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Using the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) for nutrition sensitive programming
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This presentation was given by Hazel Malapit, Jessica Heckert and Elena Martinez (A4NH / IFPRI), as part of the Annual Gender Capacity Development Workshop hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 27-28 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute. See more info at: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
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Using the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) for nutrition sensitive programming
- Using the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) for nutrition sensitive programming Hazel Malapit, Jessica Heckert, and Elena Martinez Addis Ababa, Ethiopia September 27, 2018
- What are your gender research questions?
- FAARM: Food and Agricultural Approaches to Reducing Malnutrition in Bangladesh Train women’s groups on gardening, poultry rearing, nutrition, and hygiene Engage men in discussions about women’s role in the household Train farmers on gender and nutrition Woman and child nutritional status Household income Dietary diversity Women’s empowerment Harvest yield
- SE LEVER: An integrated poultry value chain and nutrition intervention in Burkina Faso Improved access to value chain services Training on nutrition and health Community- level gender sensitization Woman and child nutritional status Household income and economic status Woman and child diets Women’s empowerment Poultry sales and profits
- Measuring empowerment?
- Starting point: the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) Developed by USAID, IFPRI & OPHI Launched in 2012 Measures inclusion of women in the agricultural sector Survey-based index - interviews men and women in the same household
- How is the Index constructed? An aggregate index in two parts: Five Domains of Empowerment (5DE) Gender Parity Index (GPI) Constructed using interviews of the primary male and primary female adults in the same household
- Cross-country baseline findings: credit, workload and group membership are constraints across countries 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 DisempowermentIndex(1-5DE) Leisure Workload Speaking in public Group member Control over use of income Access to and decisions on credit Purchase, sale, or transfer of assets Ownership of assets Autonomy in production Input in productive decisions Source: Malapit et al. (2014)
- What WEAI had ... what projects wanted Women’s and men’s empowerment across 5 domains in agriculture Standardized measure, internationally validated Ability to diagnose empowerment gaps More adaptability to project context Attention to domains related to health and nutrition Issues of intrahousehold harmony, mobility, control of income from projects, domestic violence Shorter interview time
- Developing a “Project-level” WEAI (pro-WEAI) Core set of pro-WEAI empowerment modules Quantitative survey Qualitative protocols Standardized add-ons depending on project needs: Nutrition and health Livestock-enhanced Comparable metrics for empowerment: +
- Agency AchievementsResources How WE(AI) define empowerment
- Agency AchievementsResources How communities define empowerment Taking care of oneself Taking care of family needs Taking care of others Well dressed Good skin Admired Economic means Connections Confidence Help with labor Active Following social norms “Lift the burden”
- Power within (intrinsic agency) Three types of agency measured in all versions of the WEAI
- Power to (instrumental agency) Power within (intrinsic agency) Three types of agency measured in all versions of the WEAI
- Power with (collective agency) Power to (instrumental agency) Power within (intrinsic agency) Three types of agency measured in all versions of the WEAI
- Core pro-WEAI Power with (collective agency) Power to (instrumental agency) Power within (intrinsic agency) Intrinsic Agency Collective Agency Instrumental Agency
- 12 indicators of empowerment Each indicator receives an equal proportion (1/12) of the overall weight Empowered if adequate in 75% of indicators
- Percent adequate by indicator Visiting important locations
- In how many indicators are they inadequate? 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Percentofrespondents Number of inadequacies Male Female Intensity
- Pro-WEAI pilot results Indicator Women Men Three Domains of Empowerment (3DE) score 0.58 0.72 % achieving empowerment 0.12 0.37 Mean 3DE score for not yet empowered 0.53 0.56 Gender Parity Index (GPI) 0.84 % achieving gender parity 0.38 Average empowerment gap 0.27 Pro-WEAI score 0.61
- Pro-WEAI pilot results Indicator Women Men Three Domains of Empowerment (3DE) score 0.58 0.72 % achieving empowerment 0.12 0.37 Mean 3DE score for not yet empowered 0.53 0.56 Gender Parity Index (GPI) 0.84 % achieving gender parity 0.38 Average empowerment gap 0.27 Pro-WEAI score 0.61
