This presentation was given by Hazel Malapit, Jessica Heckert and Elena Martinez (A4NH / IFPRI), as part of the Annual Gender Capacity Development Workshop hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 27-28 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
See more info at: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
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Using the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) for nutrition sensitive programming
1. Using the project-level Women’s
Empowerment in Agriculture Index
(pro-WEAI) for nutrition sensitive
programming
Hazel Malapit, Jessica Heckert, and Elena Martinez
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
September 27, 2018
3. FAARM: Food and Agricultural Approaches
to Reducing Malnutrition in Bangladesh
Train women’s
groups on
gardening,
poultry rearing,
nutrition, and
hygiene
Engage men in
discussions
about women’s
role in the
household
Train farmers
on gender and
nutrition
Woman and
child nutritional
status
Household
income
Dietary
diversity
Women’s
empowerment
Harvest yield
4. SE LEVER: An integrated poultry value chain
and nutrition intervention in Burkina Faso
Improved
access to value
chain services
Training on
nutrition and
health
Community-
level gender
sensitization
Woman and
child nutritional
status
Household
income and
economic status
Woman and
child diets
Women’s
empowerment
Poultry sales
and profits
6. Starting point: the Women’s Empowerment in
Agriculture Index (WEAI)
Developed by USAID,
IFPRI & OPHI
Launched in 2012
Measures inclusion of
women in the
agricultural sector
Survey-based index -
interviews men and
women in the same
household
7. How is the Index constructed?
An aggregate index in
two parts:
Five Domains of
Empowerment (5DE)
Gender Parity Index
(GPI)
Constructed using
interviews of the
primary male and
primary female
adults in the same
household
8. Cross-country baseline findings: credit, workload
and group membership are constraints across
countries
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
DisempowermentIndex(1-5DE)
Leisure
Workload
Speaking in public
Group member
Control over use of income
Access to and decisions on credit
Purchase, sale, or transfer of assets
Ownership of assets
Autonomy in production
Input in productive decisions
Source: Malapit et al. (2014)
9. What WEAI had ... what projects wanted
Women’s and men’s
empowerment across 5
domains in agriculture
Standardized measure,
internationally validated
Ability to diagnose
empowerment gaps
More adaptability to
project context
Attention to domains
related to health and
nutrition
Issues of intrahousehold
harmony, mobility,
control of income from
projects, domestic
violence
Shorter interview time
10. Developing a “Project-level” WEAI
(pro-WEAI)
Core set of pro-WEAI
empowerment modules
Quantitative survey
Qualitative protocols
Standardized add-ons depending
on project needs:
Nutrition and health
Livestock-enhanced
Comparable metrics for empowerment:
+
12. Agency
AchievementsResources
How communities define empowerment
Taking care of oneself
Taking care of family needs
Taking care of others
Well dressed
Good skin
Admired
Economic means
Connections
Confidence
Help with labor
Active
Following social norms
“Lift the burden”
15. Power with
(collective agency)
Power to
(instrumental agency)
Power within
(intrinsic
agency)
Three types
of agency
measured
in all
versions of
the WEAI
16. Core pro-WEAI
Power with
(collective agency)
Power to
(instrumental agency)
Power within
(intrinsic
agency)
Intrinsic
Agency
Collective
Agency
Instrumental
Agency
17. 12 indicators of empowerment
Each
indicator
receives an
equal
proportion
(1/12) of the
overall
weight
Empowered
if adequate
in 75% of
indicators
20. In how many indicators are they inadequate?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Percentofrespondents
Number of inadequacies
Male
Female
Intensity
21. Pro-WEAI pilot results
Indicator Women Men
Three Domains of Empowerment (3DE) score 0.58 0.72
% achieving empowerment 0.12 0.37
Mean 3DE score for not yet empowered 0.53 0.56
Gender Parity Index (GPI) 0.84
% achieving gender parity 0.38
Average empowerment gap 0.27
Pro-WEAI score 0.61
22. Pro-WEAI pilot results
Indicator Women Men
Three Domains of Empowerment (3DE) score 0.58 0.72
% achieving empowerment 0.12 0.37
Mean 3DE score for not yet empowered 0.53 0.56
Gender Parity Index (GPI) 0.84
% achieving gender parity 0.38
Average empowerment gap 0.27
Pro-WEAI score 0.61
23. Pro-WEAI pilot results
Indicator Women Men
Three Domains of Empowerment (3DE) score 0.58 0.72
% achieving empowerment 0.12 0.37
Mean 3DE score for not yet empowered 0.53 0.56
Gender Parity Index (GPI) 0.84
% achieving gender parity 0.38
Average empowerment gap 0.27
Pro-WEAI score 0.61
24. 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Women Men
Totaldisempowerment
Membership in influential
groups
Group membership
