TSBF INSTITUTE of CIAT Program TS2: Sustainable Land Management for Eco-efficient Agriculture in the Tropics

Why is there a need for an area-wide approach? Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional Various interventions at the sentinel site in southern Malawi, may not necessarily be well integrated Functional landscapes?

Should CIAT invest in research in Conservation Agriculture in SA region? What are the expected benefits? Need for better analyses and diagnosis to target interventions for sustainable agricultural production in multi-use landscapes Conservation Agriculture field trials in Mozambique; Innovation platforms to link research to development. Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional

What about non-responsive soils? N+P N+manure Multiple seasons of application of manure (>10 t/ ha) required to restore productivity Pathways to restoration of non-responsive fields (Courtesy Zingore) (Vanlauwe et al., accepted for publication) Where do OM resources come from ? Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional

SLM Impact Zones Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional Hillsides Savannas Forest margins Figure 1: Impact zones for the ISFM Program. Information on total area and population and major cropping systems is included.

Sustainable Agric. Production Landscapes Soil Resource Base Markets (PES) Env. Health Social welfare Policy Adaptive SRM Consumption (food, water, shelter) National and World Trade Policies Market Opportunity Env. Regulations Social policies Prod. Syst. Resources allocation Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional Framework for the strategy on Sustainable Land Management Income generation Human & Social cap. Labour Investment Phys. & finan capital

Decision support framework for evidence-based and spatially-explicit soil and land management recommendations Regional level National/intermediate level Local level Problem domain/ Application domain/ Intervention domain Problem domain/ Application domain/ Intervention domain PD/ AD/ ID Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional Intervention domain (user context) Problem domain Application domain technologies/ mngt options Case Large scale Small scale Spatial Extent Regional scales Intermediate scales Local scales Farmers National Community & District level Regional bodies& Government policies Scale of interventions TARGET BENEFICIARIES ID PD AD CD ID’ PD’ AD’ CD’ ID” PD” AD” CD”

BGBD Mexico Benchmark site “Los Tuxtlas” Soil Biological QI Earthworms Soil Chemical QI Soil Phys QI Soil OM QI (Velasquez et. al) Variation in soil quality with position in the landscape (window) Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional F1(54.2%) F2(15.9%) P<0.01 LM SF VC -2.8 3.6 -3 5 F2(20.3%) F1(34.1%) LM SF VC -3.3 3.8 -3 3.8 P<0.01 F1(42.3%) F2(15.8%) P<0.01 LM SF VC -2.7 2.9 -4.9 2.9 F1(17.3%) F2(14.6%) SF VC -3.9 6.9 -8.5 2.9 LM P<0.01

Soil Phys QI BGBD Mexico “Los Tuxtlas” F1(42.3%) F2(15.8%) M -2.9 2.9 -4.9 2.9 P F A P<0.01 Soil OM QI Soil Biological QI Earthworms Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional Characterisation and diagnoses: Variation in Soil Quality per Land Use (Velasquez et. al) F A M -3.4 4 -3.2 4 P P<0.01 F2(20.3%) F1(34.1%) F M -3.5 4 -3.5 5.5 A P F1(54.2%) F2(15.9%) P<0.02 Soil Chemical QI F1(17.3%) F2(14.6%) F M -3.9 6.9 -8.5 2.6 P A P<0.01

Characterization and diagnosis: Carbon deficits (SOC measured against local reference value), Mali (Land Degradation project) Low resolution-wider coverage High resolution-local coverage (courtesy Tor Vagen, ICRAF) Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional

Chemical Physical Biological Land degradation LUI &Agric intensification Knowledge and information gaps Population growth Poverty – lack of econ development Policies (agric & land use) Weak institutions Lack of R & D Climate change Factors driving soil degradation in agricultural systems, expressed in its chemical, physical and biological properties Theme I: Effect of climate change, land use change on soil health; Interrelated processes of soil biological, physical, chemical and SOM degradation Theme 2: Improved targeting of soil and land use management interventions Soil Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional

Effects of spatio-temporal variability in soil fertility on crop productivity Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional (Courtesy Zingore)

Intervention domains Mapping of social, economic, cultural, policy constraints Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional

Development domains: Uganda (Ruecker et al, 2003, ZEF) Population density Elevation Agricultural potential Market access Scale of the intervention domains (targeting Legume Cover Crops) Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional (Delve et al., 2007)

Identification and Characterisation of Intervention Domains Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional Zona Atlantica, Costa Rica)

Intervention Options for Sustainable intensification of low-medium external input agricultural systems through biological intervention and integrated soil fertility management Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional Fertility Soil Biology TSBF CBD 2001 Agricultural Intensification Shifting Cultivation Fallow Rotation Agroforestry Intercrops Rotations Monoculture Optimal Biological Intervention ? Organic Inputs Human Energy Biodiversity Petro-Chemical Energy Purchased Inputs 50 kg/ha fertilizer

Evidence-based soil management recommendations Soil OM amendments Farmers’ field trials Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional

Outcome 1 Validated alternative Technologies and Systems (alternative solutions) Outcome 2 Improved diagnoses and problem identification (creates awareness of Problems) Outcome 3 Improved targeting and decision making reduces risk and increased returns on investment (adoption, action preparedness) Outcome 4 Successful interventions implementation Of alt. technologies, informs policy development (enhanced capacities) Impact Improved Land productivity, Rehabilitated land, Prevented land Degradation (monitor) Enabling environment: infrastructure/ partnerships / policies & institutions/ support functions Impact pathways Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional

Regional program SSA_wide projects (AfSIS) ISFM program SLM program SA regional office Platform for TSBF Malawi - Stakeholder platform Zimbabwe - Innovation platform Mozambique - Innovation platform SA regional office Platform for TSBF SA regional office Platform for TSBF TSBF - SSA TSBF - LAC Individual country projects Goal Rationale Outputs Institutional Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility