. 46

47. COMPARISON OF VAROIUS TYPES OF SUPPORT MODULES
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
S.NO.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Company Name
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Goldline)
Code
Standard Pkg. Price(Rs.)/Unit
TV Socket
AHOKTOW061
20
148/14607/95607
10
39/R-014
20
50/817
20
87/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Goldline)
Indicator Lamp
AHOIXIW061
14601/95601
P-006
822
20
20
20
20
95/34/45/58/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Lamp Dimmer
AHODEXW040
14504/95504
R-016
10
10
10
590/205/125/-
Havells
Riyo
Fine(Goldline)
RJ-45 Jack
AHOKJWW451
M-015A
820
20
10
20
650/230/375/-
Havells
Anchor
Riyo
Fine(Goldline)
RJ-11 Telephone Jack
AHOKROW061
20
14603/95603
20
R-015
20
819
20
148/75/58/60/-
Items
One-Module
Two-Module
Three-Module
Four-Module
Six-Module
Eight-Module
Twelve-Module
Multi-Module
Cover Plates
Havells
78
82
92
125
155
188
225
285
47
Gold Medal
58
58
69
8
108
137
172
222
Fine
48
48
62
74
128
185
213
226

48. House Wiring
48

49. House Wiring
Electrical wiring is generally refers to
insulated conductor used to carry current and associated device. This
article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide
power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building
wiring.
Types of wiring according to uses
1. Domestic wiring
2. Commercial wiring
3. Industrial wiring
FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF WIRING
1. Durability: Type of wiring selected should conform to standard
specifications, so that it is durable i.e. without being affected by the
weather conditions, fumes etc.
2. Safety: The wiring must provide safety against leakage, shock and
fire hazards for the operating personnel.
3. Appearance: Electrical wiring should give an aesthetic appeal to
the interiors.
4. Cost: It should not be prohibitively expensive.
5. Accessibility: The switches and plug points provided should be
easily accessible. There must be provision for further extension of
the wiring system, if necessary.
6. Maintenance Cost: The maintenance cost should be a minimum.
49

50. 50

51. Types of Wiring System





Cleat Wiring System
CTS wiring or TRS wiring or batten wiring System
Metal or lead sheathed wiring System
Casing and capping System
Conduit wiring System
51

52. Cleat Wiring System
52

53. Cleat Wiring System
This System uses insulated Cables subprotected in porcelain cleats. CLEAT WIRING SYSTEM is
recommended for temporary installations. The cleats are made in pairs
having bottom and top halves. The bottom half is groove to receive the
wire and the top half is for cable grip. Initially the bottom and top cleats
are fixed on the wall loosely according to the layout. Then the cable is
drawn, tensioned and the screw tightens the cleats. Cleats are of three
types, having one, two, or three grooves, to receive one, two, or three
wires.
CLEAT WIRING SYSTEM is one of the
cheapest wiring considering the initial cost and labour, and is most
suitable for temporary wiring. In this system, wires can be quickly
install, easily inspected, and altered. When not required, this wiring
system can be easily dismantle without any damage to the cables,
cleats, and accessories.
All cleats are consist of two parts a base piece
and a cap. Cleats are might be fixed at the distance not more than 60
cm apart and at regular intervals.
Where CLEAT WIRING SYSTEM is laid
along the iron joist, porcelain cleats either be inserted with varnished
wood fillets or varnished wood clamps securely fixed to prevent the
conductors from coming in contact with the metal along witch they are
passing.
53

54. 54

55. Fixing of Cleats: In ordinary cases, cleats are might be attached to
wooden plugs fixed to the walls.
Distance Apart of Wires: For pressure up to 250 volts, cleats shall be
of such dimensions that in the case of branch loads, conductors shall
not be less than 2.5 cm apart, centre to centre, and in the case of submains not less than 4 cm apart, centre to centre. Care must be taken in
selecting the size of cleats particularly for branch distribution wiring
where two-way and three-way porcelain cleats are essential and the
difference in size shall be reasonable. Care should also be taken ensure
that grooves f porcelain cleats are essential and the difference in size
shall be reasonable. Care should also be taken ensure that grooves of
porcelain cleats do not compress the insulation nor be too wide for a
loose fit. Under no circumstances, two wires can be place in one groove
of the porcelain cleats.
Advantages
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Easy installation.
Materials can be retrieve for reuse.
Flexibility provided for inspection, modifications, and expansion.
Relatively economical.
Skilled labour is not required.
Disadvantages
1)
2)
3)
Appearance is not good.
Open system of wiring requiring regular cleaning.
Higher risk of mechanical injury.
55