Visiting important locations
Work balance
Control over use of income
Access to and decisions on
credit and financial accounts
Ownership of land and other
assets
Input in productive decisions
Respect among household
members
Attitudes about domestic
violence
Self-efficacy
Autonomy in income
Contributions to disempowerment
27. pro-WEAI Health and
Nutrition Module
Photo credits: (TL) FAARM; Allan Gichigi, Kenya; Jessica Heckert, MoreMilk; Animul Khandaker, ANGeL; Hazel Malapit; Elizabeth
Bryant, iDE: Animul Khandaker, ANGeL; Animul Khandaker, ANGeL; Amanda Wendt, FAARM; Kalyani Raghunathan, WINGS
28. Content of the Health and Nutrition Module
Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition
outcomes
Decisions about:
Women’s own nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health during
pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related decisions
Child nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning
Types of questions
Who makes the decision
To what extent she participates in the decision
Decisions to purchase key foods and health products
Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
29. Content of the Health and Nutrition Module
Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition
outcomes
Decisions about:
Women’s own nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health during
pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related decisions
Child nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning
Types of questions
Who makes the decision
To what extent she participates in the decision
Decisions to purchase key foods and health products
Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
30. Content of the Health and Nutrition Module
Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition
outcomes
Decisions about:
Women’s own nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health
during pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related
decisions
Child nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning
Types of questions
Who makes the decision
To what extent she participates in the decision
Decisions to purchase key foods and health products
Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
31. Content of the Health and Nutrition Module
Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition
outcomes
Decisions about:
Women’s own nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health
during pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related
decisions
Child nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning
Types of questions
Who makes the decision
To what extent she participates in the decision
Decisions to purchase key foods and health products
Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
32. Content of the Health and Nutrition Module
Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition
outcomes
Decisions about:
Women’s own nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health
during pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related
decisions
Child nutrition and health
Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning
Types of questions
Who makes the decision
To what extent she participates in the decision
Decisions to purchase key foods and health products
Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
36. Cognitive Interviewing Lessons
Change the wording of questions so that respondents can better
understand which part of the question is prompting a response
OLD: Who in the household generally makes decisions about whether to purchase
[PRODUCT]?
REVISED: When decisions are made whether or not to purchase [PRODUCT], who
generally makes the decision?
Reorder questions
Similar themes together
Sensitive questions later
Clarify confusing terms
Milk or milk products added “other than breastmilk”
Feedback from DATA field teams
Enumerator and respondents find the questions easier
Sequence is more relevant and natural
37. Cognitive Interviewing Lessons
Change the wording of questions so that respondents can better
understand which part of the question is prompting a response
OLD: Who in the household generally makes decisions about whether to purchase
[PRODUCT]?
REVISED: When decisions are made whether or not to purchase [PRODUCT], who
generally makes the decision?
Reorder questions
Similar themes together
Sensitive questions later
Clarify confusing terms
Milk or milk products added “other than breastmilk”
Feedback from DATA field teams
Enumerator and respondents find the questions easier
Sequence is more relevant and natural
38. Cognitive Interviewing Lessons
Change the wording of questions so that respondents can better
understand which part of the question is prompting a response
OLD: Who in the household generally makes decisions about whether to purchase
[PRODUCT]?
REVISED: When decisions are made whether or not to purchase [PRODUCT], who
generally makes the decision?
