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Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
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This presentation was given by Seamus Murphy (World Fish), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Gendered post-harvest losses among informal retailers in EgyptIFPRI-PIM
This presentation was given by Seamus Murphy (World Fish), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Integrating Gender in Policy Research and OutreachIFPRI-PIM
There is growing recognition of the importance of gender issues in policy and research. Gender equality is recognized as one of the Sustainable Development Goals, and is key to achieving most of the other goals as well. Yet it is often not clear what this means, in practice, or what kinds of knowledge and interventions are needed to contribute to these goals.
In this webinar, IFPRI researchers Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Elizabeth Bryan discuss key gender issues and entry points for policy research and outreach, focusing on processes for integrating gender into each stage of the research process, including priority setting, research design, methodologies, conduct of research, and communications for impact.
For more information and full recording of this webinar, visit http://bit.ly/GenderinPolResWebinar
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"Field testing of an innovative solar powered milk cooling solution for the higher efficiency of the dairy subsector in Tunisia"
This work is a summary of the report entitled "Addressing Gender Issues to enhance adoption of the innovative solar powered milk cooling solution for the higher efficiency of the dairy subsector in Tunisia" which explains the impact of a new technology - which is the cold on the farm using solar power - on the relationships between the Household head and his spouse. This Presentation is the result of a year and a half of research done by the socio-economic team of INRA Tunisia (Mr. Mohamed Zied Dhrief, Mrs Oueslti Mariem, Mr. Jebali Oussama)
Gendered post-harvest losses among informal retailers in EgyptCGIAR
This presentation was given by Seamus Murphy (World Fish), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Gendered post-harvest losses among informal retailers in EgyptIFPRI-PIM
This presentation was given by Seamus Murphy (World Fish), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 5-6 December 2017 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where the Platform is hosted (by KIT Royal Tropical Institute).
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-scientific-conference-capacity-development-workshop-cgiar-collaborative-platform-gender-research/
Integrating Gender in Policy Research and OutreachIFPRI-PIM
There is growing recognition of the importance of gender issues in policy and research. Gender equality is recognized as one of the Sustainable Development Goals, and is key to achieving most of the other goals as well. Yet it is often not clear what this means, in practice, or what kinds of knowledge and interventions are needed to contribute to these goals.
In this webinar, IFPRI researchers Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Elizabeth Bryan discuss key gender issues and entry points for policy research and outreach, focusing on processes for integrating gender into each stage of the research process, including priority setting, research design, methodologies, conduct of research, and communications for impact.
For more information and full recording of this webinar, visit http://bit.ly/GenderinPolResWebinar
Addressing Gender Issues to enhance adoption of the innovative solar powered ...Oussama Jebali
"Field testing of an innovative solar powered milk cooling solution for the higher efficiency of the dairy subsector in Tunisia"
This work is a summary of the report entitled "Addressing Gender Issues to enhance adoption of the innovative solar powered milk cooling solution for the higher efficiency of the dairy subsector in Tunisia" which explains the impact of a new technology - which is the cold on the farm using solar power - on the relationships between the Household head and his spouse. This Presentation is the result of a year and a half of research done by the socio-economic team of INRA Tunisia (Mr. Mohamed Zied Dhrief, Mrs Oueslti Mariem, Mr. Jebali Oussama)
How do perceptions of relative poverty influence women's empowerment? Evidenc...CGIAR
This presentation was given by Katrina Kosec (International Food Policy Research Institute), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
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Leading Issues in Extension Advisory Services – Gender Integrationpard0017
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a presentation about the importance of gender integration.
3rd Africa Rice Congress
Theme 4: Rice policy for food security through smallholder and agribusiness development
Mini symposium 3: Socio-economic drivers of change in rice sector development
Author: Akongo
Gender Equality aims towards achieving end of all forms of discrimination, empowering women and girls, eliminating all forms of violence including trafficking and exploitation and physical, mental and emotional abuse. Gender equality is a fundamental human right and for building sustainable and peaceful communities and nation as a whole The prerequisite lies towards having a common future for all and mission - our planet let's work together.
