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Invasion of Amazonian landscapes by the earthworm
                         Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae)
                    Marichal R1, Brown G G4, Praxedes C5, Tselouiko S1, Feijoo A6, Zuniga M C6, Ruiz D6, Carvajal A F6, Quintero A F6, Oswald J3, Decaens T,
                    Hurtado M P2, Grimaldi M1, Desjardins T1, Sarrazin M1 and Lavelle P1,2.




                                                                                                                                   Methods:
    Objectives:                                                                                                                    1. Earthworm communities hand‐sorted by TSBF method: 5 points per farm * 
    Pontoscolex corethrurus is an invasive endogeic earthworm (Fig.1)                                                              3x25 x 20 cm monoliths =  270 samples. Identification and classification into
    which is progressively colonizing Amazonian landscapes. The aim of                                                             ecological categories: endogeic, anecic, epigeic species.
    this study was to determine if the proliferation of this species is a                                                          2. Land‐use determination: pastures, forests, fallows after crop, fallows after
    result of (1) competitive displacement of native species or (2)                                                                pasture, plantation, crops. 
    exploitation of a new niche, created by disturbances.  
                                                                                                                                   3. Soil parameters measured at each point

     Study sites:                                                                                                                  4. Statistical methods: PCA on earthworm communities at points with
                                                                                                                                   P.corethrurus and co‐inertia analysis with soil data.
     Six areas with 9 sample farms in each, in two 
     contrasted regions of the Amazonian arc of 
     deforestation were investigated: three are in 
                                                                                                                                   Results:
     Colombia, near Caqueta; three are in northern Brazil                                                                          P.corethrurus occurred mostly in pastures and fallows
     (state of Pará).                                                                                                              % P.corethrurus was greater in pastures, fallows and plantations than in 
                                                                                                                                   forests (Fig. 3) 
                                                                                                Fig.1.: Pontoscolex                 P.corethrurus density:
                                                                                                   corethrurus, a                  • was associated with a low density of other species
                                                                                             parthenogenetic species
                                                                                                                                   •showed a different pattern than other species in the PCA (Fig. 4) but no 
                                                                                                with demographic
                                                                                               profile of the r type               opposition. 
                                                                                              (fecundity is 10 times               •Co‐varied with pH and N soil content (co‐inertia, Fig.5).
                                                                                              that of native species)
                                                                                                                                                                   d = 0.2                                                                   d=1

                                                                                                                                              P.corethrurus
                                                                                                                                                                                                        Axis 2 (25.0%)                               Fig. 4: PCAs performed on P.corethrurus
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     and other earthworm ecological 
                                                                                                                                                                   Brazil                                                                            categories it sampled points in Brazil 
                           Fig.2. Study sites                                                                                                                                                                                                        and Colombia respectively.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     (a) (c):Variables associated to the first 
                                                                                                                                                                                                         FAP 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              C  Axis 1 (42.2%)      two axes: P.corethrurus, other 
                                                                                                                        epigeic                                                                                          P  FAC 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     endogeic, epigeic, anecic species 
                                                                                                                      anecic                                                                                              F 
                                                                                                                (a)
                                                                                                              (a)      other endogeic                                        (b)
                                                                                                                                                                                 (b)                                                                 densities in Brazil (a) and Colombia (c)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             d=1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     (b) (d):Ordination of the sampled points 
                                                                                                               epigeic species
                                                                                                                                                     P.corethrurus                                                                                   onto the plane defined by the first two 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                FAP                                  axes in Brazil (b) and Colombia (d). P = 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                         P      Axis 1 (39.0%)
             P.corethrurus (%)                                                                                                                                                                                                                       Pastures, FAP = Fallows after Pasture, 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     FAC = Fallows after Crop, C = Crops, Pl = 
             100                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Plantations. 
                                                                                                                                                                  Colombia
              80                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      First axis shows how native species tend
              60                                                                                               (c)                      other endogeic species               (d)                                         Axis 2 (33.6%)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    to decrease with land use intensification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    (crops and pastures opposed to fallows). 
              40