Reorder questions
Similar themes together
Sensitive questions later
Clarify confusing terms
Milk or milk products added “other than breastmilk”
Feedback from DATA field teams
Enumerator and respondents find the questions easier
Sequence is more relevant and natural
39. Cognitive Interviewing Lessons
Change the wording of questions so that respondents can better
understand which part of the question is prompting a response
OLD: Who in the household generally makes decisions about whether to purchase
[PRODUCT]?
REVISED: When decisions are made whether or not to purchase [PRODUCT], who
generally makes the decision?
Reorder questions
Similar themes together
Sensitive questions later
Clarify confusing terms
Milk or milk products added “other than breastmilk”
Feedback from DATA field teams
Enumerator and respondents find the questions easier
Sequence is more relevant and natural
42. Health and Nutrition Indicators
Bangladesh
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s health—including
during pregnancy and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet and
breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & family
planning
Burkina Faso & Mali
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s diet, work, and rest
while pregnant and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet
Breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & family
planning
43. Health and Nutrition Indicators
Bangladesh
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s health—including
during pregnancy and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet and
breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & fertility
Burkina Faso & Mali
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s diet, work, and
rest while pregnant and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet
Breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & fertility
44. Health and Nutrition Indicators
Bangladesh
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s health—including
during pregnancy and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet and
breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & family
planning
Burkina Faso & Mali
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s diet, work, and
rest while pregnant and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet
Breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & family
planning
45. Health and Nutrition Indicators
Bangladesh
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s health—including
during pregnancy and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet and
breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & family
planning
Burkina Faso & Mali
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s diet, work, and
rest while pregnant and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet
Breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & family
planning
46. Health and Nutrition Indicators
Bangladesh
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s health—including
during pregnancy and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet and
breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & family
planning
Burkina Faso & Mali
Ability to acquire food and
health products
Decisions about:
Purchase of food and health
products
Women’s diet, work, and
rest while pregnant and
breastfeeding
Child health/diet
Breastfeeding/weaning
Healthcare seeking & family
planning
47. Input into:
Whether to breastfeed
When to wean
Giving other foods
Control over
weaning and
breastfeeding
Input into:
Rest when ill
Foods to prepare
Foods to eat
Control over own
health and diet
Input into:
Feeding child ♦eggs,
♦milk, ♦meat
Control of child’s
diet
Input into:
Work and rest
Eating ♦eggs, ♦milk,
♦meat
Control over
health and diet
during
pregnancy
48. Input into:
Doctor for ♦illness,
♦pregnancy, ♦sick child,
♦child well-visits
Freedom to seek
healthcare
Can acquire–some means:
Food, animal-source
foods, medicines,
toiletries
Access to food
and health
products
Input into purchasing:
Food, animal-source
foods, medicines,
toiletries
Freedom to
purchase food
and health
products
50. Developing Cutoffs and Definitions of
Adequacy
Normative approach
Sensitivity comparisons
51. Percent Achieving Empowerment
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Control over own health and diet
Control over own health and diet during pregnancy
Control over child's diet
Control over weaning and breastfeeding
Freedom to seek healthcare
Freedom to purchase food and health products
Access to foods and health products
West Africa Bangaldesh All projects
54. Purpose of qualitative methods
Validation of pro-WEAI
Emic meanings of “empowerment”
Individual domains and indicators
Explaining project impacts from participants’ perspectives
Contextualizing quantitative pro-WEAI and other findings
Presentation of the overall context, not just the person
e.g. seasonality diagrams to identify how the timing of survey fits
with agricultural cycle, time use
e.g. broader description of the project itself and how it relates to
other development efforts
55. Methods
Review of project documents
Community profile
Seasonality patterns
Sex disaggregated focus
groups on local understanding
of empowerment
Semi-structured interviews:
Life histories
Key informant interviews:
Market traders
Key informant interviews:
Project staff
56. Local meanings of empowerment