Gendered youth transitions to adulthood in the Drylands: Implications for tar...CGIAR
This presentation was given on 19 December 2019 by Esther Njuguna-Mungai (CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals), Ms. Katindi Sivi-Njonjo (GLDC Affiliated PhD student) and Dr. Eileen Bogweh Nchanji (International Center for Tropical Agriculture / CIAT) as part of the webinar ‘Gendered youth transitions to adulthood in the Drylands: Implications for targeting'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals.
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-youth-dryland/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Power through: A new concept in the empowerment discourseCGIAR
This presentation was given by Alessandra Galiè (ILRI) and Cathy Farnworth (independent) on 27 November 2019, as part of the webinar ‘Power through: A new concept in the empowerment discourse'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-power-through/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
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Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
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Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
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Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
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Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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The beginning of colonial policy in the area was signaled by the British annexation of the Cachar district in southern Assam in 1832. The region became an alluring investment opportunity for Europeans after British rule over Cachar, especially after the accidental discovery of wild tea in 1855. Within this historical context, this study explores three major stages that characterize the evolution of nature. First, it examines the distribution and growth of tea plantations, examining their size and rate of expansion. The second aspect of the study examines the consequences of land concessions, which led to the initial loss of native forests. Finally, the study investigates the increased strain on forests caused by migrant workers' demands. It also highlights the crucial role that the Forest Department plays in protecting these natural habitats from the invasion of tea planters. This study aims to analyze the intricate relationship between colonialism and the altered landscape of Cachar, Assam, by means of a thorough investigation, shedding light on the environmental, economic, and societal aspects of this historical transformation.
Altered Terrain: Colonial Encroachment and Environmental Changes in Cachar, A...
Filling the Gaps: Impacts of farmers group learning process on empowerment and gender equality in Sulawesi, Indonesia
1. Filling the gaps
Impacts of farmers group
learning process on
empowerment and gender
equality in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Elok Mulyoutami, James M Roshetko, Pratiknyo Purnomosidhi, Mahrizal
2. Background
▪ Agroforestry and forestry: linking knowledge to action is a project establishing diverse
agroforestry across a gradient of land use
▪ Project strategy to improve natural resources and agricultural awareness, access to
inputs and management skill of the poor community through Farmer LearningGroup
(FLG)
▪ Explicitly focused on gender and social differentiation issues to ensure both men and
women participate in decision making and improved rights and access to resources
▪ The needs to demonstrated FLG approach leads to impact on gender empowerment
3. Framework
- Global mandate on empowering women and reducing gender
inequalities – how to measure?
- A good method to compare how empowered men and women in
agricultural/agroforestry context
- Adapted Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (or WEAI)
that was developed by USAID, the International Food Policy
Research Institute, and the Oxford Poverty and Human
Development Initiative.
- Methods to identify specific opportunities and constraint in men
and women’s empowerment and inclusion in agricultural sectors
- WEAI Focus in five dimensions (Production, Resources, Income,
Leadership, Time use) but for this research, we add ‘knowledge and
skill’ as other important dimension
4. Framework:Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Index
Time
Production
Resource
Empowerment
Knowledge
and skill
Production reflecting contribution to work on several main livelihood
source and decision on agricultural production, livestock husbandry, cash crops
and others
Resources refers to the ownership of production resources on
land, livestock, agricultural equipment and decision making on selling
and buying those
Income shows the acknowledgement of their involvement on
producing income from some livelihood sources and sole or joint
control over the use of income or spending their money
Leadership reflecting the membership and level of liveliness of people
participate in public or community group and also the ability or their
confidence in public speaking
Time refers to time allocation for productive and domestic and also level
of satisfaction on their leisure time.
Knowledge and skills reflecting the ability and knowledge
improvement of people on agriculture/agroforest management as pest and
disease, grafting, garden maintenance, and how to improve crop productivities. This
also relates to people ability and willingness to share their new
knowledge to other people out of their household.
