Eustasy&Bolides.ppt

1. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Enigma of Cyclic Character Sedimentary Record of Earth Cosmic Connection to Snowballs From Outer Space By Christopher George St. Clement Kendall

2. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Probability for us of Asteroid Impact USA • Motor Vehicle Accident - 1 in 100 • Homicide - 1 in 300 • Fire - 1 in 800 • Firearms Accident - 1 in 2,500 • Electrocution - 1 in 5,000 • Aircraft Accident - 1 in 20,000 • Asteroid Impact - 1 in 25,000 • Flood - 1 in 30,000 • Tornado -- 1 in 60,000 • Venomous bite or sting - 1 in 100,000 • Fireworks accident - 1 in 1 million • Food Poisoning - 1 in 3 million (after Chapman & Morrison)

3. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Objects in space collide with Earth!

4. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Shoemaker Levy 9 Comet

5. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Impacts cause a beat in sedimentary record? The stratigraphic record divided into repeated sequences bounded by erosional events or unconformities.

6. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Impacts cause a beat in sedimentary record? • Punctuation of stratigraphic record expressed as changes in geometric character of sediments bounded by erosional surfaces • Driven by changes in relative position of sea • Some of these changes in sea level may be a response to collisions with large fast objects from outer space?

7. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Beat of Sea Level change in sedimentary record? The stratigraphic record divided into repeated sequences bounded by erosional events or unconformities.

8. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! • 1st 50+Ma Continental Breakup • 2nd 1-50 Ma Oceanic ridge spreading & Crustal cooling • 3rd 1-5 Ma P Glacial Eustasy P Tectonism P Sediment Loading • 4th .08- 1 Ma Milankovitch Cycles & Tectonism Order & Frequency of Stratigraphic Sequences – Traditional Causes

10. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Glacial/Eustatic Model – Problem 3RD ORDER GEOLOGIC PERIODS WHEN GLACIAL/EUSTATIC SIGNALS ARE RECOGNIZED : • Pleistocene and Late Tertiary • Pennsylvanian and Permian • Ordovician • Precambrian

11. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Precession Wobble - Tilt From Plane - Eccentric Path of Earth Around Sun

12. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Coastlines – Ice Melts & Ice Sheet

13. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Glaciation in Permian

14. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Global 3rd Order Sequences in Mesozoic Problem! • None of these effects are responsible for the 3rd order global sequences in the Mesozoic • Eustatic Model –signals of glacial events are not recognized for Mesozoic or Early Tertiary

15. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Global 3rd Order Sequences in Cenozoic Sequestration by Ice • Some global eustatic events could be responsible for 3rd order global sequences linked to Late Tertiary & Quaternary glacial events (30 Ma) but even these are associated with high frequency events!

18. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! The Earth was one time like the Sun & was molten. Now we have a thin crust over the molten interior!!

19. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Major Features of Earth’s Interior

20. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Continental Margin Bulges Up S Mid-Oceanic Ridge Bulges Up S Transverse Fault

21. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Expanding ocean evidenced by parallel ridges!

22. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Volcano Ocean Crust Trench Continental Crust Lithosphere Mantle Convergent Margin evidenced by Trench & Volcanic Mountains

23. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Continental Crust Lithosphere Mantle Convergent Margin evidenced by Inter-Continental Mountains

24. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! 150 Million years of Plate movement!

25. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Major Plates of the Globe

26. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Transform Boundaries • Two plates slide past each other • Usually between mid-oceanic ridge segments – Can also connect ridge and trench – Or trench to trench • Origin of offset of ridges

27. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions!

28. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Transform Faults

29. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Fault Stress Release Drives High Frequency Accommodation CLOETING STATES • Stress builds up in continental margin in response to compression or extension • At 3rd order time intervals release of stress at faults causes local transgressions PROBLEM • Stress release is expressed as earthquakes • Magnitude 7 earthquakes release 1027 ergs of energy locally • Only the signal can be detected at some distance away

32. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Sediment drives high frequency accommodation GALLOWAY STATES • Variations in sediment supply driven by tectonic uplift and continental erosion • Uplift driven by flexural response to down dip loading of shelf margin and plate collision • Accommodation results from thermal subsidence and third order flexure produced by sediment loading PROBLEM • No explanation for global transgressions • Thermal subsidence & variation in sediment supply are local

33. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! The Hypothesis! “Now we have a chaos of theories of the most part conflicting. Some or all or none of them may be correct; partly or altogether. It is an area where imagination remains largely unfettered by the bonds of certainty.” D.P. Geddis, 1954 From “An Analysis of the Kinsey Report on the Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Female”

34. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Stress Release at Plate Boundaries HIGH FREQUENCY ACCOMMODATION MODEL • Stress builds up in continental margin in response to compression or extension • At 3rd order time intervals release of stress at faults causes local transgressions when bolides collide! RESULTS • Stress release is expressed as earthquakes • Magnitude 7 earthquakes release 1027 ergs of energy locally • Signal detected all over the Earth!

35. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Energy of Impacts

36. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Extraterrestrial - High Frequency Accommodation • 20 km diameter Asteroids striking Earth at velocities exceeding 30-40km/sec will release 1032-33 ergs (106ergs times magnitude 7 earthquakes) • Energy of impact depresses the crust, causing it to undulate world wide.

37. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Large objects striking Earth in last century

38. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Meteor Crater Arizona Iron nickel meteorite struck 50,000 years ago weighing several hundred tons at velocity of 40,000 mph & explosive force greater than 20 million tons of TNT 1.2-kilometers wide (3/4 of a mile), 174- meters deep (570-feet)

39. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Frequency of Impacts • Impact large enough to create crater size of Meteor Crater occurs every 1000 to 2000 years somewhere on Earth • The chances of such an impact occurring this year is 1 in 1500, an uncomfortably large probability • The chances of being demolished by an impact are much smaller. – The area devastated around Meteor Crater was 800-1500 km2 - about 1000 km2 – The surface area of Earth is 510 million km2 – So chances of being destroyed is only about 1 in 500,000. • Probability of any one being killed by a Meteor Crater-sized impact -- only 1 in 7.5 billion. (after Chapman & Morrison)

40. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Most Impacts are Small • Hiroshima ‘A’ Bomb released 150 kilotons • 10-metre diameter meteoric body has kinetic energy of about 100 kilotons – Detonates at altitude above 10 km – Causes little or no damage on ground – Alarm to witnesses as on 9 October 1997 in El Paso, Texas • Similar events are recorded by US surveillance satellites, one or two per month, with smaller Kiloton sized explosions happen every 1 to 10 days

41. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Iron Rich Meteorite – From Green Land

42. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Large Impacts On Earth • 120 impact craters for past 2 billion years cataloged • Diameters from 10’s of meters up to 200 km CRATER RECOGNITION IS LOW • Craters smaller than 20km easily eroded • Asteroids tend to hit ocean MAJOR CRATERS • Sudbury, Ontario- shock metamorphism; & diameter of 200km identify (Grieves, 1991) • Chicxulub, Mexico- Gravity & Magnedics identify 200km crater; penetrated 15 km (Hidebrand et al.,1991) • Veredfort, South Africa- 150km in diameter (Spudis 1993)

43. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Chicxulub, Mexico - Gravity & Magnetics Identify 200 km crater - penetrated 15 km into earth (Hidebrand et al.,1991) Product of 10 km diameter object!

44. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! 32 Km & 22 Km Clearwater Lakes Quebec

45. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Impacts recorded in sedimentary record? Grieve,1991

46. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Comet Colliding with Earth

47. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Impact Effect on Sea Level?

48. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! The Hypothesis!

52. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Stress Release at Plate Boundaries HIGH FREQUENCY ACCOMMODATION MODEL • Stress builds up in continental margin in response to compression or extension • At 3rd order time intervals release of stress at faults causes local transgressions when bolides collide! RESULTS • Stress release is expressed as earthquakes • Magnitude 7 earthquakes release 1027 ergs of energy locally • Signal detected all over the Earth!

53. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Impacts Explain Global Events • Extensive marine transgressions • Organic rich shales • Climatic cooling • Major extinctions • Tectites • Iridium concentrations in shale • Magnetic field reversals

54. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Impact Associations • Impact craters • Shock metamorphism of sedimentary grains • Tsunamis’ • Ore deposits

55. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Potential For Collision (Shoemaker 1991) •Over 1000 objects over 1km diameter in orbits which cross Earth •During next 100 million years, over 1000 impacts will produce craters 10km diameter •5 km diameter every 100,000 years •10 km diameter objects will produce 200+ km diameter craters every 4 million years •A 20 km diameter object will collide with Earth every 3 billion years •Between 1975 &1992, 136 explosions were detected in upper atmosphere from extraterrestrial objects over 1 km diameter in orbits crossing the Earth •Rate of bombardment of Earth matches Moon

56. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Evidence of Impacts • Numerous large impact craters occur on the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jovian Moons • Continue to form today – In 1178 Gervase of Canterbury believed to have observed a contemporary impact on Moon (Clube and Napier). – 7th November 2005 Rob Suggs (NASA) observed another • Lunar multi-ring basins on the Moon exceed 3000km

57. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters on Far Side of Moon

58. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters form on Moon today! On 7th November 2005 Rob Suggs of NASA observed impact First night testing 10- inch telescope to monitor space strikes on Moon

59. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Historical Frequency of Craters forming on Moon Earth & Moon Form by Accretion Cataclysmic Bombardment Moon & Earth

60. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Crater Size on Moon

61. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters Far Side of Moon

62. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Diameter 85 km Depth 4.8 km Tycho Crater Moon Diameter 85 km Depth 4.8 km

63. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters South Moon

64. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Copernicus - Crater on Moon Diameter - 107 Km

65. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters on Moon - Orientale Basin 3 rings - Inner Rook Mts, Outer Rook Mt s, & Cordillera Mts Diameter - 930 Km

66. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Asteroid Ida! irregularly shaped asteroid from asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

67. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Asteroid Ida irregularly shaped asteroid from asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

68. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters on Eros Asteroid Asteroid between Mars and Earth On Monday, 12 February 2001, the NEAR spacecraft touched down on asteroid Eros!.

69. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters on Mercury

70. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters on Mercury

71. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Hour Glass Craters on Mars

72. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters on Ganymede & Callisto Jupiter’s Moons

73. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Callisto

74. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters on Jupiter’s Moon Europa

75. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters Jupiter’s Moon Io - Volcanic!

76. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Shoemaker Levy & Jupiter Hubble Image

77. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Shoemaker Levy & Jupiter

80. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Craters on Phoebe outermost Satellite of Saturn

81. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Crater on Mimas a Satellite of Saturn

82. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Potential For Collision During Lifetime • Win State lottery 1 in 5,200,000* • Killed by terrorists on an overseas trip 1 in 650,000* • Killed by lighting 1 in 600,000* • Asteroid impact on Earth 1 in 30,000 • Killed in a plane 1 in 30,000 • Killed by American in Baltimore 1 in 4,000* • Dying in a car 1 in 75* Statistic compiled from *Baptist Hospital newspaper Columbia, SC, May 94 & Economist, Sept 11-17, 93

84. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Conclusions •"...when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth." Sherlock Holmes in The Sign of the Four by Conan Doyle

85. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Conclusions • Extraterrestrial hypervelocity impacts cause some (but not all) 3rd order rapid global transgression on Haq et al • Extraterrestrial hypervelocity impacts globally cause: – Climatic cooling – Organic rich shales – Major extinction – Tectites – Iridium concentrations in shale – Global enigmatic tectonic events • Other mechanisms for 3rd order onlap cycles are local & tectonically driven, but not global • Stratigraphic markers for global correlation & prediction)

86. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Hale-Bopp – Comet

87. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Halle – Comet?

88. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Halley’s - Comet

89. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! THE HYPOTHESIS!

90. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Comet

92. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Earth’s deep-ocean trenches

94. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Origin of 3rd Order Global Accommodation • Global Variation in sea level – Eustasy • Sediment Loading

95. Midlands. Astronomy Club – Collisions! Mantle Convection?

Eustasy&Bolides.ppt

Eustasy&Bolides.ppt

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Eustasy&Bolides.ppt