Common elements
Difficulty in translating “empowerment”
“emancipated”, “admired”, “dignified”,
“lift up”, “enable”
Economic status:
Taking care of oneself and family needs
Well dressed, good skin
Relational, not individualistic:
Taking care of others (family and
community)
Having means or status to do so,
connections,
Not power over (especially not over
men)
Differences, tensions
Ambivalence of men, women to
empowered women
“Lift the burden” vs threat to men
Following social norms, ideals of
femininity (“submissive”) vs
Strong, able (sometimes stand
against norms)
Age (young and old)
57. Interconnections between indicators
Time as a tether: workload limits mobility, income generating ability
Lack of transport (asset) limits mobility, income generation
Intrahousehold relations trust mobility income generation
Group membership requires mobility, time, support of husbands, family
Income generation supports greater decision-making (and vice versa)
Nepal: whether women hide income, assets depends on autonomy,
intrahousehold relations
“Male dominance over information was pointed out when answers were provided
about things such as cell phone ownership, the person to whom extension
workers talk, the consent of whom to look for before traveling, the ownership
and access to means of transportation, and topics covered by extension workers
when they visit villages. This access and control over information is facilitated
by men’s status as owners of resources.“ (Worldveg, Mali)
58. Unpacking “jointness” in decision-making
Not just spouses, but extended families (in-laws, co-wives, natal family)
Final say // Consultation // Influence behind the scenes
Women exercise more decision-making on small livestock, assets,
income; Men on larger
Showing “respect”, not challenging masculinities may affect answers
(including on survey)
Women may not want sole decision-making responsibility
“The down side of women's control over their own income is that if they
have too much and do not help others they are said to be witches or to
be engaging in prostitution or other inappropriate behavior” (Trias)
59. Domestic violence
One man describes his rights to beat his wife as follows: "Corporal
punishment is very good because she will do what I tell her to do. Always,
women are not comfortable without punishment.” (Trias)
"Even a small boy has more value than a woman, because women are afraid
of threats from men. At a single occasion she is treated of rude and is
threaten to death. That is not the case for men” (Worldveg woman’s life
history)
“The other day when there was a meeting of Self-Reliance (Swabalanban),
my husband used the meeting as a pretext to beat me so I did not go to the
meeting.Then the samuha members humiliate my husband. I also let them
humiliate my husband because it was necessary to humiliate him for him to
change his habit.” (Ranjana Mahato, Nepal)
60. Contributors to empowerment
Money, “success”
Mobility, ability to work outside the home
Someone else to lift the labor burden
Groups that provide for savings, financial benefits and shift norms
Connections to outside groups
“I am a female leader in my community. All the members of the
village respect me. I am always informed of the visits in the village
and I participate in external meetings, on behalf of my village. I am
influential in my village“ (Worldveg)
Marriage (Mali Fulani) or liberation from marital duties (Burkina)
61. How projects affect empowerment
Multiple pathways to empowerment: projects could:
Give women something that enables them to increase income, take
care of others
Train women—increase skills, confidence, capacities
Affect social norms (including on domestic violence)
(check for validation of project strategies and TOC)
Does the mechanism by which women get the means of
empowerment matter?
62. Interpreting pro-WEAI results
From Elena: It may make sense to move this to right after Hazel’s
introduction to pro-WEAI so that we are not jumping around too much. I
could expand on slides 19 and 20 and add a slide in between showing the
bar charts of individual indicators (and then explain how the 5DE score
expands on the individual indicators, how the contributions to
disempowerment show important areas of disempowerment specifically
among the disempowered).
75. “Take home” exercises
1) Role playing: conducting the pro-WEAI
survey modules
2) Data analysis: analyzing pro-WEAI data
using Stata
Review: Friday, 3-4pm
bit.ly/2NIPPli
76. Friday: One-on-one research clinics
15 minutes each
Time slots available between 2-5pm.
Please indicate the topic of your question or issue and
when you are available.
Editor's Notes
Why GAAP2? What’s measured matters
A learning and capacity-development initiative working with a portfolio of 13 development projects in the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2)
Supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, and A4NH
Learning what works
Learning what doesn’t work
Particular gender strategies
Gender-blind approaches?
Comparability across a portfolio
Emphasizing why it’s important to include such metrics for tracking whether women/men are being empowered or disempowered by agricultural interventions
For donors or large organizations: need common metrics for comparability
Pro-WEAI can also help organizations and funders to design and evaluate projects that aim to empower women. Here are two examples from the GAAP2 portfolio.