- Pro-WEAI pilot results Indicator Women Men Three Domains of Empowerment (3DE) score 0.58 0.72 % achieving empowerment 0.12 0.37 Mean 3DE score for not yet empowered 0.53 0.56 Gender Parity Index (GPI) 0.84 % achieving gender parity 0.38 Average empowerment gap 0.27 Pro-WEAI score 0.61
- 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 Women Men Totaldisempowerment Membership in influential groups Group membership Visiting important locations Work balance Control over use of income Access to and decisions on credit and financial accounts Ownership of land and other assets Input in productive decisions Respect among household members Attitudes about domestic violence Self-efficacy Autonomy in income Contributions to disempowerment
- The pro-WEAI Health & Nutrition Module
- Many agricultural development projects have nutrition- sensitive objectives Photo credits: (L) Zillus Rhman, FAARM & (R) Julie Gostlaw, ANGeL
- pro-WEAI Health and Nutrition Module Photo credits: (TL) FAARM; Allan Gichigi, Kenya; Jessica Heckert, MoreMilk; Animul Khandaker, ANGeL; Hazel Malapit; Elizabeth Bryant, iDE: Animul Khandaker, ANGeL; Animul Khandaker, ANGeL; Amanda Wendt, FAARM; Kalyani Raghunathan, WINGS
- Content of the Health and Nutrition Module Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition outcomes Decisions about: Women’s own nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health during pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related decisions Child nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning Types of questions Who makes the decision To what extent she participates in the decision Decisions to purchase key foods and health products Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
- Content of the Health and Nutrition Module Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition outcomes Decisions about: Women’s own nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health during pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related decisions Child nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning Types of questions Who makes the decision To what extent she participates in the decision Decisions to purchase key foods and health products Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
- Content of the Health and Nutrition Module Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition outcomes Decisions about: Women’s own nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health during pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related decisions Child nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning Types of questions Who makes the decision To what extent she participates in the decision Decisions to purchase key foods and health products Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
- Content of the Health and Nutrition Module Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition outcomes Decisions about: Women’s own nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health during pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related decisions Child nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning Types of questions Who makes the decision To what extent she participates in the decision Decisions to purchase key foods and health products Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
- Content of the Health and Nutrition Module Instrumental agency (power to) as tied to health and nutrition outcomes Decisions about: Women’s own nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; rest/work; diet and health during pregnancy and lactation; family planning-related decisions Child nutrition and health Animal-source foods; healthcare; breastfeeding/weaning Types of questions Who makes the decision To what extent she participates in the decision Decisions to purchase key foods and health products Usually acquire key foods and health products when needed
- Burkina Faso: Grameen & SE LEVER Mali: WorldVeg Bangladesh: ANGeL FAARM TRAIN
- Our Road Map Cognitive Interviewing Identifying Indicators Cutoffs for adequacy
- Cognitive Interviewing Photo credit: Anika Hannan Emory University DATA Bangladesh
- Cognitive Interviewing Lessons Change the wording of questions so that respondents can better understand which part of the question is prompting a response OLD: Who in the household generally makes decisions about whether to purchase [PRODUCT]? REVISED: When decisions are made whether or not to purchase [PRODUCT], who generally makes the decision? Reorder questions Similar themes together Sensitive questions later Clarify confusing terms Milk or milk products added “other than breastmilk” Feedback from DATA field teams Enumerator and respondents find the questions easier Sequence is more relevant and natural
- Cognitive Interviewing Lessons Change the wording of questions so that respondents can better understand which part of the question is prompting a response OLD: Who in the household generally makes decisions about whether to purchase [PRODUCT]? REVISED: When decisions are made whether or not to purchase [PRODUCT], who generally makes the decision? Reorder questions Similar themes together Sensitive questions later Clarify confusing terms Milk or milk products added “other than breastmilk” Feedback from DATA field teams Enumerator and respondents find the questions easier Sequence is more relevant and natural
