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Empowering women in seaweed utilisation for food: A cross-country peer-led approach
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This presentation was given by Libby Swanepoel (USC), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia. Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
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Empowering women in seaweed utilisation for food: A cross-country peer-led approach
- Empowering women in seaweed utilisation for food: A cross-country peer-led approach Dr Libby Swanepoel (USC) Karibanang Tamuera, Tereere Tioti, Tooreka Teemari & Taati Eria (MFMRD Kiribati) Ulusapeti Tiitii (MAF Samoa) Dr Silva Larson and A/Prof Nicholas Paul (USC)
- Kiribati • Triple burden of disease • Diet and food choice • Edible seaweeds
- Nutrition Sustainability Women & families Socioeconomic benefits Why seaweed?
- Seaweed in Samoa & Indonesia Lessons for Kiribati Pacific Seaweed Project ACIAR FIS/2010/098 Indonesian Seaweed Project ACIAR FIS/2015/038
- Aim Determine the impact of a country-to-country peer led approach on people’s interest, barriers and enablers, and expected costs and benefits from future engagement in seaweed activities.
- Approach • Action research: Cross-country peer-led approach • 2-day practical workshop • Adult learning principles - active and experiential learning • Sampling – nominated representatives from each village
- Approach Data collection • In-person structured interviews (45-60 minutes) • Training of enumerators and participant verification Analysis • Conventional content analysis of qualitative responses against the DONE* framework *DONE: Determinants of Nutrition and Eating
- Findings • 24 women from 12 village communities • Aged 24 - 71 years • Increased confidence & self-efficacy • Perceived benefits - Nutrition - Income generation - Social connectedness • Barriers - Ongoing support - Community drive and motivation
- Participation in seaweed activities 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Collecting (gleaning on the reef) Farming (shallow water from the shore) Farming (deep water from a boat) Processing Selling Leading a business Sharing knowledge
- Identified benefits 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% Health and Nutrition Financial Convenience Food safety
- Enablers Instructional support • Written/didactic instructions • Training manual • Recipes • Small business skills Accessing a market “I request some training and to get better skills on how to market seaweed, I want to learn what business things need to be planned for before marketing.” [Participant 2; age 39] “We need to raise awareness and do some promotion on the radio so that people see the importance of eating seagrapes for health.” [Participant 8; age 39]
- Enablers Social support “The training program was useful when we were able to go to the field and take part with the practical exercise. Watching the Samoan women allowed me to learn and remember the know-how. They show me it is so easy.” [Participant 7, age 35] “If I can go with someone I will feel safer, so maybe I will go with my niece or neighbour.” [Participant 21; age 54]
- Financial decision-making Potential to generate cash income for - children’s education - daily provisions - church donations - bingo 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Saving Children's education Buy food from the store Bingo Church donations Daily needs (bus fare, soap)
- • Peer and social support • Policy implications • Knowledge • Awareness • Self-efficacy • Taste • Business skills • Market • Access • Availability • Equipment Environment Individual InterpersonalPolicy Determinants of seaweed activities Findings in context of the DONE framework
- So what…Recipe modification of traditional coconut rice vs seaweed sonkolo in Indonesia Nutrient Traditional coconut rice/100g Seaweed sonkolo/100g Energy (kJ) 1496 1154 Protein (g) 6.6 6.1 Total Fat (g) 4.4 3.4 Saturated Fat (g) 2.6 1.8 Carbohydrate (g) 70 60 Dietary Fibre (g) 2.8 11.9 Potassium (mg) 78 95 Calcium (mg) 8.7 10.7
- Future direction Socially inclusive engagement of whole communities, is needed to empower women and their families to access sustainable seaweed value chains. Describe the minutia of family structures, church and village hierarchies is needed. Participatory research to accommodate women’s diverse needs and address issues at the beginning of the food supply chain is warranted to explore and build roles that are sustainable for women and their families. a
- Thank you! Research supported by
Editor's Notes
- Empowering women in seaweed utilisation for food will enhance human nutrition and reduce risks in human health, improve wealth and wellbeing.
- Nutritious – thousands of varieties, all with a unique nutrient composition, however in general seaweeds are high in zinc, magnesium, some contain iron and iodine, some are high in protein, and phytochemicals and omega fatty acids. Sustainability – described as a ‘no feed’ crop (?) meaning there are no inputs, we don’t need to feed them, fertilise them, water them, when harvested appropriately they continue to grow in a sustainable manner. Women and families – women and families can play a role at every point of the seaweed value chain, unlike boat fishing, or physically laborious cropping, women harvesters can glean seaweeds from the reef at low tide only needing to enter the water to their ankles. Family friendly activities. Socio-economic benefits - The no feed nature of seaweed fishing makes it a ow cost food, with great socioeconomic potential.
- Needs based – activities in Kiribati have developed out of identified needs, and need can be addressed through successful application of edible seaweed industries in Indonesia and Samoa.
- Action research where participants took ownership of recipe development, price and marketing strategies Sampling – wanted the influential women, but not the most busy women, need to be in an honorary position because they will have influence
- Simolu from Samoa showing local women how to clean freshly gleaned seaweed.
- Diversity in ages of participants.
- Participants involved in marketing and selling of seagrapes – they brainstormed a name for seagrapes, appropriate price based on what they thought the people of Kiribati would pay, and set up a roadside vendor stall. Identified women who were more entrepreneurial in their marketing strategies.
- Action research where participants took ownership of recipe development, price and marketing strategies
- Promote health by sourcing nutritious food for themselves and their families
- Social support – watching Samoan women filled them with confidence
- Environment – we’ve focussed on just seagrapes – however there is potential to diversify to acantophera, kappaphycus and ulva based on Indonesian success stories.
- Future direction Understanding the minutia of family structures, church and village hierarchies is needed to inform targeted approaches that support all women and families, rather than a select few. Engaging whole communities, both men and women, from all socioeconomic backgrounds, is needed to empower women and their families to establish sustainable seaweed value chains. Further participatory research to gain in-depth understanding of how to accommodate women’s diverse needs and address issues at the beginning of the food supply chain is warranted. Such gender inclusive activities are needed to explore and build roles that are sustainable for women and their families. Food supply chains including production, distribution and consumption are underpinned by small-scale farmers and fishers Small business training for women in Kiribati
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