Partners: Hellen Keller International and University of Heidelberg
Design: Cluster RCT
Can a food-based dietary diversification strategy reduce undernutrition among women and children?
Intervention:
Training women’s groups on gardening, poultry rearing, nutrition, and hygiene (based on the enhanced homestead food production model)
Engage men and elders in discussions about women’s role in household decision-making, health, and wellbeing
Train farmers on gender and nutrition
Target group: Married women aged 15-30
Outcome:
Reduced undernutrition in women and children
Improved status of women in the household
How will they use pro-WEAI?
In their impact evaluation, they will look at changes in empowerment from baseline to endline, as measured by pro-WEAI and its component indicators
Pro-WEAI will help them to understand pathways of impact from the FAARM intervention package to improved nutrition
Target population:
- Households that raise poultry
Intervention:
- Improved access to poultry value chain services (focusing on vaccination for Newcastle’s disease)
- BCC on nutrition and health
- Community-level sensitization on gender equity and women’s empowerment
Interventions delivered to women and men, through women’s groups, poultry producer groups, etc.
Outcomes:
Women and child diets and nutritional status
Household income and economic status
Partners: IFPRI, ILRI, Tanager
How will they use pro-WEAI
Will use pro-WEAI to understand project impact, similar to FAARM
Pro-WEAI can also help the project to understand the most important areas of disempowerment in their population at baseline by decomposing the index (e.g., self-efficacy, work balance, and group membership were largest contributors to women’s disempowerment at baseline)
Also collected health and nutrition and enhanced livestock modules (more detailed information about agency in livestock and poultry production), as well as a custom module about women’s involvement in poultry services and marketing
If you were looking at a range of ag development projects—some that taught women how to prepare nutritious foods for their children, another that trained milk traders, another that organized women into self-help groups, and another that also trained men to be caregivers to their children and supported women in their caregiving roles—how would you know which one worked best in terms of empowering women? It would be very difficult.
Therefore we need a measure that enables us to capture women’s voices, but also to be able to compare them across a variety of settings
The WEAI was developed by IFPRI, USAID, and OPHI in 2012 to measure the greater inclusion of women in the agricultural sector as a result of US Government’s Feed the Future (FTF) Initiative
It is a survey-based index constructed using interviews of the primary male and primary female adults in the same household
Key aspect of index construction: similar to family of multi-dimensional poverty indices (Alkire and Foster 2011, J of Public Econ) and the Foster-Greere-Thorbeck (FGT) indices
Details on index construction in Alkire et al. (2013), World Development
Bangladesh had lowest empowerment, used the results as diagnostic, designed programs, had large increases in empowerment
Nutrition and health data from TRAIN, FAARM, WorldVeg, and Grameen. WINGS is planning to collect that module in their midline; iDE may include it in their endline in November 2017; and MoreMilk may also include it in their baseline.
Livestock-enhanced data is available for Trias and SE LEVER, and MoreMilk is planning to in their baseline in early 2018. Still waiting to hear back from WINGS.
There are many ways of defining empowerment. In the WEAI, we use the definition from Naila Kabeer.
She conceptualizes empowerment as a process of change made up of three interrelated dimensions: resources, agency and achievements.
Resources include the various material, human, and social resources that serve to enhance people’s ability to exercise choice. Agency refers to defining one’s goals and acting upon them. Achievements refers to the achievement of these goals.
In the WEAI, we focus on Agency: the ability of an individual to make strategic choices, especially in those contexts where this was denied. This focus on agency runs through all the WEAIs.
Kabeer, Naila. 1999. Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment. Development and Change. 30(3): 435-464.
There are many ways of defining empowerment. In the WEAI, we use the definition from Naila Kabeer.
She conceptualizes empowerment as a process of change made up of three interrelated dimensions: resources, agency and achievements.
Resources include the various material, human, and social resources that serve to enhance people’s ability to exercise choice. Agency refers to defining one’s goals and acting upon them. Achievements refers to the achievement of these goals.
In the WEAI, we focus on Agency: the ability of an individual to make strategic choices, especially in those contexts where this was denied. This focus on agency runs through all the WEAIs.
Kabeer, Naila. 1999. Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment. Development and Change. 30(3): 435-464.
