This presentation was given by Timothy Stewart (Palladium Group), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
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Proof of concept for the use of wearable sensors to monitor women and men's workload and mobility in Indonesian agricultural communities
1. Proof of concept for the use of
wearable sensors to monitor women
and men’s workload and mobility in
Indonesian agricultural communities
Tim Stewart, Rachel Davey, Giulia Salmaso,
Dipo Pangestu & Sander van Berlo
2. Pro-poor growth &
access to life-enhancing
products/services
•Poor women and men cannot influence
•Work beyond the poor to achieve change in relevant
market though facilitation with market players
Changes result in growth /or access to
life-enhancing products/services for
poor women and men
•The poor exist in market systems which
are dynamic and interconnected
•The poor are affected by changes in
market systems (+ & - ve)
Conventional,
direct responses
miss this link...
Reducing poverty as a result of
increased incomes & or access to life-
enhancing products/servicesPoverty Reduction
Market System
Change
Systemic
Intervention
Market systems development
3. Poverty Reduction
Pro-poor growth &
access to life-enhancing
products/services
Systemic
Intervention
• MSD programmes work in
partnership with third parties
(private & public sector) – not
directly with farming HHs
• Impact is dependent on the
actions of these partners
• Therefore challenging to
observe impact on women
and men of a change in their
livelihood – e.g. on work-load
The challenge of reaching women in MSD
• Economic advancement
• Access to opportunities
• Access to assets
• Decision making
• Manageable workload
4. • DFAT Australia-Indonesia Partnership for
Rural Development
• Irrigation component aimed to improve
access for 10,000 smallholders & increase
incomes by 60%
• Worked with rice millers & irrigation
entrepreneurs
• Improved infrastructure & service
provision
• From 1 to 2 or 3 rice seasons – increasing
yields & incomes
Improving access to irrigation for small rice farmers
6. Aims of the research
to examine the feasibility of using
activity wearables and smartphones to
quantify relative workloads and
activity patterns of women and men
rural farmers in Indonesia.
9. Results – mobility
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Preparation stage 2
Harvesting
Vegetative stage
Preparation stage
Average number of visits per day
Woman
Man
Farm
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Preparation stage 2
Harvesting
Vegetative stage
Preparation stage
Average number of visits per day
Woman
Man
Home
16. Results – daily timeline
A day in the life of:
Couple 17
2018-05-26
17. Conclusions
Limitations comparing with
programme’s standard survey – but
confirmed overall perceptions
(except for mobility) helpful for
improving design of future surveys.
Observed the “triple burden”.
Successfully demonstrated the
potential of measuring workload
objectively, and activity patterns of
men and women rice farmers.
Use of wearable devices, GPS
tracking and smartphones has
potential to monitor the impact of
changes in agricultural practice or
policy at the individual, household
or community level.
Editor's Notes
Tim Stewart, Palladium
Acknowledge my co-authors and the support of DFAT.
Entry
Market Systems Development is an approach used by a number of donors (e.g. DFAT) and implementers (Palladium & Swisscontact) around the world to create sustainable poverty reduction at scale.
Main
MSD places poor women and men within relevant market systems (e.g. agriculture)
Poverty is reduced through increased income and/or access to life enhancing goods and services that result from changes in market systems
MSD programmes aim to facilitate this change by working with legitimate, sustainable actors – private and/or public sector – to improve inclusiveness and competitiveness
Exit
….
Because MSD programmes work with and through third parties – and not directly at the household level – it can be difficult to observe changes in livelihood on individuals in the household:
Economic advancement – increased income
Access to opportunities and life chances such as skills development or job openings
Access to assets, services and needed supports to advance economically
Decision-making authority in different spheres including household finances
Manageable workload
Entry
AIP Rural was a DFAT MSD programme in Eastern Indonesia,
Managed by Palladium in partnership with Swisscontact
Phase 2 just commenced – called PRISMA
Main
Irrigation component
Worked with rice millers, irrigation entrepreneurs, pump retailers, engineers, and other service providers
To improve infrastructure and provision of irrigation services.
And incomes of rice
Exit
Mainly East Java – Bojonogoro district & two others
Entry
Obtaining accurate data on women and men’s workloads is difficult
Relies mainly on qualitative recall studies – focus groups, time use dairies, recall
Subject to inaccuracies and bias
Even developed countries find this challenging – and rely on qualitative methods – e.g. American Time Use Survey.
Main
Pondering this on the bus one day
Reading the local newspaper
Saw an article about a study that UC were doing, recruiting fitbit wearers to provide data to look at activity levels and the urban environment
Exit
Emailed – went for a coffee with UC and Onmi Design
Put a plan together that DFAT were happy to support
This study aimed to examine the feasibility of using activity wearables and smartphones to quantify relative workloads and activity patterns of women and men rural farmers in Indonesia.
Entry
1st we did a LITERATURE REVIEW:
Main
A total of 68 studies were analysed -
Most of the studies identified used qualitative, descriptive methods to examine gender differences in occupational workload and physical activity patterns.
Very few studies used objective measures to examine the workload or division of labour and
None were found using smartphones and activity wearables.
Exit
We therefore believe this is a first!
Entry
The next step was to -
Conduct an Ethics review
Conduct a pre-feasibility study with staff – to test the technology, mobile reception etc
Main
Recruited 30 households – 30 women and 30 men participants in a village called Besah
Trained them in how to use the Garmin devices and the smart phones
Monitored them through out one and a bit agricultural seasons (April – September 2018)
All data anonymized
Entry – results mobility
We were able to observe the mobility of women and men – how often, how far, and for how long they went to various places
Main
Men have a higher frequency of visits in all three categories (home, farm and other).
