Session 3
Mangrove emission factors:
Navigating Chapter 4 – Coastal
Wetlands
Daniel Murdiyarso and Sigit Sasmito
14 April 2020

Background
• Need of guidance on estimating and reporting
anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals from
managed coastal wetlands.
• Coastal wetlands (tidal freshwater and salt marshes,
seagrass meadows, and mangroves) hold large reservoirs
of carbon (C) in biomass and especially soil
• Significant global stocks:
o mangroves, ~8 Pg C (Donato et al., 2011),
o tidal marshes, ~0.8 Pg C (Pendleton et al., 2012), and
o seagrass meadows, 4.2 – 8.4 Pg C (Fourqurean et al., 2012)
• Indonesia has significant amount of mangroves (23% world
mangrove) with stocks of ~3.14 PgC (Murdiyarso et al. 2015)

Scope of Chapter 4
• Not to replace 2006 PCC Guideline
• Updates guidance contained in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to provide
default data for estimation of carbon stock changes in mangrove
living biomass and dead wood pools for coastal wetlands at Tier 1.
• Gives new:
o guidance for CO2 emissions and removals from organic and mineral
soils for the management activities of extraction (including
construction of aquaculture and salt production ponds), drainage
and rewetting, revegetation and creation;
o default data for estimation of anthropogenic CO2 emissions and
removals for soils in mangrove, tidal marsh and seagrass meadows;
o guidance for N2O emissions during aquaculture use;
o guidance for CH4 emissions for rewetting, revegetation and
creation of mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows.

Purposes of this session
• Familiarize the structure of 2013 IPCC Wetlands
Supplement, especially Chapter 4
• Understand the links with 2006 IPCC Guidelines,
especially on mangroves and the assumptions used
• Discuss Tier 1 methods (parameters and factors) as
default values and possibility of using Tier 2
• Explore the use of the Wetlands Supplement
(Chapter 4) for FREL 2020

Including mangroves:
is good practice to report mangroves in the appropriate national
land-use category according to the national forest definition
Source: IPCC (2014)
Salt production/
Aquculture

Specific management activities in mangroves
Activity Sub activity
Activities relevant to CO2 emissions and removals
Forest management
practices in mangroves*
Planting, thinning, harvest, wood removal, fuelwood removal,
charcoal production*
Extraction Excavation to enable port, harbour and marina construction
and filling or dredging to facilitate raising the elevation of land
Drainage Agriculture, forestry, mosquito control
Rewetting, revegetation
and creation
Conversion from drained to saturated soils by restoring
hydrology and reestablishment of vegetation
Activities relevant to non-CO2 emissions
Aquaculture (use) N2O emissions from aquaculture use
Rewetted soils CH4 emissions from change to natural vegetation following
modifications to restore hydrology
*) including conversion to Forest Land or conversion from Forest Land to other land uses.

Carbon pools – Tier 1
(t d.m. ha-1)
Aboveground
Biomass
Dead organic
matter
Soil carbon
Belowground
Biomass
2
3
4
Organic: 471 (216-935)
Mineral: 286 (55-1376)
(Table 4.11)
Litter: 0.7 (0-1.3)
Dead wood: 10.7 (6.5-14.8)
(Table 4.7)
Tropical Wet 0.49 (0.04-1.1)
Tropical Dry 0.29 (0.09-0.79)
Root/shoot ratio, R
(Table 4.5)
Tropical Wet 192 (8.7-384)
Tropical Dry 92 (3.2-201)
(Table 4.3)
1

Assumptions – Tier 1
• Forest management, soil carbon stock does not
change
• Extraction, after construction pond/excavated soils,
soil carbon stock is zero
• Soil carbon stock is limited up to 1 meter
• All estimates are “initial change”
Salt production/
Aquculture

0.71

Tier 1: All pools emissions/removals - Ext
Eqn.4.4
Eqn.4.5
Eqn.4.6
Eqn.4.4
Eqn.4.5
Eqn.4.6
Eqn.4.4
Eqn.4.5
Eqn.4.6

Tier 1: All pools emissions/removals - Exc
Eqn.4.4 Eqn. 4.5 Eqn. 4.6

Tier 1: Biomass emissions/removals - Ext
0.450.49 192

Tier 1: DOM emissions/removals - Ext
0 10.7+0.7

Tier 1: Soil emissions/removals - Ext
0 471

Higher Tiers: for Stock-Different methods
Tier 2
National data could include country specific values of any parameter used
in the Tier 1 method or values that permit biomass carbon stock changes
using the Stock-Difference method. Refer also to the relevant sections of
Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for further guidance.
Tier 3
Tier 3 methods may employ the use of data that are of higher order spatial
disaggregation and that depend on variation in salinity or further
disaggregation of regional differences within a country. Forest growth rates
of specific age ranges could be applied. Refer also to the relevant sections
of Volume 4 of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for further guidance.