5. About
Farmer’s
learning group
▪ Smallholder group to learn how to
▪ Produce high quality planting material
▪ Practicing better farm management
▪ Running a small farm business
- Self formed based on spontaneously and voluntarily –
composition group can be homogenous or mixed (both
men and women)
- Encouraging but not coercing women to involve
- Regular visit from the facilitator (once per month)
6. Research
Methods
Province District Sub District Village for observation N of
respondent
on HHS
N of In-
depth
Interview
and
observation
F M Total F M Total
South
Sulawesi
Jeneponto Rumbia Jenetalassa, Kassi, Pallantikang 14 20 34 4 2 6
Gowa Tampobulu Garing, Cikoro 15 19 34 2 2 4
Southeast
Sulawesi
Konawe
Selatan
Lalembuu Atari Indah, Atari Jaya
Lambodi Jaya, Padaleu
Patuho Jaya, Sumber Jaya
24 20 44 2 2 4
Wolasi Ambesinauwi, Amoito Jaya, Aunupe,
Ranowila, Wolasi
23 22 45 2 3 5
Total 76 81 157 8 6 14
▪ Sampling methods: composition of farmers participate in FLG and non FLG
▪ Potentials confounding variables: economic status and level of respondent
activeness reduced by random selection of respondents
▪ In-depth interview and observation (adapted Ethnographic approach) to get some
stories unique to time and places
8. Empowerment score for each farmers characteristics
Empowerment score
FLG Non FLG All
Women Men All Women Men All Women Men All
Number of observation (n) 37 46 83 39 35 74 76 81 157
Number of individual who are empowered
(nemp)
35 45 80 32 29 61 67 74 141
Headcount ratio of empowered people
(Hemp)
0.95 0.98 0.96 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.88 0.91 0.90
Intensity of empowerment (Iemp) 0.84 0.89 0.87 0.82 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.87 0.85
M1 or Empowerment score (Hemp x Iemp) 0.80 0.87 0.84 0.67 0.69 0.68 0.73 0.79 0.76
Women’s empowerment in agricultural index
FLG Non FLG All
WEAI (0.5 x 5DE + 0.5 x GPI) 0.88 0.83 0.75
9. Empowerment score for each dimension
Female Male
Values
FLG
(n = 37)
Non FLG
(n = 39)
Sig
FLG
(n=46)
Non FLG
(n=33)
Sig
Production 0.15 0.13 - 0.16 0.15 -
Income 0.15 0.15 - 0.16 0.16 -
Leadership 0.15 0.11 Sig 0.16 0.12 Sig
Resources 0.14 0.15 - 0.15 0.14 -
Knowledge and Skill 0.12 0.07 Sig 0.12 0.09 Sig
Time 0.11 0.13 - 0.12 0.13 -
13. Gender parity index differences
Gender Parity Index
FLG Non FLG All
n (number of dual-adult household) 72 65 137
n Women not achieving gender parity 14 7 21
% Women achieving gender parity 81% 89% 85%
Average Empowerment Gap (IGPI) 0.22 0.15 0.45
Women with no gender parity (HGPI) 0.19 0.11 0.15
Gender Parity Index (1 - HGPI x IGPI) 0.96 0.98 0.93
14. Average gaps of empowerment score between men
and women based on their involvement in FLG
Who are involve in FLG?
Who are empowered?
(A)
Husband
and
Wife
(B) only
Husband
(C )
only
Wife
(D)
None
Grand
Total
Both Man
and Woman
Women’s score 0.93 0.76 0.80 0.75 0.87
Gaps -0.16 0.22 0.10 0.13 0.12
n 39 13 5 54 111
Man
Women’s score 0.43 0.34 0.50 0.40 0.41
Gaps 0.50 0.56 0.10 0.36 0.45
N 6 8 1 6 21
Woman
Women’s score 1.00 0.60 0.87
Gaps 0.90 0.30 0.50
N - - 1 2 3
None
Women’s score 0.15 0.15
Gaps 0.25 0.25
n - - - 2 2
Total
Women’s score 0.76 0.51 0.77 0.62 0.79
Gaps 0.17 0.33 0.19 0.15 0.18
n 45 21 7 64 137
15. Farmers statements
Mr. A04, Aunupe, Konawe Selatan, Southeast Sulawesi
My wife is only know about domestic issue… I used to share the result of the training that I attend, but she is
not really interested on that… so I just keep the new knowledge that I got from the training only for my self.