- Cognitive Interviewing Lessons Change the wording of questions so that respondents can better understand which part of the question is prompting a response OLD: Who in the household generally makes decisions about whether to purchase [PRODUCT]? REVISED: When decisions are made whether or not to purchase [PRODUCT], who generally makes the decision? Reorder questions Similar themes together Sensitive questions later Clarify confusing terms Milk or milk products added “other than breastmilk” Feedback from DATA field teams Enumerator and respondents find the questions easier Sequence is more relevant and natural
- Cognitive Interviewing Lessons Change the wording of questions so that respondents can better understand which part of the question is prompting a response OLD: Who in the household generally makes decisions about whether to purchase [PRODUCT]? REVISED: When decisions are made whether or not to purchase [PRODUCT], who generally makes the decision? Reorder questions Similar themes together Sensitive questions later Clarify confusing terms Milk or milk products added “other than breastmilk” Feedback from DATA field teams Enumerator and respondents find the questions easier Sequence is more relevant and natural
- Our Road Map Cognitive Interviewing Identifying Indicators Cutoffs for adequacy
- Identifying Indicators Exploratory factor analysis Confirmatory factor analysis ?Different indicators in Bangladesh and West Africa
- Health and Nutrition Indicators Bangladesh Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s health—including during pregnancy and breastfeeding Child health/diet and breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & family planning Burkina Faso & Mali Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s diet, work, and rest while pregnant and breastfeeding Child health/diet Breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & family planning
- Health and Nutrition Indicators Bangladesh Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s health—including during pregnancy and breastfeeding Child health/diet and breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & fertility Burkina Faso & Mali Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s diet, work, and rest while pregnant and breastfeeding Child health/diet Breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & fertility
- Health and Nutrition Indicators Bangladesh Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s health—including during pregnancy and breastfeeding Child health/diet and breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & family planning Burkina Faso & Mali Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s diet, work, and rest while pregnant and breastfeeding Child health/diet Breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & family planning
- Health and Nutrition Indicators Bangladesh Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s health—including during pregnancy and breastfeeding Child health/diet and breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & family planning Burkina Faso & Mali Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s diet, work, and rest while pregnant and breastfeeding Child health/diet Breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & family planning
- Health and Nutrition Indicators Bangladesh Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s health—including during pregnancy and breastfeeding Child health/diet and breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & family planning Burkina Faso & Mali Ability to acquire food and health products Decisions about: Purchase of food and health products Women’s diet, work, and rest while pregnant and breastfeeding Child health/diet Breastfeeding/weaning Healthcare seeking & family planning
- Input into: Whether to breastfeed When to wean Giving other foods Control over weaning and breastfeeding Input into: Rest when ill Foods to prepare Foods to eat Control over own health and diet Input into: Feeding child ♦eggs, ♦milk, ♦meat Control of child’s diet Input into: Work and rest Eating ♦eggs, ♦milk, ♦meat Control over health and diet during pregnancy
- Input into: Doctor for ♦illness, ♦pregnancy, ♦sick child, ♦child well-visits Freedom to seek healthcare Can acquire–some means: Food, animal-source foods, medicines, toiletries Access to food and health products Input into purchasing: Food, animal-source foods, medicines, toiletries Freedom to purchase food and health products
- Our Road Map Cognitive Interviewing Identifying Indicators Cutoffs for adequacy
- Developing Cutoffs and Definitions of Adequacy Normative approach Sensitivity comparisons
- Percent Achieving Empowerment 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Control over own health and diet Control over own health and diet during pregnancy Control over child's diet Control over weaning and breastfeeding Freedom to seek healthcare Freedom to purchase food and health products Access to foods and health products West Africa Bangaldesh All projects
- Questions?
