Discovery of the wild progenitor of Lima bean: a contribution to local communities, phylogeographers and climatologist

Discovery of the wild progenitor of Lima bean: a contribution to local communities, phylogeographers and climatologist
Discovery of the wild progenitor of Lima bean: a contribution to local communities, phylogeographers and climatologists D.G. Debouck 12 May 2010
1930 ‐ : use of F1 hybrids doubling sustained by genetic progress effects of the Green Revolution know‐how about the agronomical package 6,819,904,661 at the US Census Bureau, on 9 May 2010 arable land (FAO Stat 10 May 2010): 1,441 mi Ha in 2007 ; 1,281 mi Ha in 1961 (9 % increase)
agriculture as a contribution to human beings’ welfare in this breeding cycle of 2010‐2020, to feed 6,820,000,000 plus another 680,000,000 in the next breeding cycle of 2020‐2030, to feed 7,500,000,000 plus another 700,000,000 • produce more food only on land suitable for agriculture 3 • quality and varied food, no food induced disorders challenges • at lower environmental cost and lower energy consumption
Reactions to Potential Pests, diseases Yield kg/ Ha Tepary bean intermed. 1,500 < 500 mm rainfall/ year Bambara groundnut very low 2,600 Peanut suscep. 3,000 600 ‐ 900 mm rainfall/ year Pigeonpea low 4,000 Cowpea suscep. 2,800 Mungbean intermed. 2,700 Common bean very suscep. 2,500 900 ‐ 1,200 mm rainfall/ year Soybean intermed. 5,000 Swordbean very low 4,600 Winged bean very low 2,500 > 1,200 mm rainfall/ year Lima bean very low 2,800 after Rachie 1973
Strategy for increasing yield in food legumes kg/ Ha 2,700 plan for heterosis 5 everything below 2,200 look for combining ability 4 everything below 1,700 change harvest index 3 everything below 1,200 transfer genetic resistance to diseases & pests 2 everything below 700 select the best landraces for yield stability 1 work with farmers towards adoption time scale after Kelly et al. 1999; Singh et al. 2007
An old crop known by the native peoples of the Americas comba Guerrero tabla Cundinamarca pecta Guerrero calentano Cauca shiumin Veracruz torta Nariño ishuet Chiapas tapiramo Guárico patashete Chiapas torta Imbabura ib, ibes Campeche layo Cajamarca ib, ibes Yucatán pallar Lambayeque chilipuca El Salvador pallar La Libertad ixpanqué Suchitepéquez pallar Ica furuna Jalapa palato Cochabamba pois souche Haiti chorca Chuquisaca source: Chacón & Debouck 2010
Hopi branch Mackie, 1943 Carib branch McBryde 1941 origin = Guatemala Inca branch “in the Andes from Peru to central Argentina” : Allard 1960 “east of the Andean highlands” : Kaplan 1965 “in the interior of South America ... Amazon Basin ... origin of large‐seeded limas” : Erickson 1982 repeated until 1992 !
