This presentation was given by Hazel Malapit (IFPRI), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Coastal and mangrove vulnerability assessment In the Northern Coast of Java, ...
Gender, women’s empowerment, and nutrition: A review, new evidence, and guidelines for nutrition-sensitive agricultural programming
1. Gender and women’s empowerment in nutrition-sensitive agriculture:
A review, new evidence, guidelines and implications for programming
Agnes Quisumbing, Kathryn Sproule, Elena Martinez, Hazel Malapit
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) | h.malapit@cgiar.org
L to R: E. Allison/ World Fish, F.Khan/IFPRI, A.Hoel/World Bank
2. What dimensions of empowerment
matter for maternal and child nutrition?
• Data from 6 Feed the Future countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia,
Ghana, Nepal (Suaahara), Mozambique, Tanzania
• Bangladesh is nationally-representative of rural areas
• The rest representative of project areas and/or the ZOI
• Estimate relationship between nutrition outcomes and women’s
empowerment using quantitative (regression) analysis
• The analysis also looked at differential effects on the nutrition of girls
compared to boys
• Associations only, NOT causality!
• Accounts for individual (age, education), household
(household size, wealth quintile) and community characteristics
3. • WEAI is an aggregate index in
two parts:
• Five Domains of
Empowerment (5DE)
• Gender Parity Index (GPI)
• Constructed using interviews
of the primary male and
primary female adults in the
same household
A woman’s empowerment score
reflects her achievements in the five
domains
4. 0.04** 0.05*
-0.06**
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
HHS WDDS BMI HAZ WHZ WAZ EBF CDDS
Standarddeviation
Bangladesh
Women’s 5DE score and nutritional
outcomes
-0.05**
0.10***
0.05*
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
HHS WDDS BMI HAZ WHZ WAZ EBF CDDS
Nepal
0.48***
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
HHS WDDS BMI HAZ WHZ WAZ EBF CDDS
Cambodia
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
HHS WDDS BMI HAZ WHZ WAZ EBF CDDS
Standarddeviation
Ghana
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
HHS WDDS CDDS
Mozambique
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
HHS WDDS BMI
Tanzania
Notes: Preliminary findings from A4NH report by Quisumbing et al (2017), “Gender and women’s empowerment in nutrition-sensitive agriculture: New evidence and
implications for programming”. Charts report effect sizes, defined as the number of sample standard deviations in the household, maternal, and child nutrition variables that are
associated with a 1.0-SD change in the empowerment measure. Stars indicate statistical significance at the 10% (*), 5% (**) and 1% (***) levels.
5. -0.05*** -0.04*
0.09*
-0.11*-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
HHS WDDS BMI HAZ WHZ WAZ EBF CDDS
Standarddeviation
Bangladesh
-0.09***
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
HHS WDDS BMI HAZ WHZ WAZ EBF CDDS
Nepal
-0.28*
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
HHS WDDS BMI HAZ WHZ WAZ EBF CDDS
Cambodia
Intrahousehold inequality score and
nutritional outcomes
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
HHS WDDS BMI HAZ WHZ WAZ EBF CDDS
Standarddeviation
Ghana
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
HHS WDDS CDDS
Mozambique
-0.18*
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
HHS WDDS* BMI
Tanzania
Notes: Preliminary findings from A4NH report by Quisumbing et al (2017), “Gender and women’s empowerment in nutrition-sensitive agriculture: New evidence and implications for
programming”. Charts report effect sizes, defined as the number of sample standard deviations in the household, maternal, and child nutrition variables that are associated with a 1.0-SD
change in the empowerment measure. Stars indicate statistical significance at the 10% (*), 5% (**) and 1% (***) levels.
6. Nepal - women’s nutritional
outcomes
-0.10***
-0.05**
-0.07***
0.06***
0.10***
-0.06***
-0.04*
0.07***
-0.06** -0.06***
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Ag decisions Autonomy in
production
Ag assets
owned
Ag assets w/
rights
Credit
decisions
Income
decisions
Group
membership
Speaking in
public
Hours worked Leisure
Standarddeviation
WDDS
BMI
Notes: Preliminary findings from A4NH report by Quisumbing et al (2017), “Gender and women’s empowerment in nutrition-sensitive agriculture: New evidence and
implications for programming”. Charts report effect sizes, defined as the number of sample standard deviations in the household, maternal, and child nutrition variables that are
associated with a 1.0-SD change in the empowerment measure. Stars indicate statistical significance at the 10% (*), 5% (**) and 1% (***) levels.
