Renewable Energy: Maintech, not Cleantech
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Renewable Energy: Maintech, not Cleantech, Vinod Khosla, April 2009
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Renewable Energy: Maintech, not Cleantech
- 1. Renewable Energy: Maintech, not Cleantech Vinod Khosla Khosla Ventures April 2009
- 2. “ all progress depends on the unreasonable man” George Bernard Shaw
- 3. “ A crisis is a terrible thing to waste.” Paul Romer
- 5. “ There is no reason for any individuals to have a computer in their home” -Ken Olsen, President, Chairman and Founder of DEC, 1977 Excuse: Missing Applications
- 6. “ Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible” -Lord Kelvin, President, Royal Society 1895 Problem: Understanding of Physics
- 7. “ Airplanes are interesting toys but of no military value” -Marshall Ferdinand Foch, Professor of Strategy, Ecole Superiure de Guerre Problem: Tunnel Vision
- 8. Forecasting
- 9. “ It is the mark of an educated person to look for precision only as far as the nature of the subject allows.” Aristotle
- 10. oil price forecasts (1985-2005) Data/Source: World Oil Prices (current $ / Barrel)- EIA Office of Integration Analysis and Forecasting Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual 10-yr Forecast Error 5-yr Forecast Error
- 11. gas price forecasts (1985-2005) Data/Source: Natural Gas Wellhead Prices (current $ /1000cf) - EIA Office of Integration Analysis and Forecasting Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual 10-yr Forecast Error 5-yr Forecast Error
- 12. coal price forecasts (1985-2005) Data/Source: Coal Prices to Elec. Generating Plants (current $ /million btu) - EIA Office of Integration Analysis and Forecasting Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast Forecast 10-yr Forecast Error 5-yr Forecast Error
- 16. “ extrapolation of the past” vs. “inventing the future”
- 19. “ what if…”
- 26. …” relevant cost ” …” relevant scale ” …” relevant adoption ”
- 27. … the chindia test only scalable if competitive unsubsidized
- 28. 1990: Chindia ≈ 13% of CO 2 emissions 2005: Chindia ≈ 23% of CO 2 emissions 2030: Chindia ≈ 34% of CO 2 emissions EIA
- 29. “ China and India together account for 79 percent of the projected increase in world coal consumption from 2005 to 2030” EIA
- 31. … the scaling model brute force or exponential, distributed…
- 33. … cost and carbon trajectory
- 34. Cost trajectory: Undesirable (hydrogen fuel cell?) Subsidy/Support Needed Cost Fossil Fuel Cost Fossil + Carbon Cost Time
- 35. cost: driving down the cost curve Source: “The Carbon Productivity Challenge”, McKinsey – Original from UC Berkely Energy Resource Group, Navigant Consulting
- 36. cost: not all technology curves are the same Cheapest now does not mean cheapest later! Trajectory Matters! Solar PV Wind Coal
- 37. declining technology cost … Crystalline Silicon Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Thin-Film Multi-Junction Generations of Solar Photovoltaics…
- 38. but tech cost decline isn’t enough… Construction Cost Inputs (Feedstock/Land) Technology Cost Total Cost Total cost decline is based on relative proportion of cost “types”…
- 39. Carbon trajectory: Undesirable (natural gas?) Carbon Emissions Trajectory Desired Goal (80% below fossil?) Time
- 40. Scalability…
- 41. Scalability: Land is not (remotely) a constraint world electricity demand (18,000 TWh/y) can be produced from 300 x 300 km² =0.23% of all deserts distributed over “10 000” sites 3000 km Source: Gerhard Knies, CSP 2008 Barcelona
- 42. area requirements to power the USA (150 km) 2 of Nevada covered with 15% efficient solar cells could provide the USA with electricity Source: J.A. Turner, Science 285 1999, p. 687. ½ as much land with 30% efficient turbines
- 43. … the adoption risk financial, consumer acceptance, market entry
- 44. adoption risk - $2,500 nano Internal combustion engine or Hydrogen / electric?
- 45. adoption risk: U.S. mill closures
- 46. … optionality
- 47. Pyrolisis optionality: biofuels feedstocks & pathways … Mixalco Process Glycerin Natural Oils BioDiesel (FAME or FAEE) Methanol/Ethanol Gasification Syngas Fermentation Ethanol/Butanol BTL Diesel Mixed Higher Alcohol Methane Microbial cultures Dimethylfuran Gasoline, Diesel, Hydrocarbons Ethanol, Butanol, Renewable Petroleum FermDiesel Sugars/ Starch Fermentation Biogasoline ETG via catalysis Biomass Cellulose/ Hemicellulose Acid or Enzyme Hydrolysis Saccharification Ethanol Algae + Sunlight – CO2 Cell Mass Hydrocracking Waste Fischer-Tropspch catalysis BioDiesel (FAME or FAEE) Catalytic Conversion Butanol Diesel Transesterification Catalysis and Aqueous phase Reforming Fermentation Catalytic Conversion Ethanol Biocrude
- 48. optionality: hybrids or biofuels? Time % of power from liquid fuel % of power from electric sources 0% 0% 100% 100% Fast (relative) battery tech development Slow battery tech development
- 51. … carbon reduction capacity
- 52. Carbon Productivity Growth Required = 5.6%/yr World GDP Growth = 3.1%/yr Source: “The Carbon Productivity Challenge”, McKinsey – Original GDP projection from Global Insight through 2037 Less reduction now, but greater capacity to respond in the future? Carbon Productivity = GDP / Emissions World GDP Growth Emission decrease to 20GT CO 2 e by 2050 = - 2.4%/yr carbon reduction capacity: 10X increase in carbon productivity!
