1. Cassava at CIAT Annual Program Review 2011 Nairobi, Kenya9 May 2011 Clair Hershey
2. Cassava at the vortex Cassava: in a unique position to respond to some of the trends of the global economy and to the ramifications of climate change: Higher food prices and food security for urban poor Income generation for poor farmers Cost of inputs and resource use efficiency Variable rainfall patterns and higher temperatures due to climate change Demands for renewable, eco-efficient energy sources
3. This presentation Supporting farmer income and human health through value-added traits Identifying gender-sensitive varietal traits and management Developing and applying the basic tools for genetic improvement Preparing for new challenges of biotic constraints
4. Supporting farmer income and human health through value-added traits - Starch mutants- Carotenoids- Post-harvest storage
5. Cassava can lead the way among tropical crops to support expanding food, feed and industrial markets Waxy (amylose-free) Combines highly desirable traits for the processed food industry, especially frozen products Small starch granulesClear advantage for ethanol: rapid hydrolysis (starch to sugar conversion) and lesser use of enzyme for same rate
6. Some starch traits important for the food industry: suitability of normal and mutant sources
7. What is the waxy trait worth? “Amylopectin starch has the potential to provide added value estimated at approximately €100 million per year to the European starch potato industry and associated farmers.” http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/innovations/innovative-solutions/amflora (2008)
8. Glucose content during simultaneous saccharification & fermentation of cassava starch for ethanol production Enzyme: Stargen 2; Genencor
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10. Cassava-based material in medical and packing application: Cassava-based composite fibers were fabricated for skin tissue scaffold application JackaponSunthornvarabhas, PathamaChatakanonda, KuakoonPiyachomkwan and KlanarongSriroth, Bangkok (Thailand) 62nd Starch Convention 2011, 13-14 April, 2011, Detmold
11. Development of double mutants to generate new starch phenotypes Waxystarch (wxwxSGSG) Small Granule WxWxsgsg X F1 (WxwxSGsg) Self-pollinated or crossed Wx-- SG-- (Normal starch) wxwx SG-- (Waxy starch) Wx -- sgsg (Small granule) wxwxsgsg (Double mutant) 784 S1 and 188 “F2”, transplanted at the end of 2010, will be harvested and tested by the end of 2011
12. y = 2.346x + 8.6995 R2 = 0.7763 Progress in breeding for total carotenoids content (A nutritional goal of 15µg/g established in 2005) 30 Maximum 25 20 TCC (µg/ g) 15 Average 10 5 Minimum 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year
13. Rapid screening: use of a colorimeter for quantifying β-carotene 50 y = 2.4242x - 1.7686 2 R = 0.6247 40 30 20 Selection index 10 0 2 6 10 14 18 -10 -20 All trans β-carotene
14. First evaluation of post-harvest physiological deterioration in Thailand (April 2011) 1. Training on the procedure 2. Introduction of potential sources of tolerance
15. Gender-sensitive traits Most women in Africa are involved in weeding cassava fields (typically for the first two months of the crop). Tolerance to herbicides could have a positive impact on the lives of these women. We are focusing on this trait by screening for naturally occurring mutants.
16. Gender-sensitive traits Women in Africa and LAC are involved in peelingcassava for small processing facilities (i.e. gari,farinha, etc.) Thick peel facilitates peeling, but is undesirable for starch extraction. The article “Genetic variability of root peel thickness and its influence in extractable starch from cassava (ManihotesculentaCrantz) roots” to be published in Plant Breeding address this issue.
18. Inbreeding in cassava through the production of double haploids: 2010-2013supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Project partners: CIAT Colombia Anther & Microspore technology; Crosses with wild Cassava relatives H. Ceballos, B. Dedicova, P. Perera ICESI, ColombiaOvule technology Z. Lentini , A. Gonzales SChIB, China( South China Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Science), Microspore technology Ch. Wang ISBS, China(Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences),China Microspore technology Z. Peng NaCRI, Uganda(National Crops Resources Research Institute), Anther.& Microspore& Ovule technology Y. Baguma, M. Namutebi IITA,Nigeria(International Institute of Tropical Agriculture) Crosses with wild Cassava relatives Peter Kulakow
19. Anther culture Tested factors for embryogenesis induction of the microspores in the anthers Stress pretreatment Basal medium Pollen developmental stage Successfully induced microspore embryogenesis Plant regeneration is in progress
26. Cytological observations proved the origin of the callus is from the microspore/pollen grainInduced tetrads and micro callus formation Induced pollen grains and micro callus formation
27. New research on reproductive biology Growth of pollen tube in female flowers (a-b); one hour after pollination (c-d) and three hours after pollination (e-f) Training Natalia Ramos(Ph.D. student, wide crosses)
28. Genetics and Genomics Segregation for root color in an advanced breeding family 17 μg 0 μg
29. Genetics and GenomicsMAS for carotenoids -Carotene Pathway in Plants IPP Geranylgeranyl diphosphate Phytoene synthase Phytoene Phytoene desaturase ξ-carotene desaturase Lycopene Lycopene-beta-cyclase -carotene (vitamin A precursor)
38. Effects on cassava pest occurrence and severity MANAGEMENT FACTORS - Larger plantations, monocropping, genetic uniformity (e.g. Brazil) - Increased area planted, continuum of cassava farms - Changing management practices to meet industrial needs: constant source of roots needed for cost-efficient processing (e.g. overlapping planting dates) -- Increased chemical pesticide use/misuse
39. Effects on cassava pest occurrence and severity CLIMATE CHANGE - Climate changes: rainfall patterns and cycles, warmer temperatures, affect on planting patterns Climate change models suggest that the greatest impact on cassava will be from biotic constraints, and much less from abiotic (drought; higher temperatures)
40. Potential distribution of B. tabaci,based on known distribution of Biotype A. Source: Herrera et al. (in press)
43. Source: Herrera et al. (in press) Source: Herrera et al. (in press) Source: CIAT
44. CIAT Roles RISK ASSESSMENT:Lead a global assessment of threats from cassava pests MONITORING: Establish comprehensive monitoring with national/international partners MANAGEMENT: Establish or strengthen core capacities to meet global pest management needs CAPACITY BUILDING: Work with partners for sustainable capacity to respond to pest challenges
45. Expected Impacts of CIAT Research(CIAT Business Plan) Increased income from marketing varieties with higher value Improved health due to increased macro and micro nutrient components in new varieties Reduced health and environmental risk from pesticide use Profitability and reduced risk of climate-related shocks Reduction in adverse environmental impacts from processing
46. How do we get there? Initiation of the Root, Tuber and Banana CGIAR Research Program (RTB-CRP) and rationalized research agenda Strengthened ties with IITA A comprehensive priority-setting exercise up front Aggressively exploit the opportunities to promote cassava’s comparative advantages to donors as a multi-purpose, pro-poor, climate change-resilient crop Build headquarters and Asia capacity to, and beyond, minimum critical level Build capacity of partners through training and policy advocacy