- Qualitative Research & the pro-WEAI
- Purpose of qualitative methods Validation of pro-WEAI Emic meanings of “empowerment” Individual domains and indicators Explaining project impacts from participants’ perspectives Contextualizing quantitative pro-WEAI and other findings Presentation of the overall context, not just the person e.g. seasonality diagrams to identify how the timing of survey fits with agricultural cycle, time use e.g. broader description of the project itself and how it relates to other development efforts
- Methods Review of project documents Community profile Seasonality patterns Sex disaggregated focus groups on local understanding of empowerment Semi-structured interviews: Life histories Key informant interviews: Market traders Key informant interviews: Project staff
- Local meanings of empowerment Common elements Difficulty in translating “empowerment” “emancipated”, “admired”, “dignified”, “lift up”, “enable” Economic status: Taking care of oneself and family needs Well dressed, good skin Relational, not individualistic: Taking care of others (family and community) Having means or status to do so, connections, Not power over (especially not over men) Differences, tensions Ambivalence of men, women to empowered women “Lift the burden” vs threat to men Following social norms, ideals of femininity (“submissive”) vs Strong, able (sometimes stand against norms) Age (young and old)
- Interconnections between indicators Time as a tether: workload limits mobility, income generating ability Lack of transport (asset) limits mobility, income generation Intrahousehold relations trust mobility income generation Group membership requires mobility, time, support of husbands, family Income generation supports greater decision-making (and vice versa) Nepal: whether women hide income, assets depends on autonomy, intrahousehold relations “Male dominance over information was pointed out when answers were provided about things such as cell phone ownership, the person to whom extension workers talk, the consent of whom to look for before traveling, the ownership and access to means of transportation, and topics covered by extension workers when they visit villages. This access and control over information is facilitated by men’s status as owners of resources.“ (Worldveg, Mali)
- Unpacking “jointness” in decision-making Not just spouses, but extended families (in-laws, co-wives, natal family) Final say // Consultation // Influence behind the scenes Women exercise more decision-making on small livestock, assets, income; Men on larger Showing “respect”, not challenging masculinities may affect answers (including on survey) Women may not want sole decision-making responsibility “The down side of women's control over their own income is that if they have too much and do not help others they are said to be witches or to be engaging in prostitution or other inappropriate behavior” (Trias)
- Domestic violence One man describes his rights to beat his wife as follows: "Corporal punishment is very good because she will do what I tell her to do. Always, women are not comfortable without punishment.” (Trias) "Even a small boy has more value than a woman, because women are afraid of threats from men. At a single occasion she is treated of rude and is threaten to death. That is not the case for men” (Worldveg woman’s life history) “The other day when there was a meeting of Self-Reliance (Swabalanban), my husband used the meeting as a pretext to beat me so I did not go to the meeting.Then the samuha members humiliate my husband. I also let them humiliate my husband because it was necessary to humiliate him for him to change his habit.” (Ranjana Mahato, Nepal)
- Contributors to empowerment Money, “success” Mobility, ability to work outside the home Someone else to lift the labor burden Groups that provide for savings, financial benefits and shift norms Connections to outside groups “I am a female leader in my community. All the members of the village respect me. I am always informed of the visits in the village and I participate in external meetings, on behalf of my village. I am influential in my village“ (Worldveg) Marriage (Mali Fulani) or liberation from marital duties (Burkina)
- How projects affect empowerment Multiple pathways to empowerment: projects could: Give women something that enables them to increase income, take care of others Train women—increase skills, confidence, capacities Affect social norms (including on domestic violence) (check for validation of project strategies and TOC) Does the mechanism by which women get the means of empowerment matter?
- Interpreting pro-WEAI results From Elena: It may make sense to move this to right after Hazel’s introduction to pro-WEAI so that we are not jumping around too much. I could expand on slides 19 and 20 and add a slide in between showing the bar charts of individual indicators (and then explain how the 5DE score expands on the individual indicators, how the contributions to disempowerment show important areas of disempowerment specifically among the disempowered).