- 53. Growth Offers the Greatest Carbon Reduction Opportunity ! carbon reduction capacity is key Improvement of current stock Replacement of old stock Growth stock
- 54. goal: cost, carbon reduction capacity, carbon & scaling trajectory, capital formation, low adoption risk, & optionality
- 58. irrational ideas: eat kangaroos, not cows! Source – http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSSYD8867720080808 Farming kangaroos instead of sheep and cattle could cut greenhouse gases produced by grazing livestock…
- 63. Or San Francisco Photovoltaics? Mojave?
- 68. Electric Cars?
- 72. “ no change bigotry” vs. “environmental everything” vs. pragmentalists
- 74. … technology expands the “Art of the Possible” … today’s “unimaginable” or tomorrow’s “conventional wisdom”
- 76. Source: When Old Technologies Were New “ In 1885, Yale students who were getting ‘more light than they relished’ chopped down an electric pole erected at the corner of the campus…” New Technology Has A History ...
- 77. Dotcom bubble but … net “traffic” growth continued Terabytes Morgan Stanley High Technology Index Source: Andrew Odlyzko (University of Minnesota – Digital Technology Center) Morgan Stanley Technology Index from Yahoo Finance
- 78. 200yrs of Technology Speculation “Triumph of the Optimists: 101 Years of Global Investment returns”
- 79. … our renewable portfolio
- 81. Cellulosic Ethanol Sugar Feedstocks Starch Feedstocks Tools Solar Natural Gas Mechanical Efficiency Electrical Efficiency Cellulosic Future Fuels Plastics Water Materials Sequestration Tools EPC Waste Water Water Desalination PVC Plasticizers Polyurethane Polyethylene Glass Cement Distributed Solar Utility Scale Solar Coal Efficiency Oil Homes Engines Appliances Pumps Lighting Batteries Motors Engineered Geothermal Wind Storage Synthetic Natural Gas Corn/ Sugar Fuels Wind Building Materials Geothermal Butanol Cellul. Diesel Cellul. Gasoline Cellul. Jet Fuel Khosla Ventures Renewable Portfolio
- 82. Mascoma Range Coskata Lanza Cilion Tools Solar Natural Gas Mechanical Efficiency Electrical Efficiency Cellulosic Future Fuels Plastics Water Materials Nanostellar Codon NanoH2O Draths Segetis Soladigm Calera Stion Ausra Infinia PVT Coal Efficiency Oil PAX Streamline EcoMotors Transonic Tula Hybradrive Seeo Kaai Soraa Lumenz Topanga GIV Gridshift AltaRock Great Point Energy Corn/ Sugar Fuels Wind Building Materials Geothermal Amyris LS9 Gevo KiOR Khosla Ventures Renewable Portfolio Sakti3 Firefly Ramu
- 83. Together, our products will improve the way all people live
- 84. Calera Corporation Built on carbon negative cement
- 85. Living Homes And prefabricated, environmentally friendly, cheaper, LEEDS homes
- 86. Soladigm Using electrochromatic windows
- 87. Amyris LS9 Gevo Kior Mascoma Range Fuels Coskata LanzaTech Fueled from renewable sources
- 88. Ramu EcoMotors Transonic Firefly Seeo Sakti3 Nanostellar Tula Technologies With reduced fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions Hybradrive
- 89. Topanga Lit by high intensity, low power discharge lighting
- 90. Ausra Altarock Infinia Stion PVT Solar Using renewable electricity
- 91. Great Point Energy Cooking with natural gas from clean coal & biomass
- 92. Group IV Lumenz Reading with LED lighting Soraa
- 93. Kaai Watching HD laser TV
- 94. NanoH2O Drinking desalinated water
- 95. Segetis Safely using biobased plastics and chemicals
- 96. Draths Biobased materials for your home
- 97. Pax Streamline Staying comfortable with more efficient air conditioning
- 98. Change every aspect of daily living
- 102. The nine dots problem Source: Amory Lovins, RMI
- 103. Standard nine dots solution Source: Amory Lovins, RMI
- 104. Standard nine dots solution Source: Amory Lovins, RMI
- 105. Better: use just three lines But…how about just one line? Source: Amory Lovins, RMI
- 106. Geographer’s Solution Source: Amory Lovins, RMI
- 107. Mechanical Engineer’s Solution Source: Amory Lovins, RMI
- 108. Origami Solution Source: Amory Lovins, RMI
- 109. Wide Line Solution Source: Amory Lovins, RMI
- 110. … or get to work [email_address] khoslaventures.com/resources.html