This presentation was given by Aprilia Ambarwati (Akatiga Foundation), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
Enhancing forest data transparency for climate action
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Young women farmers in Indonesia: at the intersection of class, generation and gender
1. Young Women Farmers
in Indonesia:
at the intersection of class,
generation, and gender
Aprilia Ambarwati, Charina Chazali, Hanny Wijaya, Ben White
Seeds of Change Conference, Canberra
2-4 April 2019
2. โขYoung womenโs pathways into
farming
โขEngagement as a farmers
โขGeneration and class in matters of
access to resources
โขRecognition as farmers
FOCUS
3. Indonesia : (5 villages)
- 3 villages in Java Island
- 2 villages in Flores Island
Main data sources :
โข Household surveys
โข In-depth interviews
โข Life history
โข Observation
4. Age
group
% of all farm heads Total (millions)
1983 2013 1983 2013
< 25 3 1 0.5 0.2
25-34 22 12 3.8 3.1
35-44 31 26 5.1 6.9
45-54 25 28 4.3 7.3
> 55 18 33 3.1 8.6
Total 100 100 16.8 26.1
โข Smallholder farming populations are ageing
โข However, the proportion of farm heads under 25 years
of age has always been very small
โข The percentage of farm heads aged 25-34 are
significant change
Source : BPS 2013
DEMOGRAPHIC
CHANGES OF
FARMING
POPULATION
5. Young: between 17-45 years old as โcontinuersโ
0
30
33.3 33.3
3.32.0
38.8
32.7
24.5
2.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
no schooling Primary School Junior High School Senior High School College and above
Percentage of education level of young farmers
male female
Married Not married Migrated Not migrate
Male 34 75 25 59 41
Female 31 89,8 10,2 31 69
Average
age
Marital status (%) Migration (%)
Sex
WHO ARE THE
YOUNG
FARMERS IN
THE VILLAGE?
6. โข(very) limited access to land
โข In West Manggarai
Generally only man can inherit, Women : Can
inherit if
๏ผ Allowed by their father and brothers
But, It can be (and sometimes is) taken back by their
brother/uncle in the future
๏ผ (Cross) cousin marriage preferred to continue the clan
๏ผ Asked by their parents to stay in the village (West Manggarai
women should stay in husbandโs village โ โkawin keluarโ)
โข Unequal division of labor
โข Household responsibilities
(โproductive" versus โreproductiveโ
roles)
YOUNG
WOMEN
FARMERS :
โIntersection of
gender and
generation- young
women farmers
disadvantaged
twiceโ
8. Farming information issue
The masculine bias of formal government
institutions and peasant organisations is
deeply entrenched
Class status can overcome constraints on
gender and generation
YOUNG
WOMEN
FARMERS:
โIntersection of
gender and
generation- young
women farmers
disadvantaged
twiceโ
10. โขAccess to land for young women (would-
be) farmers,
โขThe need of young women (would-be)
farmers for recognition and support as
farmers in their own right, in both formal
and informal institutions, and in society,
โขIncrease the visibility of women farmers
in agricultural statistic, so that the
government program and policy can
effectively address their problem
YOUNG
WOMEN AND
FARMING:
CONCLUDING
REFLECTIONS
Nanti mungkin lo tambahin kalau mayoritas yang kita wawancara adalah continuersโ from farming families than young โnewcomers.
Generation and class in matters of access to resources: Intersectionality yang digunakan ada tiga: gender, generational, dan class.
This is the location where we did fieldwork since ?
Two villages in West Manggarai is representing east part of Indonesia, both of other site for BYF project in Indonesia are in Java (Kebumen and Kulonprogo).
Bagian ini apa enggak cocok sama slide 2 yang menjelaskan konteks 2 wilayah kita?
Selain itu, kasih tau fieldworknya di Jawa: Februari 2017, dan West Manggarai Agustus 2017. The fieldwork mostly done by 3 young female researchers (pasti audience pada seneng deh)
Indonesiaโs smallholder farmers are ageing โ Agric census 83 and 2013
Indonesian agriculture is dominated by smallholder farm, 55.3 percent household with less than half a hectare (Agricultural Survey 2013)
Beng, sumber infonya table?
Sumber table
17 โ 45 tahun but average is: 31 years old karena 17 โ 45 tahunnya gede sendiri(mungkin yang ditekankan ini)
Intersection of gender and generation- young women farmers disadvantaged twice.
Most farming tasks done by women
Marriage as important point to have more independent on farming, because for male in West Manggarai, they got land and YWF manage husbandโs land. But in Java, women also got land inheritance (and usually similar size with male siblings?). But one particular village has tanah kas desa, and this is also contributing to the young families to have more independent (they rent the land even with debt to families, etc).
The transfer of land to younger generation is not a one decision from old to young generation, but we found that this is also a result of a tension intragenerational (kasus male siblings can take back the land).
Most farming tasks done by women (making seeds, planting, fertilizing, weeding, harvesting). Woman can even plough land, but it is most commonly done by men
Reciprocal work (dodo). Mostly women do dodo in groups to reduce production costs while men tend to do wage work
Start farming earlier than men (33 for male and 31 for female)
Also help their parents to do lots of housework, while their brothers continue to higher education (living in dormitories) ย so they can more focus on learning without distractions like helping their parents
In Flores, Women :
Can inherit if allowed by their father and brothers
But
It can be (and sometimes is) taken back by their brother/uncle in the future
(Cross) cousin marriage preferred to continue the clan
Asked by their parents to stay in the village (West Manggarai women should stay in husbandโs village โ โkawin keluarโ)
Slide ini apakah enggak ditaruh di tengah yang maneh bilang women do all most taskโฆ tapi ini ndak perlu terlalu banyak jelasinnya.
Setiap ini akan lo kasih contoh โ contoh kan yaa? Pake kasus2 yang di presentasiin di Kanada aja.
Recognised as such either by formal agricultural support institutions (such as Farmersโ Groups and the Extension Service ) or in local discourse and practice
I would connect the invisibility of women farmers in farmer stats to this point. ๏ ketika maneh bilang invisibility, mungkin akan kontra juga. Misalnya maneh bilang in policy documents (permen petani muda) do not address about gender issue (so the document is gender blind? Or?) However, di jargon2 kan banyak juga yang mendorong petani perempuan sebagai penerus pertanian, masa depan ada di pundak mereka. Hehehe..
Lalu, ntah di slide mana yang menurut maneh cocok, kasih tau kasus Menik yang beda sendiri. Nah setelah itu, lo bilang this case is different, exceptional, and emphasis on the importance of intersectionality to understand the YWF.