In Pro-WEAI, we’ve tried to make the linkages to this underlying theory explicit. We’ve done this by differentiating between three types of agency, or three types of power. The first is power within or (intrinsic agency). Power within is reflected in a person’s values, in self-respect and self-acceptance. It can be thought of a person’s internal “sense of agency.”
The next type of power is the power to (or instrumental agency). This is the form of that you’re probably most familiar with. It’s reflected in a person’s ability to create new opportunities, to enact change, and to pursue one’s goals. It’s also the power to make decisions, which is often how it is operationalized.
The last type of power is the power with (or collective agency). This refers to power drawn from acting in concert with others. An easy way to think of this is in terms of the old adage: “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”
Before we move on, it’s worth noting that there’s a fourth type of power that isn’t reflected in any version of the WEAI. Power over. The reason is the that power over is more ambiguous than the other types of power. While power over can be positive—for example, the act of resisting oppression or manipulation—more often it is associated with negative expressions of power, like coercion or control.
Pro-WEAI makes explicit linkages to this underlying theory. Each domain is exclusively mapped to a particular type of agency.
Pro-WEAI is made up of 12 indicators of empowerment. An individual is considered adequate in an indicator if s/he achieves a certain threshold.
Each indicator receives equal weight (1/12), and an individual is considered empowered if s/he is adequate in at least 75%, or 9/12 of the indicators.
Like the original WEAI, the overall pro-WEAI score is composed of two sub-indices: the 3DE, which reflects women’s achievement across the 12 indicators, and the GPI, which reflects women’s empowerment compared to the men in their households.
Aggregated pilot baseline results from 6 of the GAAP2 projects
3DE – women’s and men’s achievement across the 12 indicators and the depth of disempowerment
% achieving empowerment - % who were adequate in 9/12 or more indicators
Mean 3DE for not yet empowered – intensity of disempowerment
Gender Parity Index – how empowered women are in comparison to the men in their household
% achieving gender parity - % of women who are as empowered as the man in their household
Empowerment gap – difference in empowerment between the man and woman in the same household
Aggregated pilot baseline results from 6 of the GAAP2 projects
3DE – women’s and men’s achievement across the 12 indicators and the depth of disempowerment
% achieving empowerment - % who were adequate in 9/12 or more indicators
Mean 3DE for not yet empowered – intensity of disempowerment
Gender Parity Index – how empowered women are in comparison to the men in their household
% achieving gender parity - % of women who are as empowered as the man in their household
Empowerment gap – difference in empowerment between the man and woman in the same household
Aggregated pilot baseline results from 6 of the GAAP2 projects
3DE – women’s and men’s achievement across the 12 indicators and the depth of disempowerment
% achieving empowerment - % who were adequate in 9/12 or more indicators
Mean 3DE for not yet empowered – intensity of disempowerment
Gender Parity Index – how empowered women are in comparison to the men in their household
% achieving gender parity - % of women who are as empowered as the man in their household
Empowerment gap – difference in empowerment between the man and woman in the same household
We can also look at which indicators contribute the most to disempowerment. In this figure, the depth of the bars shows men’s and women’s disempowerment scores. Women are considerably more disempowered than men. The size of the different colored bars shows how much each indicator contributes to disempowerment.
Here, the 2 indicators of group membership are the largest contributors to disempowerment for both women and men. Visiting important locations and respect among household members are large contributors to disempowerment for women but not for men. This suggests that interventions to empower women might focus on improving mobility and relationships in the household. These indicators are both new to pro-WEAI; the original WEAI would have missed these important aspects of empowerment.
Thee projects may aim to increase the consumption of foods produced by the household and/or increased income to obtain food and health inputs. Integrate other program components, nutrition education, behavior change strategies.
Primary outcome of improving nutritional status, especially for women and children
Thus there was a clear need for a module to compliment the core pro-WEAI that could help us understand nutrition-sensitive pathways.
The module we developed focuses on instrumental agency
Animate
Animate
Importance of “to what extent”: One thing we learned from previous studies that asked similar questions is that most women report some input into these decisions. However it is unclear if she has a significant voice in that decision or if she participates in that decision by implementing the decisions made by others.