56. CTS Wiring System
56

57. CTS Wiring System
In this wiring system, wires were sheathed in
tough rubber are used which are quite flexible. They are clip on wooden
battens with brass clips (link or joint) and fixed on to the walls or
ceilings by flat head screws. These cables are moisture and chemical
proof. They are suitable for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor
use in sunlight. TRS WIRING SYSTEM is suitable for lighting in low
voltage installations.
Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
Easy installation and is durable
Lower risk of short circuit.
Cheaper than casing and capping system of wiring
Gives a good appearance if properly erected.
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
Danger of mechanical injury.
Danger of fire hazard.
Should not be expose to direct sunlight.
Skilled workers are required.
57

58. Metal or Lead Sheathed wiring System
58

59. Metal or Lead Sheathed Wiring System
This wiring system is similar to that of CTS
WIRING SYSTEM but the conductors (two or three) are individually
covered or insulated with a common outer lead-aluminium alloy
sheath. The sheath protects the cable against dampness, atmospheric
extremities, and mechanical damages. The sheath is earthed at every
junction to provide a path to ground for the leakage current. They are
fix by means of metal clips on wooden battens. The wiring system is
very expensive. It is suitable for low voltage installations.
Precautions To Be Taken During Installation:
1. The clips used to fix the cables on battens should not react with the
sheath.
2. Lead sheath should be properly earthed to prevent shocks due to
leakage currents.
3. Cables should not be run in damp places and in areas where
chemicals (may react with the lead) are used.
Advantages
1. Easy installation and is aesthetic in appearance.
2. Highly durable.
3. Suitable in adverse climatic conditions provided the joints are not
exposed.
Disadvantages
1. Requires skilled labour.
2. Very expensive.
3. Unsuitable for chemical industries.
59

60. Casing and Capping System
60

61. Casing and Capping System
This wiring system consists of insulated
conductors laid inside rectangular, teakwood or PVC boxes having
grooves inside it. A rectangular strip of wood called capping having
same width as that of casing is fixed over it. Both the CASING and the
CAPPING are screwed together at every 15 cm. Casing is attached to
the wall. Two or more wires of same polarity are drawn through
different grooves. The system is suitable for indoor and domestic
installations.
Advantages
1. Cheaper than lead sheathed and conduit wiring.
2. Provides good isolation, as the conductors are place apart reducing
the risk of short circuit.
3. Easily accessible for inspection and repairs.
4. Since the wires are not expose to atmosphere, insulation is less
affected by dust, dirt, and climatic variations.
Disadvantages
1. Highly inflammable.
2. Termites damage usage of unseasoned wood.
3. Skilled workmanship required.
61

62. Conduit Wiring System
62

63. Conduit Wiring System
In this system, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or
VIR cables are passes through metallic or PVC pipes providing good
protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit. They
are either embedded inside the walls or supported over the walls, and
are known as concealed wiring or surface conduit wiring (open
conduit) respectively. The conduits are buried inside the walls on
wooden gutties and the wires are drawn through them with fish (steel)
wires. The system is best suited for public buildings, industries, and
workshops.
Advantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
No risk of fire and good protection against mechanical injury.
The lead and return wires can be carry in the same tube.
Earthing and continuity is assured.
Waterproof and trouble shooting is easy.
Shock- proof with proper earthing and bonding
Durable and maintenance free
Aesthetic in appearance
Disadvantages
1.
2.
3.
4.
Very expensive system of wiring.
Requires good skilled workmanship.
Erection is quiet complicated and is time consuming.
Risk of short circuit under wet conditions (due to condensation of
water in tubes).
63

64. Wires Used in House Wiring
64

65. Specification of Wires
The conductor material, insulation, size and
the number of cores, specifies the electrical wires. These are important
parameters as they determine the current and voltage handling
capability of the wires. The conductors are usually of either copper or
aluminium. Various insulating materials like PVC, TRS, and VIR are
used. The wires may be of single strand or multi strand. Wires with
combination of different diameters and the number of cores or strands
are available.
Example: The VIR conductors are specifies as 1/20, 3/22, 7/20.
The numerator indicates the number of
strands while the denominator corresponds to the diameter of the wire
in SWG (Standard Wire Gauge). SWG 20 corresponds to a wire of
diameter 0.914mm, while SWG 22 corresponds to a wire of diameter
0.737 mm. A 7/0 wire means, it is a 7-cored wire of diameter 12.7mm
(0.5 inch). The selection of the wire is depending on the requirement
considering factors like current and voltage ratings, cost and
application.
Example: Application: domestic wiring
1. Lighting - 3/20 copper wire
2. Heating - 7/20 copper wire
The enamel coating (on the individual
strands) mutually insulates the strands and the overall wire is provided
with PVC insulation. The current carrying capacity depends on the total
area of the wire. If cost is the criteria then aluminium conductors are
preferred. In that case, for the same current rating much larger diameter
of wire is used.
65

66. 66

67. References
67

68. 68

69. Visiting Shops
69

70. 70

71. Websites
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
http://www.fineswitches.com
http://www.fineproducts.com
http://www.havells.com
http://www.anchor-world.com
http://www.girishproducts.com
http://www.philips.com
http://www.ssk.com
http://www.ppiindia.net
71