Cajamarca, Santa Cruz de Succhubamba, Mayobamba, 1580 masl, 9-VIII-1986 ‘layos’ ‘layos’ or ‘pallares’ or ‘pallares’
yes,Mister, sometimes my ibes turn bitter at cooking Pomuch, Hecelchakan, 24‐Jan‐1979
ECD, Loja/ Bolivar/ Chimborazo/ Azuay ‘sacha poroto’, ‘sacha porotillo’, ‘frejol de monte’ ‘poroto de monte’, ‘poroto de vibora’ PER, Cajamarca/ Piura ‘layo del zorro’, ‘pallar de monte’
Tamaulipas Porto Rico Sinaloa Pan-Neotropical range Panama Yaracuy small- seeded : 6-10 g sea-level – 1600 m Caldas Imbabura Pacific range Junín Cajamarca Bení medium- seeded : 10-14 g 400 – 1800 m Salta source: Debouck 2010
Evidence for two gene pools and two domestication events seed storage proteins 54kD Debouck et al. 1989 Maquet et al. 1990, 1999 Gutiérrez et al. 1995 45kD Lioi 1994, 1996 Lioi et al. 1991, 1999 allozymes Maquet et al. 1994, 1997, 1999 Lioi et al. 1998 RAPDs on gDNA 29kD Nienhuis et al. 1995 Fofana et al. 1997 RFLPs on cpDNA RFLPs on rDNA AFLPs on gDNA microsatellites on nDNA Fofana et al. 1999, 2001 Jacob et al. 1995 Caicedo et al. 1999 Lioi et al. 2001, 2002 Lioi et al. 1998
In search of new markers . . .  cp DNA: from 11 non coding regions to 2 intergenic spacers atpB-rbcL and trnL-trnF (maternal inheritance, polymorphisms across regions, PCR amplification) works by : Asmussen & Liston 1998, Bailey & Doyle 1997, Bakker et al. 1999, Chacón et al. 1999 Demesure et al. 1995, Dutech et al. 2000, Motta-Aldana et al. 2008, Xu et al. 2000  nuclear ribosomal DNA : 5.8 S and flanking internal transcribed spacers works by : Delgado-Salinas et al. 2006, Dick et al. 2003, Schaal & Olsen 2000 to solve problems among closely related species and lineages to check the geographic distribution of allele genealogies applied on 42 wild forms and 35 domesticated forms from the Americas source: Chacón et al. 2010; Serrano et al. 2010
W26468ECU W26721ECU D26659ECU D25910COL AI D27337BOL D26259ECU D26498COL D26656COL D25981BOL D26480ECU Gene pool AI W26609ECU W25913PER W26606ECU (wild+domesticated ) W26348PER W26459EC W26608ECU U W26751AEC D25983BOL D25987BOL D25420PER Chuquisaca, Salta D25540ARG D26029PER D25909PER MII W26629HND W26632HND W26515COL W25816MEX W25272GTM W25233BLZ W25222GTM Gene pool MII W26530COL W25912GTM W25273ASLV (mostly wild) W25584ACRI W25911GTM W25385ACRI W26527COL W26628HND W26685ARG W26547PER W26404ARG W26749ARG W26508GTM W25294CCU W26309COL D25108BRA Minas Gerais, Ceará D26002BRA W25819COL MI W25230MEX D25295CUB D26164MEX D25289MEX W26535MEX cp DNA W25704MEX D26211BRA D26744COL D26290ARG non coding regions D26706COL D25971MEX Formosa, Sergipe, Espirito Santo D25367SLV Gene pool MI 2 intergenic spacers atpB‐rbcL and trnL‐trnF W26360MEX W25228MEX D25410ECU (wild+domesticated) D26745COL D26302GTM D27289CUB Neighbor-Joining (PAUP, Swofford 1998) W25851MEX D25577PER W26518MEX topology D25236ARG W26631HND D25717MEX D26044BRA W25713AMEX W26704COL 0.001 D26109BRA source: Chacón et al. 2010 D25285GTM
Consensus tree of ITS/ 5.8S sequences retrieved from GenBank and here generated in Lima bean members of the Paniculati and Andean species = 3ary gene pool of Lima bean nuclear ribosomal DNA 5.8 S and flanking internal transcribed spacers most common recent ancestor 1 most common recent ancestor 2 closure of Isthmus of Panama: 3 mybp ! source: Serrano et al. 2010
Phylogeography of the Paniculati Phaseolus lignosus Britton polystachyus 3 sinuatus 4 albinervus lignosus maculatifolius smilacifolius sonorensis marechalii salicifolius lunatus scrobiculatifolius nodosus 2 rotundatus jaliscanus lunatus xolocotzii 1 lunatus mollis 4 augusti pachyrrhizoides 2 lunatus source: Debouck 2009 Phaseolus mollis Hooker
Warm Thanks ! Ana L Caicedo Jorge Acosta AGCD Genis Castillo Rodolfo Araya Banco de la República César Azurdia BMZ Maria I Chacón Raúl Castillo CIAT Jorge Hernández EU Hipólito de la Cruz Celia Lima IBPGR Paul Gepts ICTA Jenny Motta Rogelio Lépiz INIA/ INIFAP César Ocampo Luís López INIAA Jorge Liñan Martha Serrano INTA José Muruaga IUCN Alba M Torres María C Menéndez USAID Joe Tohme Raúl Ríos USDA Orlando Toro Luís Valera World Bank

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