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Young women farmers in Indonesia: at the intersection of class, generation and gender
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This presentation was given by Aprilia Ambarwati (Akatiga Foundation), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia. Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
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Young women farmers in Indonesia: at the intersection of class, generation and gender
- Young Women Farmers in Indonesia: at the intersection of class, generation, and gender Aprilia Ambarwati, Charina Chazali, Hanny Wijaya, Ben White Seeds of Change Conference, Canberra 2-4 April 2019
- •Young women’s pathways into farming •Engagement as a farmers •Generation and class in matters of access to resources •Recognition as farmers FOCUS
- Indonesia : (5 villages) - 3 villages in Java Island - 2 villages in Flores Island Main data sources : • Household surveys • In-depth interviews • Life history • Observation
- Age group % of all farm heads Total (millions) 1983 2013 1983 2013 < 25 3 1 0.5 0.2 25-34 22 12 3.8 3.1 35-44 31 26 5.1 6.9 45-54 25 28 4.3 7.3 > 55 18 33 3.1 8.6 Total 100 100 16.8 26.1 • Smallholder farming populations are ageing • However, the proportion of farm heads under 25 years of age has always been very small • The percentage of farm heads aged 25-34 are significant change Source : BPS 2013 DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES OF FARMING POPULATION
- Young: between 17-45 years old as ‘continuers’ 0 30 33.3 33.3 3.32.0 38.8 32.7 24.5 2.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 no schooling Primary School Junior High School Senior High School College and above Percentage of education level of young farmers male female Married Not married Migrated Not migrate Male 34 75 25 59 41 Female 31 89,8 10,2 31 69 Average age Marital status (%) Migration (%) Sex WHO ARE THE YOUNG FARMERS IN THE VILLAGE?
- •(very) limited access to land • In West Manggarai Generally only man can inherit, Women : Can inherit if Allowed by their father and brothers But, It can be (and sometimes is) taken back by their brother/uncle in the future (Cross) cousin marriage preferred to continue the clan Asked by their parents to stay in the village (West Manggarai women should stay in husband’s village – “kawin keluar”) • Unequal division of labor • Household responsibilities (“productive" versus “reproductive” roles) YOUNG WOMEN FARMERS : ‘Intersection of gender and generation- young women farmers disadvantaged twice‘
- HOUSEHOLD RESPONSIBILITIES (“PRODUCTIVE" VERSUS “REPRODUCTIVE” ROLES)
- Farming information issue The masculine bias of formal government institutions and peasant organisations is deeply entrenched Class status can overcome constraints on gender and generation YOUNG WOMEN FARMERS: ‘Intersection of gender and generation- young women farmers disadvantaged twice‘
- Securing the land: LEGAL PROOF OF LAND
- •Access to land for young women (would- be) farmers, •The need of young women (would-be) farmers for recognition and support as farmers in their own right, in both formal and informal institutions, and in society, •Increase the visibility of women farmers in agricultural statistic, so that the government program and policy can effectively address their problem YOUNG WOMEN AND FARMING: CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
- Thank you! Terima kasih!
Editor's Notes
- Nanti mungkin lo tambahin kalau mayoritas yang kita wawancara adalah continuers’ from farming families than young ‘newcomers. Generation and class in matters of access to resources: Intersectionality yang digunakan ada tiga: gender, generational, dan class.
- This is the location where we did fieldwork since ? Two villages in West Manggarai is representing east part of Indonesia, both of other site for BYF project in Indonesia are in Java (Kebumen and Kulonprogo). Bagian ini apa enggak cocok sama slide 2 yang menjelaskan konteks 2 wilayah kita? Selain itu, kasih tau fieldworknya di Jawa: Februari 2017, dan West Manggarai Agustus 2017. The fieldwork mostly done by 3 young female researchers (pasti audience pada seneng deh)
- Indonesia’s smallholder farmers are ageing – Agric census 83 and 2013 Indonesian agriculture is dominated by smallholder farm, 55.3 percent household with less than half a hectare (Agricultural Survey 2013) Beng, sumber infonya table?
- Sumber table 17 – 45 tahun but average is: 31 years old karena 17 – 45 tahunnya gede sendiri(mungkin yang ditekankan ini)
- Intersection of gender and generation- young women farmers disadvantaged twice. Most farming tasks done by women Marriage as important point to have more independent on farming, because for male in West Manggarai, they got land and YWF manage husband’s land. But in Java, women also got land inheritance (and usually similar size with male siblings?). But one particular village has tanah kas desa, and this is also contributing to the young families to have more independent (they rent the land even with debt to families, etc). The transfer of land to younger generation is not a one decision from old to young generation, but we found that this is also a result of a tension intragenerational (kasus male siblings can take back the land).
- Most farming tasks done by women (making seeds, planting, fertilizing, weeding, harvesting). Woman can even plough land, but it is most commonly done by men Reciprocal work (dodo). Mostly women do dodo in groups to reduce production costs while men tend to do wage work Start farming earlier than men (33 for male and 31 for female) Also help their parents to do lots of housework, while their brothers continue to higher education (living in dormitories) so they can more focus on learning without distractions like helping their parents In Flores, Women : Can inherit if allowed by their father and brothers But It can be (and sometimes is) taken back by their brother/uncle in the future (Cross) cousin marriage preferred to continue the clan Asked by their parents to stay in the village (West Manggarai women should stay in husband’s village – “kawin keluar”) Slide ini apakah enggak ditaruh di tengah yang maneh bilang women do all most task… tapi ini ndak perlu terlalu banyak jelasinnya.
- Setiap ini akan lo kasih contoh – contoh kan yaa? Pake kasus2 yang di presentasiin di Kanada aja.
- Recognised as such either by formal agricultural support institutions (such as Farmers’ Groups and the Extension Service ) or in local discourse and practice I would connect the invisibility of women farmers in farmer stats to this point. ketika maneh bilang invisibility, mungkin akan kontra juga. Misalnya maneh bilang in policy documents (permen petani muda) do not address about gender issue (so the document is gender blind? Or?) However, di jargon2 kan banyak juga yang mendorong petani perempuan sebagai penerus pertanian, masa depan ada di pundak mereka. Hehehe.. Lalu, ntah di slide mana yang menurut maneh cocok, kasih tau kasus Menik yang beda sendiri. Nah setelah itu, lo bilang this case is different, exceptional, and emphasis on the importance of intersectionality to understand the YWF.
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