              20

               0
                                                                                                                                              Axis 2: 
                                Fallows                    Fallows                                                                            22.5%
                    Forests                 Plantations                 Pastures                                                                         P.corethrurus
                      (12)       after          (16)        after         (86)                                         epigeic species
                                 crop                      pasture                                                                                                             C30                                                                 Fig. 5: Co‐inertia analysis among densities of 
                                                                                                                                                                                       Al           sr                        pH
                                  (10)                       (12)                                                                                                                            K                   N20                               earthworms in ecological categories and soil 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           N10                     parameters, in Colombian points where 
         Fig. 3. P.corethrurus (%) among land‐uses (points with P.corethrurus). In bracket                                                                                         CTCe                      C20                                   P.corethrurus occurred. (a) Projection of 
                                                                                                                             Axis 1:                                                        Mg                C10                                  earthworm categories on the first two co‐inertia 
          numbers indicate sampled points.                                                                                   61.3%
                                                                                                                                                                                        TB               P                                         axes. (b) Soil parameters  (bd = bulk density, 
                                                                                                                                                                                       Ca        N30
                                                                                                                                                                                                   rp                                              numbers indicate the depth (cm), rp = resistance to 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 bd2
                                                                                                                                                                                        NH4 Ve        bd5                                          penetration, sr = sheer strength resistance, TB = 
                                                                                                                                                                                                    bd10                                           Total Bases, N10, N20, N30 = N content, numbers 
                                                                                                                                           other endogeic species                                                                                  indicate the depth (cm) respectively, C10, C20, C30 
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   = C content, numbers indicate the depth (cm) 
                                                                                                                       (a)                                                     (b)                                                                 respectively). RV = 0.09, p‐value=0.021.

    Acknowledgements:
    This work was supported by the Amaz project of french Agence 
    Nationale de la Recherche (ANR); P. Lavelle was the coordinador.

                                                                                                             Conclusions:
                                                                                                             Pontoscolex corethrurus colonizes areas favors soils with neutral pH and relatively high N and C contents 
                                                                                                             of sites where forest has been burnt. 
(1) Université Pierre et Marie Curie and IRD, UMR BIOEMCO 7618, Centre IRD Ile de France,32 rue              Results of PCA analysis suggest that the decrease observed in other species densities is rather due to 
Henri Varagnat, 93143 BONDY Cedex, France
                                                                                                             their inability to survive in  open land conditions than competitive exclusion by P. corethrurus.
(2) Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Unidad Suelos, ap aereo 6713, Cali,
Colombia                                                                                                     However, observations made in other countries (Fragoso and Lavelle, 1986; Lapied and Lavelle, 2003) 
(3) Laboratory of Geography and Remote Sensing COSTEL, UMR CNRS LETG 6554, Université de                     suggest that once P. corethrurus has invaded a land, most native species do not come back even when
Rennes, France                                                                                               reforestation occurs.
(4) Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km. 111, C.P. 319, Colombo-PR 83411-000, Brasil
(5) Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral, nº 1901, CEP 66077-
530, Terra Firme, Belém, Para, Brasil
(6) Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Apartador Aéreo : 97, Pereira – Colombia

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poster66: Invasion of Amazonian landscapes by the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae)