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Editor's Notes
- Why GAAP2? What’s measured matters A learning and capacity-development initiative working with a portfolio of 13 development projects in the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) Supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, and A4NH Learning what works Learning what doesn’t work Particular gender strategies Gender-blind approaches? Comparability across a portfolio Emphasizing why it’s important to include such metrics for tracking whether women/men are being empowered or disempowered by agricultural interventions For donors or large organizations: need common metrics for comparability
- Pro-WEAI can also help organizations and funders to design and evaluate projects that aim to empower women. Here are two examples from the GAAP2 portfolio. Partners: Hellen Keller International and University of Heidelberg Design: Cluster RCT Can a food-based dietary diversification strategy reduce undernutrition among women and children? Intervention: Training women’s groups on gardening, poultry rearing, nutrition, and hygiene (based on the enhanced homestead food production model) Engage men and elders in discussions about women’s role in household decision-making, health, and wellbeing Train farmers on gender and nutrition Target group: Married women aged 15-30 Outcome: Reduced undernutrition in women and children Improved status of women in the household How will they use pro-WEAI? In their impact evaluation, they will look at changes in empowerment from baseline to endline, as measured by pro-WEAI and its component indicators Pro-WEAI will help them to understand pathways of impact from the FAARM intervention package to improved nutrition
- Target population: - Households that raise poultry Intervention: - Improved access to poultry value chain services (focusing on vaccination for Newcastle’s disease) - BCC on nutrition and health - Community-level sensitization on gender equity and women’s empowerment Interventions delivered to women and men, through women’s groups, poultry producer groups, etc. Outcomes: Women and child diets and nutritional status Household income and economic status Partners: IFPRI, ILRI, Tanager How will they use pro-WEAI Will use pro-WEAI to understand project impact, similar to FAARM Pro-WEAI can also help the project to understand the most important areas of disempowerment in their population at baseline by decomposing the index (e.g., self-efficacy, work balance, and group membership were largest contributors to women’s disempowerment at baseline) Also collected health and nutrition and enhanced livestock modules (more detailed information about agency in livestock and poultry production), as well as a custom module about women’s involvement in poultry services and marketing
- If you were looking at a range of ag development projects—some that taught women how to prepare nutritious foods for their children, another that trained milk traders, another that organized women into self-help groups, and another that also trained men to be caregivers to their children and supported women in their caregiving roles—how would you know which one worked best in terms of empowering women? It would be very difficult. Therefore we need a measure that enables us to capture women’s voices, but also to be able to compare them across a variety of settings
- The WEAI was developed by IFPRI, USAID, and OPHI in 2012 to measure the greater inclusion of women in the agricultural sector as a result of US Government’s Feed the Future (FTF) Initiative It is a survey-based index constructed using interviews of the primary male and primary female adults in the same household Key aspect of index construction: similar to family of multi-dimensional poverty indices (Alkire and Foster 2011, J of Public Econ) and the Foster-Greere-Thorbeck (FGT) indices Details on index construction in Alkire et al. (2013), World Development
- Bangladesh had lowest empowerment, used the results as diagnostic, designed programs, had large increases in empowerment
- Nutrition and health data from TRAIN, FAARM, WorldVeg, and Grameen. WINGS is planning to collect that module in their midline; iDE may include it in their endline in November 2017; and MoreMilk may also include it in their baseline. Livestock-enhanced data is available for Trias and SE LEVER, and MoreMilk is planning to in their baseline in early 2018. Still waiting to hear back from WINGS.
- There are many ways of defining empowerment. In the WEAI, we use the definition from Naila Kabeer. She conceptualizes empowerment as a process of change made up of three interrelated dimensions: resources, agency and achievements. Resources include the various material, human, and social resources that serve to enhance people’s ability to exercise choice. Agency refers to defining one’s goals and acting upon them. Achievements refers to the achievement of these goals. In the WEAI, we focus on Agency: the ability of an individual to make strategic choices, especially in those contexts where this was denied. This focus on agency runs through all the WEAIs. Kabeer, Naila. 1999. Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment. Development and Change. 30(3): 435-464.
- There are many ways of defining empowerment. In the WEAI, we use the definition from Naila Kabeer. She conceptualizes empowerment as a process of change made up of three interrelated dimensions: resources, agency and achievements. Resources include the various material, human, and social resources that serve to enhance people’s ability to exercise choice. Agency refers to defining one’s goals and acting upon them. Achievements refers to the achievement of these goals. In the WEAI, we focus on Agency: the ability of an individual to make strategic choices, especially in those contexts where this was denied. This focus on agency runs through all the WEAIs. Kabeer, Naila. 1999. Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women's Empowerment. Development and Change. 30(3): 435-464.