Aboveground
Biomass
Dead organic
matter
Soil carbon
Belowground
Biomass
2
3
4
1
TECS
Towards Tier 2

Survey on Indonesian mangroves
Area: 2.9 Mha (FAO, 2005)
3.2 Mha (MoEF, 2014)
TECS: 3.14 Pg C (Murdiyarso et al., 2015;
Alongi et al., 2016)

Towards Tier 2 – protected mangroves
Number/
Site
Province Tree
carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Root
carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Woody
debris
carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Soil
carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Total
ecosyste
m carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Sample
depth
(m)
No. of
plot/
sub
plot
Reference
1
Jaring Halus
North
Sumatra
92.3 30.1 13.0 127.5 262.3 3 5/30 Ginting et
al. 2020
2
Sembilang
Jambi,
Sumatra
300.5 27.9 11.3 979.5 1319.2 3 6/36 Murdiyarso
et al. 2015
3
Kubu Raya
West
Kalimantan
134.8 14.3 24.2 620.9 794.2 3 7/42
4
Tanjung
Putting
Central
Kalimantan
140.9 21.3 18.6 1059.2 1240.0 3 5/30
5
Bunaken
North
Sulawesi
69.2 14.9 42.7 811.6 938.4 3 6/36
6 Bintuni West
Papua
323.6 43.6 14.8 1014.8 1396.8 3 5/30
7
Teminabuan
196.3 36.7 17.5 660.5 911.0 3 4/24
8 Buruway 108 21 13 610.8 732.0 3 7/41 Sasmito et
al. 20209
Arguni Bay
52 13 - 1636.8 1688.6 1.7 8/45
10
Timika
Papua 255.1 27.2 27.9 965.1 1275.3 3 4/24 Murdiyarso
et al. 2015

Towards Tier 2 – degraded mangroves
Site Province Tree
carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Root
carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Woody
debris
carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Soil carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Total
ecosystem
carbon
stocks
(Mg ha-1)
Sample
depth
(m)
No. of
plot/ sub
plot
Reference
11
Percut
North
Sumatra
39.9 6.7 7.4 139.2 193.1 3 3/18 Murdiyarso
et al. 2018
12
Belawan
79.4 29.4 4.4 236.3 349.4 3 3/18
13
Margasari
Lampung 45.3 na na na na na 3 Sasmito et
al. 2014
14
Cilacap
Central Java 6.9 2.5 11.8 571.6 592.8 3 2/12 Murdiyarso
et al. 2015
15
Demak
Central Java 44.93 21.86 6.51 64.32 137.10 2 9/48 Ardhani et al.
2020
16
Lamongan
East Java na na na na 261.8 0.3 4 Arif et al.
2017
17
Mahakam
Delta
East
Kalimantan
9.8 5.0 18.6 515.0 548.3 3 3/20 Arifanti et al.
2019
18
Perancak
Bali 54.4 21.2 NA NA NA NA 3 Sidik et al.
2019

Tier 1: CO2 emissions from rewetting
-1.62 t C/ha/yr

Tier 1: CO2 emissions from drainage
7.9 t C/ha/yr

Tier 1: CH4 emissions from rewetting
193.7 kg CH4 ha/yr

Tier 1: N2O emissions from aquaculture
0.00169 kg N2O-N per kg fish produced

References
Ardhani, T.S.P. (2020). Mangrove vegetation structures and ecosystem carbon stocks across different coastal typologies in Demak
Regency, Central Java. (Master Thesis), Bogor: IPB University.
Arif, A.M., Guntur, G., Ricky, A.B., Novianti, P., & Andik, I. (2017). Mangrove ecosystem C-stocks of Lamongan, Indonesia and its
correlation with forest age. Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 21(8).
Arifanti, V.B. (2017). Carbon Dynamics Associated with Land Cover Change in Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems of the Mahakam Delta,
East Kalimantan, Indonesia. (Ph.D. dissertation). Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Oregon State University.
Arifanti, V. B., Kauffman, J. B., Hadriyanto, D., Murdiyarso, D., & Diana, R. (2019). Carbon dynamics and land use carbon footprints in
mangrove-converted aquaculture : The case of the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management, 432, 17–29.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.047
Donato, D.C., Kauffman, J.B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., Kanninen, M. (2011). Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the
tropics. Nature Geoscience, 4(5), 293–297. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123.
FAO (2007). The world’s mangroves 1980–2005. FAO Forestry Paper. Rome, Italy: FAO.
Ginting, Y. R. S. (2018). Mangrove distribution, sedimentation, and soil carbon accumulation in North Sumatra, Indonesia. (Master
Thesis). Bogor, Indonesia: IPB University.
Giri, C., Ochieng, E., Tieszen, L.L., Zhu, Z., Singh, A., Loveland, T., Masek , J., & Duke, N. (2011). Status and distribution of mangrove
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[IPCC]. (2014). 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T.,
Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G. (eds). IPCC, Switzerland.
Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B., Warren, M. W, Sasmito, S. D., Donato, D. C.,et al. (2015). The potential of Indonesian
mangrove forests for global change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 5 (12), 1089-1092. DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE 2734.
Sasmito, S. D., Sillanpää, M., Hayes, M. A., Bachri, S., Saragi-Sasmito, M. F., Sidik, F., et al. 2020b. Mangrove blue carbon stocks and
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Sidik, F., Adame, M. F., & Lovelock, C. E. (2019). Carbon sequestration and fluxes of restored mangroves in abandoned aquaculture
ponds. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, http://doi.org/10.1080/19480881.2019.1605659
Sidik, F., Neil, D., & Lovelock, C. E. (2016). Effect of high sedimentation rates on surface sediment dynamics and mangrove growth in the
Porong River, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 107, 355–363. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.02.048

Acknowledgements
The capacity building materials were made possible through a grant
given by the Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative
(NICFI) to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
under the Agreement No. INS 2070-19/0010. While CIFOR gratefully
acknowledges the support, the information provided in the
materials do not represent the views or positions of the Norwegian
Government. CIFOR would like to recognize the support by the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in
generating some of information used in the materials.

Thank you