7. -0.10***
-0.06*
-0.11***
-0.09**
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Ag decisions Autonomy in
production
Ag assets
owned
Ag assets w/
rights
Credit
decisions
Income
decisions
Group
membership
Speaking in
public
Hours worked Leisure
Standarddeviation
HAZ
WHZ
WAZ
Nepal - children’s anthropometric
outcomes
Notes: Preliminary findings from A4NH report by Quisumbing et al (2017), “Gender and women’s empowerment in nutrition-sensitive agriculture: New evidence and
implications for programming”. Charts report effect sizes, defined as the number of sample standard deviations in the household, maternal, and child nutrition variables that are
associated with a 1.0-SD change in the empowerment measure. Stars indicate statistical significance at the 10% (*), 5% (**) and 1% (***) levels.
8. Lessons learned
• Context matters - overall empowerment more important in the Asian
samples (Bangladesh and Nepal) compared to the African ones
• Greater equality within households is associated with positive
nutritional outcomes, indicating importance of a household working
together to generate good nutrition for the family
• Tradeoffs exist between agriculture-nutrition pathways and women’s
empowerment
• In Nepal, control over assets is associated with lower hunger at the HH level
but also poorer outcomes for women (WDDS, BMI) and children (HAZ)
• Control over income matters for improving women’s diets, BUT if intensifying
participation in agriculture increases workload, then both maternal and child
nutrition could be at risk
9. Lessons learned
• WEAI can be used to identify policy and programming priorities by
disaggregating the contribution of each indicator to women’s
disempowerment
• Results suggest that interventions targeting top contributors to
disempowerment that could potentially improve a range of nutritional
outcomes could be very cost-effective, BUT we need to be mindful of
tradeoffs
• Given results are based on associations, not impact evaluations, gender-
and nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs that address the top
contributors to women’s disempowerment would need to be rigorously
evaluated both in terms of impact and cost-effectiveness to guide future
programming
In these graphs we see the results, showing the significance of the association between the 5 dimensions of empowerment and nutritional outcomes at household, maternal and child level as measured by specific indicators (as shown on the horizontal axis).
Results in these graphs and following use effect sizes to assess the relative effectiveness (or associations) between alternative women’s empowerment outcomes on various indicators of household, maternal, and child nutrition. Larger bars indicate a greater association between empowerment and the nutritional outcome.
Key points:
There is not a clear relationship between women’s empowerment and nutritional outcomes; however, context emerges as important in as it relates to the significance of women’s empowerment scores and nutritional outcomes.
For instance, overall 5DE scores are much more important as they relate to nutritional outcomes in the Asian countries (especially Bangladesh and Nepal) in our sample compared to the African ones.
Other more technical info –
5DE definition Weighted average of achievements in the 10 indicators if the female respondent is disempowered, = 1 if she is empowered. Censored empowerment scores used.
The effect size is defined as the number of sample standard deviations in the household, maternal, and child nutrition variables that are associated with a 1.0-SD change in the empowerment variable.
Intrahousehold inequality score - Difference in the male and female empowerment scores, = 0 if the female respondent is empowered.
Again, intrahousehold inequality scores are much more important as they relate to nutritional outcomes in the Asian countries (especially Bangladesh) in our sample compared to the African ones
Key point: Where significant, greater equality within households is almost always associated with positive nutritional outcomes. This suggests that nutritional programs that also aim at improving intrahousehold inequality could have greater impacts than those that do not. The finding that greater gender equality within households is associated with better nutritional outcomes indicates the importance of a household working together to generate good nutrition for the family.
There are many associations between women’s empowerment and women’s nutritional outcomes, both positive and negative.
Hours worked has a negative effect on women’s BMI (expend more calories) while satisfaction with leisure has a positive effect on women’s dietary diversity (consume X food group more)
Highlight
ag assets owned and ag assets with rights both have negative effect on HAZ scores
Number of hours worked per day has negative effect for HAZ and WAZ scores
In summary, finding ways to decrease women’s workload emerges as a potential entry point for interventions to improve nutrition outcomes for women and children in Nepal while a consistent negative association with group membership further illustrates the need to better understand the competing demands on women’s time and other resources.
Tradeoffs
In Nepal, control over assets is associated with lower hunger at the HH level but also poorer outcomes for women (WDDS, BMI) and children (HAZ)
Control over income matters for improving women’s diets, but if intensifying participation in agriculture increases workload, then both maternal and child nutrition could be at risk
WEAI application to policy/programming:
Previous analyses using the WEAI identified the top two or three contributors to disempowerment and recommended that programs be designed to support empowerment in these specific areas.
The present analysis finds that looking at the top two or three contributors to women’s disempowerment provides little, if not potentially misguided, direction for improving nutritional outcomes.
Focusing on the top two contributors to disempowerment would be misleading because different empowerment indicators matter for different nutritional outcomes and the results are largely country specific.
The model with all 10 indicators provides a much fuller picture of which indicators matter for which nutritional outcomes in a given context. It also suggests prime areas for policy and program work whenever overlap exists between a top contributor to disempowerment and a strong association between an indicator and positive nutritional outcomes.