- In Pro-WEAI, we’ve tried to make the linkages to this underlying theory explicit. We’ve done this by differentiating between three types of agency, or three types of power. The first is power within or (intrinsic agency). Power within is reflected in a person’s values, in self-respect and self-acceptance. It can be thought of a person’s internal “sense of agency.”
- The next type of power is the power to (or instrumental agency). This is the form of that you’re probably most familiar with. It’s reflected in a person’s ability to create new opportunities, to enact change, and to pursue one’s goals. It’s also the power to make decisions, which is often how it is operationalized.
- The last type of power is the power with (or collective agency). This refers to power drawn from acting in concert with others. An easy way to think of this is in terms of the old adage: “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” Before we move on, it’s worth noting that there’s a fourth type of power that isn’t reflected in any version of the WEAI. Power over. The reason is the that power over is more ambiguous than the other types of power. While power over can be positive—for example, the act of resisting oppression or manipulation—more often it is associated with negative expressions of power, like coercion or control.
- Pro-WEAI makes explicit linkages to this underlying theory. Each domain is exclusively mapped to a particular type of agency.
- Pro-WEAI is made up of 12 indicators of empowerment. An individual is considered adequate in an indicator if s/he achieves a certain threshold. Each indicator receives equal weight (1/12), and an individual is considered empowered if s/he is adequate in at least 75%, or 9/12 of the indicators.
- Like the original WEAI, the overall pro-WEAI score is composed of two sub-indices: the 3DE, which reflects women’s achievement across the 12 indicators, and the GPI, which reflects women’s empowerment compared to the men in their households.
- Aggregated pilot baseline results from 6 of the GAAP2 projects 3DE – women’s and men’s achievement across the 12 indicators and the depth of disempowerment % achieving empowerment - % who were adequate in 9/12 or more indicators Mean 3DE for not yet empowered – intensity of disempowerment Gender Parity Index – how empowered women are in comparison to the men in their household % achieving gender parity - % of women who are as empowered as the man in their household Empowerment gap – difference in empowerment between the man and woman in the same household
- Aggregated pilot baseline results from 6 of the GAAP2 projects 3DE – women’s and men’s achievement across the 12 indicators and the depth of disempowerment % achieving empowerment - % who were adequate in 9/12 or more indicators Mean 3DE for not yet empowered – intensity of disempowerment Gender Parity Index – how empowered women are in comparison to the men in their household % achieving gender parity - % of women who are as empowered as the man in their household Empowerment gap – difference in empowerment between the man and woman in the same household
- Aggregated pilot baseline results from 6 of the GAAP2 projects 3DE – women’s and men’s achievement across the 12 indicators and the depth of disempowerment % achieving empowerment - % who were adequate in 9/12 or more indicators Mean 3DE for not yet empowered – intensity of disempowerment Gender Parity Index – how empowered women are in comparison to the men in their household % achieving gender parity - % of women who are as empowered as the man in their household Empowerment gap – difference in empowerment between the man and woman in the same household
- We can also look at which indicators contribute the most to disempowerment. In this figure, the depth of the bars shows men’s and women’s disempowerment scores. Women are considerably more disempowered than men. The size of the different colored bars shows how much each indicator contributes to disempowerment. Here, the 2 indicators of group membership are the largest contributors to disempowerment for both women and men. Visiting important locations and respect among household members are large contributors to disempowerment for women but not for men. This suggests that interventions to empower women might focus on improving mobility and relationships in the household. These indicators are both new to pro-WEAI; the original WEAI would have missed these important aspects of empowerment.
- Thee projects may aim to increase the consumption of foods produced by the household and/or increased income to obtain food and health inputs. Integrate other program components, nutrition education, behavior change strategies. Primary outcome of improving nutritional status, especially for women and children Thus there was a clear need for a module to compliment the core pro-WEAI that could help us understand nutrition-sensitive pathways.
- The module we developed focuses on instrumental agency
- Animate
- Animate
- Importance of “to what extent”: One thing we learned from previous studies that asked similar questions is that most women report some input into these decisions. However it is unclear if she has a significant voice in that decision or if she participates in that decision by implementing the decisions made by others.