Men travel around more and between places than women.
Men and women have similar behaviour in the different stages; they visited the farm the most in preparation stage 1, the second most during harvesting, and the least during the vegetative stage.
Men visited about 5–6 ‘other’ places each day. Women visited about 2–3 ‘other’ places each day.
Throughout all farming stages, the men visit the farm more than women.
Entry - DISTANCE
This image shows the travel radius by participants from the center of Besah village in harvesting stage
Main
Women have a bigger average travel radius than men in the preparation stage 1 and harvesting stage.
During the preparation stage, women’s average travel radius is 5% bigger than men’s.
During the vegetative stage, men’s average travel radius is 41% bigger than women’s radius.
Especially during the harvesting stage, women’s average travel radius is 67% bigger than men’s. THIS WAS A SURPRISING FINDING
May have been related to religious festivals and family visits
During preparation season 2 men’s average travel radius is 24% bigger than women’s.
Mobility Continued… FREQUENCY
This image provides additional insight into the travel behaviour of the study participants:
Men make more frequent trips than women, but often do not travel further than approx 26km. This could be to the nearby town Bojonegoro.
Men and women also travel together when making a longer trip e.g. 95km travel radius.
Women also make trips by themselves and appear to travel further get to these destinations compared to men.
Entry – TIME SPENT
This shows the time spent in the home and farm
Women spend more time at home than men, regardless of the stages i.e. 30-50% more at home
Preparation stage 1: 50% more,
Vegetative stage: 42% more,
Harvesting stage: 40% more.
Preparation stage 2: 34% more.
The average time spent in the home is statistically higher among women, compared to men
Entry - WORKLOAD
This shows workload - The measure of heart rate has been used as a proxy for workload estimation.
Both men and women have higher heart rate levels at the paddy field than at home, which is what might be expected since more heavy labour is done in the fields.
Women appear to have higher average heart rates than men during the preparation and vegetative stages of the agricultural cycle.
This may reflect peak planting when women are busier in the fields than men (transplanting rice), whilst during the harvesting stage, men are busier in the field than the women.
Also women seem also to be much more active at home at this time
Workload Continued…
Based on statistical analysis, HRw does not differ significantly among men and women in the different categories of ‘light’, ‘moderate’ ‘heavy/vigorous’.
Female farmers exert working intensities that are comparatively similar with their male counterparts and are not significantly different.
However, women undertake higher physical activity work rates in the home (possibly due to domestic chores and looking after family)
Entry – trend analysis
Data visualisation techniques are used to make sense of the data and allow to make visual observations
Each circle represents data from 1 Phase of a season for one couple (vegetation left, preparation right), presented on a 24-hour clock
The woman’s data is plotted within the smaller inner circle and the man’s data in the outer circle; the black line separates the two.
The woman (green circle) and man (purple circle) represent activity data from Garmin, a high opacity means the behaviour is more frequent.
The background colours represent locations, orange is the ‘Home’ and blue is the ‘Farm’. Grey surfaces represent ‘other locations’ and white indicates missing data.
Diagonally striped surfaces indicate sleep time and duration.
Some observations:
During vegetative stage both man and woman spend time at the farm between 09.00 and 12.00.
The man often has higher intensity activity in the morning and less after 12.00.
The woman’s activity is also of higher intensity in the evening from 21.00
During preparation stage 2 the man spends much longer periods of time at the farm
Entry
Whilst the previous slides present data for all participants that have been aggregated to examine averages and general trends in workload and activity patterns/mobility, the real benefits and advantages to using the wearables and smartphone technology is being able to monitor at an individual level (providing very detailed measures for individual farming households).
The advantage is the ability in future to monitor the impact of changes in agricultural practice or policy at the individual level.
To illustrate the utility of using the Smartphone and Google GPS location process at an individual and household level, the following case studies have been included. Timelines of activity and location can be devised that give a detailed picture of activity patterns throughout the day.
The following timelines depict activities for both men and women for ONE households
Entry - Conclusions
A direct comparison with the standard survey instruments wasn’t possible – some questions didn’t tally, & they were not repeated at the same key stages throughout the season. However the overall trends observed did largely square with the key observations and perceptions of the programme team – except for mobility (surprised to see how much more mobile women are than men).
Triple Burden observed: Women on average spend similar amounts of time during the day in heart rates in the ‘light’, ‘moderate’, ‘vigorous/high’ categories as men. Women also undertake considerably higher physical activity work rates in the home compared to men, thus supporting the ‘triple burden concept’.
The relative workloads (heart rates) and activity patterns (GPS monitoring and step counts) of women and men could be monitored and quantified at both the individual, household and community level. Although gender workloads differ depending on cultivation stage, initial findings show that overall, women exert heart rate intensities/workloads that are similar to men.
In terms of testing the use of IT wearable devices, smartphones and apps’, this feasibility study has successfully demonstrated the potential of measuring objectively and in ‘real-time’ workload and activity patterns of men and women rice farmers over a 5-month period of the agricultural cycle. Uptake and adherence to wearing the activity monitors and using the smartphones and apps’ was extremely high and acceptable to both men and women rural farmers in Indonesia.
FURTHER USE The novel use of smartphones and wearable sensors has the potential to make direct objective, empirical observations of respective work load and activity patterns and locations in ‘real time’ and to monitor the impact of:
Changes in policy/practice on work load/work patterns on men and women farmers.
This could also be used for comparison of sub-populations or communities from different regions or countries.
Can also be used to calibrate conventional methodologies