Mrs. B05, Kassi,Jeneponto, South Sulawesi
Taking care domestic work make me very busy… I don’t easily understand how to manage the garden, so I
rarely speak to my husband to talk about the garden maintenance
Mrs. B06,
Managing tree and crop garden is usually my husband business… I just busy with domestic thing
16. Farmers statements
Mr and Mrs AB01, Palantikang, Jeneponto, South Sulawesi
Husband says:
We need to discuss first before we decide what we need to do in our daily activities… We have four garden in
4 locations… two locations quite far from here… but the other two is close… We need to know what exactly
the type of work that we need to do… and after that we can discuss which location we need to work… based
on our time and capability… If we need to attend community meeting or training, we will discuss who should
attend… if the work in the garden is more suitable for me, so my wife who will attend the meeting… vice
versa…
Wife says:
Occasionally, we go to the field garden together, and do the work together. If the garden location is far, we
will bring some food from home… Only on the certain time we need to work alone, for example if we have
visitor, FLG activities, and there are some particular work that need specific task to do… we will work alone
in different location… All work is lighter if we done together, so everything needs to be planned together…
17. FLG may induced social transformation
• Changing roles has occurred as a result of improved communication
between men and women within household
• Women’s preference are well acknowledge before they making decision
• Changing roles may of result from improved mutual assistance between
men and women within the community in both field and domestic work
Across the board, men having significantly higher empowerment score than women (T-test with p-value 0.04). Men and women who involved in FLG having relatively higher empowerment score. Differences among the men who involve in FLG and who are not are statistically significant different, but difference among the women is not significant. Nearly 90% of respondent attain empowerment score more than 0.6 (from the highest score is 1) that we defined as empowered. Farmer who are involved in FLG but not categorized as empowered is about 3.6% while who are not involved in FLG is about 17.6%
Empowerment score (6D) obtained by multiplying the ratio of individual achieved empowerment (headcount ratio - H) with an average empowerment value or adequacy of empowered individual (empowerment intensity - I). The formula is as follows:
H6D = h (headcount ratio) / n (number of empowered individual observed)
Empowerment intensity or I6D = 𝑖=1 𝑘 𝑋 𝑖 𝑛
Where, x is the value of all individual empowerment or adequacy score (I), and n is the number of empowered individuals
Empowerment Score (6D) = I6D x H6D
Involvement in FLG performing people with high empowerment score. Further reviewing each dimension composing the score as presented in the tabel, dimension of knowledge and skill as well as leadership have significant contribution to the score. This is supporting elucidation of Mulyoutami (2015) on her finding in other district that FLG involvement could increase their confidence and knowledge, in particular for women.
Under this condition, couples could easily share knowledge and skill related to farming practices. The learning process was not limited to the person attending the FLG but also flowed to the spouse.
Leadership, as a dimension, was appraised based on the involvement of respondents in community groups. Not only in the group related to agricultural activity, but also a group that is associated with the entire community activities, such as in religious groups, social groups such as arisan (social gathering due to rotating-saving), and also other formal groups established by the government or agencies or community organizations. The liveliness involvement of respondent in any community groups were also taken into account, whether it’s active as board member or just passive. Second sub-dimension is the ability to speak in public, whether they just confidence to speak in homogenous or heterogeneous groups.
Leadership of smallholder involve in FLG is higher. For women, the activeness of their involvement in some community groups contribute higher to their leadership skill, while for men, they have more confidence to be able to speak in public, both in homogenous and heterogenous group. Men and women involve in the group have more chance to speak in public and sometimes share their experience to other farmers, therefore they confidence is better than the one who not fully involve in the group. Women were more confidence speak in homogenous group, this is in line with finding of Listiorini (2005) on her study in eastern part of Indonesia. Women were more active in community groups rather than man, both they are FLG farmers or non FLG. Religious groups and social gathering were usually consist of women rather than men, and they usually have regular activities or meeting. Men are usually involve in more formal groups or some inactive or less active community group.