Animate
We had 6 projects in 3 countries.
3 projects in Bangladesh
And 3 in the West Africa cluster.
Many questions were new and/or adapted from existing surveys. Cognitive testing or cognitive interviewing can identify potential sources of response error that can range from difficulties with interpreting questions to how the respondents formulate responses to questions.
Some DATA team members implemented the old version with TRAIN and have now implemented the new version with ANGeL
Use information on the extent of decision making input
Explain split half for EFA in largest data sets and then checking in CFA to see if the same factor structure is replicable in a different sample, with a different survey team
Explanations:
Purchasing and acquisition are similar in both regions
Explanations:
In Bangladesh, women’s health factor includes diet decisions typically and during pregnancy/lactation; decisions about diet outside of pregnancy/lactation are not strongly correlated with any factors in West Africa
Explanations:
Breastfeeding/weaning decisions splits from child diet in West Africa, likely bc tied up with fertility decisions. Long periods of post partum abstinence in the region related to taboos about sex during lactation.
Explanations:
Healthcare seeing and family planning
Note that there is a strong mobility component tied with these.
Do these two slides (50 & 51) work better than slides 45-49?
Not all the qual studies were able/designed to do all these things due to time and staff resources. In some cases the quant results were not ready at the time, e.g.,
Some illustrative questions:
How can the qualitative help with understanding how to build the index?
How can qual help us understand inadequacies we see in the index results?
Presentation of the place, not just the person, to look at local understandings of empowerment
E.g. seasonality diagrams to identify how the timing of survey fits with agricultural cycle, time use
Inluding a broader description of the project itself and how it relates to other development efforts in the region and/or sector
Disempowerment by poverty vs. disempowerment by gender (major theme in qual; Ruth)
Empowerment of the whole household; empowerment of women within the household.
qualitative adds value in interpreting the data. May not affect the score, but may help understand the quantitative results.
Not all the qual studies were able/designed to do all these things due to time and staff resources. In some cases the quant results were not ready at the time, e.g.,
There was some variability in which tools were used
You may want to also give a few sentences of background on the way that the qual protocols were done and about the recommended sample size - or maybe we should put together a chart of how the samples differed from one study to another -- if not for the presentation, then for the ultimate paper.
Some women were able to use social support through groups to deal with abuse. Ranjana Mahato (Nepal) shared that when her husband had beaten her while going to one of the group meetings, the group members had come to her house and humiliated her husband for doing so which ultimately gave her courage to resist the violence and abuse perpetrated by her husband.
It would be nice if we can find one that is a positive statement on how empowered women are able to take advantage of project benefits (and how the projects create or support empowerment).
Emily double – check this…Mulugeta is migrating the site now, and promotional materials is missing
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The blog role serves as an archive of blogs about WEAI. This is an important source of information and history about WEAI and how people use it. We have included blogs from IFPRI, A4NH, Agrilinks, and GAAP2.
The blogs are organized by year. Click on each year to see the list of blogs from that year.
Have you written other blogs about WEAI? Please tell us about any other blogs, and we can add them to the blog role.
The publications page shows a feed of journal articles, discussion papers, and reports related to WEAI. This page feeds directly from the repository on IFPRI’s main website.
If you click the title of the article or “view,” the site will automatically download the PDF. If you click “Record detail,” you can see the details recorded in IFPRI’s online library. If you click “abstract,” the page will display the article’s abstract.
On the right side of the page, you will see “Recent from WEAI,” a feed of recent articles, blogs, and news about WEAI.
The “Datasets” page links to publicly available datasets that include a version of WEAI. Right now, we have the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey and the WEAI pilot data. These datasets are published on the IFPRI Dataverse (which has part of the Harvard Dataverse site). Click on each dataset to view details, metadata, and data files on Dataverse.
We know that there are other datasets that include WEAI. If you have published publicly available WEAI data that you would like to share on WRC, let us know.
At the bottom of each page, there is a sign up for the WEAI mailing list. You can sign up here to receive email updates from the WEAI Community of Practice. (This list sends you an email automatically when a new item is added to our front page news feed.)
Have attendees break into groups before the break.