- Animate
- We had 6 projects in 3 countries. 3 projects in Bangladesh And 3 in the West Africa cluster.
- Many questions were new and/or adapted from existing surveys. Cognitive testing or cognitive interviewing can identify potential sources of response error that can range from difficulties with interpreting questions to how the respondents formulate responses to questions.
- Some DATA team members implemented the old version with TRAIN and have now implemented the new version with ANGeL
- Use information on the extent of decision making input Explain split half for EFA in largest data sets and then checking in CFA to see if the same factor structure is replicable in a different sample, with a different survey team
- Explanations: Purchasing and acquisition are similar in both regions
- Explanations: In Bangladesh, women’s health factor includes diet decisions typically and during pregnancy/lactation; decisions about diet outside of pregnancy/lactation are not strongly correlated with any factors in West Africa
- Explanations: Breastfeeding/weaning decisions splits from child diet in West Africa, likely bc tied up with fertility decisions. Long periods of post partum abstinence in the region related to taboos about sex during lactation.
- Explanations: Healthcare seeing and family planning Note that there is a strong mobility component tied with these.
- Do these two slides (50 & 51) work better than slides 45-49?
- Not all the qual studies were able/designed to do all these things due to time and staff resources. In some cases the quant results were not ready at the time, e.g., Some illustrative questions: How can the qualitative help with understanding how to build the index? How can qual help us understand inadequacies we see in the index results? Presentation of the place, not just the person, to look at local understandings of empowerment E.g. seasonality diagrams to identify how the timing of survey fits with agricultural cycle, time use Inluding a broader description of the project itself and how it relates to other development efforts in the region and/or sector Disempowerment by poverty vs. disempowerment by gender (major theme in qual; Ruth) Empowerment of the whole household; empowerment of women within the household. qualitative adds value in interpreting the data. May not affect the score, but may help understand the quantitative results. Not all the qual studies were able/designed to do all these things due to time and staff resources. In some cases the quant results were not ready at the time, e.g.,
- There was some variability in which tools were used You may want to also give a few sentences of background on the way that the qual protocols were done and about the recommended sample size - or maybe we should put together a chart of how the samples differed from one study to another -- if not for the presentation, then for the ultimate paper.
- Some women were able to use social support through groups to deal with abuse. Ranjana Mahato (Nepal) shared that when her husband had beaten her while going to one of the group meetings, the group members had come to her house and humiliated her husband for doing so which ultimately gave her courage to resist the violence and abuse perpetrated by her husband.
- It would be nice if we can find one that is a positive statement on how empowered women are able to take advantage of project benefits (and how the projects create or support empowerment).
- Emily double – check this…Mulugeta is migrating the site now, and promotional materials is missing
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- AUDREY
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- The blog role serves as an archive of blogs about WEAI. This is an important source of information and history about WEAI and how people use it. We have included blogs from IFPRI, A4NH, Agrilinks, and GAAP2. The blogs are organized by year. Click on each year to see the list of blogs from that year. Have you written other blogs about WEAI? Please tell us about any other blogs, and we can add them to the blog role.
- The publications page shows a feed of journal articles, discussion papers, and reports related to WEAI. This page feeds directly from the repository on IFPRI’s main website. If you click the title of the article or “view,” the site will automatically download the PDF. If you click “Record detail,” you can see the details recorded in IFPRI’s online library. If you click “abstract,” the page will display the article’s abstract. On the right side of the page, you will see “Recent from WEAI,” a feed of recent articles, blogs, and news about WEAI.
- The “Datasets” page links to publicly available datasets that include a version of WEAI. Right now, we have the Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey and the WEAI pilot data. These datasets are published on the IFPRI Dataverse (which has part of the Harvard Dataverse site). Click on each dataset to view details, metadata, and data files on Dataverse. We know that there are other datasets that include WEAI. If you have published publicly available WEAI data that you would like to share on WRC, let us know.
- At the bottom of each page, there is a sign up for the WEAI mailing list. You can sign up here to receive email updates from the WEAI Community of Practice. (This list sends you an email automatically when a new item is added to our front page news feed.)
- Have attendees break into groups before the break.
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