THINKING beyond the canopy
Reconciling policy and
practice in the
co-management of forests in
indigenous territories
Peter Cronkleton, David Solis and Dawn Ward
LASA 2017
Lima, Peru 4/30/17

Policy reform and forest
property
 Extensive areas of Peruvian Amazon titled
in favor of indigenous people
• 1,365 communities title (644 pending)
• Over 12 million hectares (5.7 million
pending)
 Forest remain national patrimony
• Only usufruct rights granted (cesión en
uso)
• Exclude external actors
 Establish co-management systems
• Recognize subsistence use
• Commercial use requires authorization
and compliance with regulations

Policy reform and forest
property
 Model conceptualized by regulations
• Assume collective enterprise
• Focus on specialization
• Creates barriers to formal markets
 Local practice varies from regulatory model
• Highly diverse, integrated systems
• Production at household scale not
communal
• Heterogenous populations and context
 CIFOR’s GCS-REDD Project provides a
window into local practice

THINKING beyond the canopy
Subnational REDD+ Initiatives in GCS
Comparison
(Control)
REDD+ site
(Intervention)
Before After
IMPACT
Intervention
After
Control
After
Intervention
Before
Control
Before
2010 / 2011 2013 / 2014
• 6 countries
• 23 initiatives
• 150 villages
• 4,000
households

Ucayali data set
Eight Villages
• 4 intervention villages
• 4 control villages
Sample of 204 households
(Survey in 2012 and 2014)
• Extensive livelihood data
• Cash income
• Subsistence production
• Forest production portfolio

THINKING beyond the canopy
Overall Income by Source
19.1%
11.5%
68.4%
1.0%
Farming
Off farming
Forest
Non-forest
environmental
2012
Median Income:
US$ 5948
24.9%
26.5%
47.6%
1.0%
Farming
Off farming
Forest
Non-forest
environmental
2014
Median Income:
US$ 3755
• Sharp income decline between surveys
• Forest income major source in diverse portfolio

THINKING beyond the canopy
Income source by village
25.8%
17.5%
15.6%
16.5%
9.5%
23.3%
15.8%
28.6%
13.4%
24.4%
17.5%
4.3%
21.8%
14.3%
13.0%
5.4%
60.5%
58.0%
62.6%
79.0%
68.6%
58.6%
70.9%
65.6%
0.3%
0.1%
4.4%
0.2%
0.0%
3.8%
0.3%
0.4%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Cacomacaya
Calleria
Curiaca
Nuevo Ahuaypa
Nuevo Saposoa
Patria Nueva
Pueblo Nuevo del Caco
Roya
Farming Off farming Forest Non-forest environmental
25.3%
7.1%
23.4%
43.5%
8.2%
9.2%
20.2%
40.8%
34.5%
29.4%
30.2%
28.2%
22.9%
31.0%
26.1%
14.9%
38.0%
63.3%
46.2%
27.7%
68.6%
59.1%
52.6%
42.1%
2.2%
0.1%
0.2%
0.6%
0.2%
0.8%
1.1%
2.2%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Cacomacaya
Calleria
Curiaca
Nuevo Ahuaypa
Nuevo Saposoa
Patria Nueva
Pueblo Nuevo del Caco
Roya
Farming Off farming Forest Non-forest environmental
2012 2014
• Significant variation between sites and
over time
• Forest remain major source of income

Forest Income

THINKING beyond the canopy
Forest Income by Source
7.4%
6.4%
86.1%
0.1%
Timber
NTFP
Game meat and fish
Other*
Median Timber
Income: US$ 374
10.8%
10.1%
78.9%
0.1%
Timber
NTFP
Game meat and fish
Other*
Median Timber
Income: US$ 133
2012 2014
• Forest income largely contributes to subsistence
• Timber provides significant source of cash income

THINKING beyond the canopy
Forest Income by Source
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Cacomacaya
Calleria
Curiaca
Nuevo Ahuaypa
Nuevo Saposoa
Patria Nueva
Pueblo Nuevo del Caco
Roya
Timber NTFP Game meat and fish Other
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Cacomacaya
Calleria
Curiaca
Nuevo Ahuaypa
Nuevo Saposoa
Patria Nueva
Pueblo Nuevo del Caco
Roya
Timber NTFP Game meat and fish Other
2012 2014

• Integrated systems where forest
resources key for subsistence
• Forest production largely managed
at household scale
• Secondary forests key source of
timber
• Timber often commercialized
informally
• Co-management is evolving
• Over emphasis on sanctions
• Need support to defend borders
• Incentive programs show
promise but impact unclear
Discussion and Conclusions

Financial support for GCS-REDD+:
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation,
Australian Agency for International Development,
European Commission,
UK Department for International Development,
German International Climate Initiative,
CGIAR Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) Programmee.
www.cifor.org/gcs
More information:
http://www.cifor.org/gcs/
http://www.cifor.org/
http://blog.cifor.org/