  • 1. Invasion of Amazonian landscapes by the earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae) Marichal R1, Brown G G4, Praxedes C5, Tselouiko S1, Feijoo A6, Zuniga M C6, Ruiz D6, Carvajal A F6, Quintero A F6, Oswald J3, Decaens T, Hurtado M P2, Grimaldi M1, Desjardins T1, Sarrazin M1 and Lavelle P1,2. Methods: Objectives: 1. Earthworm communities hand‐sorted by TSBF method: 5 points per farm *  Pontoscolex corethrurus is an invasive endogeic earthworm (Fig.1)  3x25 x 20 cm monoliths =  270 samples. Identification and classification into which is progressively colonizing Amazonian landscapes. The aim of  ecological categories: endogeic, anecic, epigeic species. this study was to determine if the proliferation of this species is a  2. Land‐use determination: pastures, forests, fallows after crop, fallows after result of (1) competitive displacement of native species or (2)  pasture, plantation, crops.  exploitation of a new niche, created by disturbances.   3. Soil parameters measured at each point Study sites: 4. Statistical methods: PCA on earthworm communities at points with P.corethrurus and co‐inertia analysis with soil data. Six areas with 9 sample farms in each, in two  contrasted regions of the Amazonian arc of  deforestation were investigated: three are in  Results: Colombia, near Caqueta; three are in northern Brazil  P.corethrurus occurred mostly in pastures and fallows (state of Pará). % P.corethrurus was greater in pastures, fallows and plantations than in  forests (Fig. 3)  Fig.1.: Pontoscolex P.corethrurus density: corethrurus, a  • was associated with a low density of other species parthenogenetic species •showed a different pattern than other species in the PCA (Fig. 4) but no  with demographic profile of the r type   opposition.  (fecundity is 10 times  •Co‐varied with pH and N soil content (co‐inertia, Fig.5). that of native species) d = 0.2 d=1 P.corethrurus Axis 2 (25.0%) Fig. 4: PCAs performed on P.corethrurus and other earthworm ecological  Brazil categories it sampled points in Brazil  Fig.2. Study sites and Colombia respectively. (a) (c):Variables associated to the first  FAP  C  Axis 1 (42.2%) two axes: P.corethrurus, other  epigeic P  FAC  endogeic, epigeic, anecic species  anecic F  (a) (a) other endogeic (b) (b) densities in Brazil (a) and Colombia (c) d=1 (b) (d):Ordination of the sampled points  epigeic species P.corethrurus onto the plane defined by the first two  FAP  axes in Brazil (b) and Colombia (d). P =  P  Axis 1 (39.0%) P.corethrurus (%) Pastures, FAP = Fallows after Pasture,  FAC = Fallows after Crop, C = Crops, Pl =  100 Plantations.  Colombia 80 First axis shows how native species tend 60 (c) other endogeic species (d) Axis 2 (33.6%) to decrease with land use intensification (crops and pastures opposed to fallows).  40 20 0 Axis 2:  Fallows Fallows 22.5% Forests Plantations  Pastures P.corethrurus (12) after (16) after (86) epigeic species crop pasture C30 Fig. 5: Co‐inertia analysis among densities of  Al sr pH (10) (12) K N20 earthworms in ecological categories and soil  N10 parameters, in Colombian points where  Fig. 3. P.corethrurus (%) among land‐uses (points with P.corethrurus). In bracket CTCe C20 P.corethrurus occurred. (a) Projection of  Axis 1:  Mg C10 earthworm categories on the first two co‐inertia  numbers indicate sampled points. 61.3% TB P axes. (b) Soil parameters  (bd = bulk density,  Ca N30 rp numbers indicate the depth (cm), rp = resistance to  bd2 NH4 Ve bd5 penetration, sr = sheer strength resistance, TB =  bd10 Total Bases, N10, N20, N30 = N content, numbers  other endogeic species indicate the depth (cm) respectively, C10, C20, C30  = C content, numbers indicate the depth (cm)  (a) (b) respectively). RV = 0.09, p‐value=0.021. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Amaz project of french Agence  Nationale de la Recherche (ANR); P. Lavelle was the coordinador. Conclusions: Pontoscolex corethrurus colonizes areas favors soils with neutral pH and relatively high N and C contents  of sites where forest has been burnt.  (1) Université Pierre et Marie Curie and IRD, UMR BIOEMCO 7618, Centre IRD Ile de France,32 rue Results of PCA analysis suggest that the decrease observed in other species densities is rather due to  Henri Varagnat, 93143 BONDY Cedex, France their inability to survive in  open land conditions than competitive exclusion by P. corethrurus. (2) Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Unidad Suelos, ap aereo 6713, Cali, Colombia However, observations made in other countries (Fragoso and Lavelle, 1986; Lapied and Lavelle, 2003)  (3) Laboratory of Geography and Remote Sensing COSTEL, UMR CNRS LETG 6554, Université de suggest that once P. corethrurus has invaded a land, most native species do not come back even when Rennes, France reforestation occurs. (4) Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km. 111, C.P. 319, Colombo-PR 83411-000, Brasil (5) Coordenação de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Av. Perimetral, nº 1901, CEP 66077- 530, Terra Firme, Belém, Para, Brasil (6) Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Apartador Aéreo : 97, Pereira – Colombia