Increment of leadership skill within 5 years period behind is 30% and 20%, for FLG and non FLG respectively. For FLG, increment of men’s leadership (25%) slightly higher than woman (24%) and both are still relatively higher than non FLG. This data indicate that involvement in FLG have compelling impact in improving the leadership for both men and women.
This is particulary relates to producing high quality planting material (grafting), know and understand about pest and disease management, improving crop productivity through better fertilizing techniques, and better plants/garden management e.g. pruning and weeding. In the surveys, all respondent required to provide an assessment of the scale of their level of knowledge and skills on current conditions and five years ago. The scale is from 1 to 9, the higher scale indicates the higher skills and knowledge.
Across the board of all sub-dimension of knowledge, women and men involved in FLG has higher score than non FLG. Gaps between women and men in FLG is fewer than non FLG. Knowledge and skill on fertilizing were become the essential part for FLG both for men and women. A men said that fertilizing technique can be get from any source of information/knowledge from any organization or program, but for FLG they perceived they could get more knowledge as they also produce their own organic fertilizer and some of them were also can sell the tailored fertilizer.
Gaps between FLG and non FLG score in term of grafting skill is quite large, shows that FLG play an important role to transfer knowledge and skill on this aspect.
The disparity between men and women in the household is very small. Gender parity index in FLG is slightly lower than non FLG.
Gender parity index showed dissimilarity of empowerment value between men and women in dual-adult household. Households with no mature couple, which consisting women or men only are not included in the category of dual-adult household. To get the value of gender parity, empowerment value for both dual-adult household member, the respondents and the spouse need to be determined. Parity is achieved when the empowerment value of respondent and spouse are nearly the same. The first component of the Parity index is number of household (H) not achieved parity, can be either the respondent or spouse (Hdisparity). HGPI is the ratio of the number of families do not achieve equality of the number of all dual-adult household. The second component is the average of the difference between empowerment value (Empowerment Intensity - I) of each couple in dual-adult household (IGPI). The result of multiplying these two components showed disparities between couple, and gender parity index represents the difference of this multiplying result with the highest equality value which is one.
HGPI = Hdisparity / n (number of all dual-adult household)
IGPI = 1 ℎ 𝑗=1 ℎ 𝑐 ′ 𝑗 (𝑘) 𝑊 − 𝑐 ′ 𝑗 (𝑘) 𝑀 1− 𝑐 ′ 𝑗 (𝑘) 𝑀
Where 𝑐 ′ 𝑗 (𝑘) 𝑊 (𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛) dan 𝑐 ′ 𝑗 (𝑘) 𝑀 (𝑚𝑎𝑛) the empowerment value or intensity or adequacy of the main couple (husband and wife) in household (j) and h is the number of
households with gender parity.
GPI = 1 – (HGPI x IGPI)
In order to increase GPI score, the percentage of women who have parity should also increased (reducing HGPI) or by scaling down the difference of empowerment value for both couple (reducing IGPI).
This table performing the difference of women empowerment score in different types of FLG involvement. Involvement in FLG may imboost women empowerment quite substantial if it’s involve both husband and wife (type A), the highest women’s score are in this typology (0.93). Along with men empowerment, women empowerment were also happen with the low gaps and it found in 53% case of people who involve in FLG. The second highest average empowerment score fall in the group of (C) with the score 0.8, found in 5 out of 6 respondent’s number. Though in average, the parity level of FLG farmers still lower than non FLG, but they could achieved high empowerment level. Non FLG farmers are having average empowerment score 0.75 for both men and women, it’s much lower than the empowerment level of people in FLG.
There are 11% from the total dual-adult HH, where the women are not empowered but the HH is involve in FLG. More than 50% of them, only the husband who actively involve in FLG. The husband were not sharing their new knowledge and skill to the wife, due to the low interest of the wife in agriculture as mention by Mr. A04, Mrs. B05, Mrs. B06 on below statement. Moreover, there are 40% of un-empowered women inside the HH involve in FLG but with both husband and wife are active. Looking at the individual data of who include in this typology, most of them are not yet having their own resource assets, they still attached with their extended family, and therefore the adequacy score of resource ownership and control are very low.