Trade-offs between food production and ecosystem services in Zambia's Barotse Floodplain
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This document discusses trade-offs and synergies between sustainable food production and ecosystem services for communities in the changing Barotse Floodplain region of Zambia. A package of research questions and methods are proposed to examine how landscape use impacts diets and meets nutrient needs, identify opportunities to improve diets while considering environmental and economic costs/benefits, and develop options that can be implemented at scale. The goal is to find agriculture and nutrition solutions through participatory analysis of scenarios and integrating ecosystem, food system and nutrition factors in models.
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Trade-offs between food production and ecosystem services in Zambia's Barotse Floodplain
- 1. Trade-offs and synergies between sustainable food production and other critical ecosystem services for women and men in the changing and dynamic Barotse Floodplain, Zambia Natalia Estrada-Carmona Bioversity International Photo:KrishnasisGhosh
- 2. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Searchinger et al., (2015). High carbon and biodiversity costs from converting Africa’s wet savannahs to cropland. Nature Climate Change, 5(May). doi:10.1038/nclimate2584
- 3. Cattle in the floodplain during the dry season Temporal villages (fisherman) Reeds to make mats Cropping with high risk of floods Fishing Wildlife habitat Lealui Nalitoya Mapungu
- 4. Package of research questions and methods Diet module Using exis ng data from AAS biodiversity assessment and value chain surveys To what extent do diets meet nutrient requirements of women and children in different seasons? How and why is the landscape used by # groups for their diets? Capturing temporal and spa al variability Seasonal calendars and land use maps are developed together with the communi es What is the poten al of the landscape to improve diets? Landscape monitoring A combina on of remote sensing and par cipatory plot, farm & market sampling creates nutri onal poten al maps and helps iden fying where and how diversifica on is possible What are environmental and economic costs and benefits of different op ons? Integrated modeling Landscape IMAGES, Farm DESIGN, and Cost of Diet are being applied to Barotse data to help iden fy best-bet solu ons. Op ons are discussed in view of community planning and dreaming synergies and How can op ons go to scale? Theory of change development & link to policy, markets & capacity building Research ques ons Methodology work packages
- 5. To what extent do diets meet nutrient requirements of women and children in different seasons? Food Consumption – CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems Value Chain Survey, adults
- 6. Check out our recently-published map with the land types http://arcg.is/1Gz92wx How and why is the landscape used by # groups for their diets?
- 8. Does matter where food is produced? Trade-offs? Materials for construction Habitat for wildlife Cattle grazing Fish Water for agriculture Droughts/Floods control Pest control Mulapo
- 10. Exploring options and evaluation of interventions and tradeoffs and synergies What is the potential of the landscape to improve diets?
- 11. What are environmental and economics cost and benefits of different options? Area (%) Crop or Crop rotation 12 Sorghum 61 Eggplant local 0 Watermelon 0 Sweet potato/Tomato/Cabbage/Rape /Groundnuts 1 Cassava/Cowpeas 26 Maize/Pumpkin/Rice
- 12. How can options go to scale? Ecosystem services Food system services Original landscape Learn more: http://bit.ly/BarotseMap
- 13. Discussion and take-away messages Our goal is to find agriculture-nutrition pathways for healthy communities and landscapes through: • Trade-offs, synergies and scenarios analysis with communities • Integrating ecosystem services, food systems and nutrition variables in multi-objective landscape and farming models
Editor's Notes
- Introduction Landscapes across the world are undergoing rapid transitions. In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, large areas of land have been targeted for agricultural intensification, whilst other areas are undergoing rapid urbanization. These transitions are paired with changes in local social, ecological and food systems. How do these transitions impact agriculture-nutrition pathways and what are entry points for synergies? To address this question, we’re developing an integrated landscape approach that addresses agriculture-nutrition linkages as part of a socio-ecological system. We present preliminary results from the Barotse floodplain in Zambia.
- It is expected that working along such gradients and diverse landscapes will help identify interactions between various ecosystems and the well-being of their populations, allowing researchers to differentiate factors which are very context-specific from those which can be applied in other similar landscapes One of the main drivers of ecosystem services in the Barotse is the dynamic of the flood pulse associated with the wet and dry seasons – this seasonal flooding fundamentally shapes the ecosystems, community lives and livelihoods and production in the system. Local communities have responded to this for centuries diversifying their livelihoods by migrating from the floodplain every year to the upland areas (with the cattle as well), prior to the floods. Although this migration is still an active tradition, there exist some permanent villages located in elevated areas (little islands) within the plain. Also, there are some permanent villages in the upland where usually men are the ones who migrate to the floodplains for fishing opportunities when water resides. In short, this is a highly complex system, driven by flood dynamics and system ecology, with resourceful and adaptive communities who respond to the challenges and opportunities these dynamics present.
- Only 7% is consuming ≥ 5 food groups Only 15% is consuming ≥ 4 food groups
- Population growth and increasing urbanization are coinciding with an increase of health problems related to poor nutrition around the world. Around 800 million people suffer from insecure food supplies, while 2.1 billion people are obese or overweight. At the same time, 2 billion people lack essential vitamins and minerals critical for growth and development, such as vitamin A, iron and zinc. It is important to note that often these forms of malnutrition co-exist. Source: Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. 2014 FAO: The State of Food and Agriculture 2014 Global Hunger Index 2014
- The basket of technologies (and activities) consists of farm and land management activities that are currently present, or innovative (enriched). This can include new crop and animal types, and trees, etc. These are fed into the modelling at farm or landscape level. Within those models, besides the bio-economic farm indicators like profitability, nutrient cycling and losses, labor profiles, etc., also indicators related to nutrition have been added. These can be used as either an objective to improve (e.g. increase diversity), or as a constraint that has to be within certain limits (adequate nutrition). The models can be used in a scenario-oriented or exploration-oriented manner. The scenario-oriented approach by proposing practices, activities and technologies as an intervention “manually” and to calculate the effect on indicators. In the exploration-oriented approach this is done in a systematic way, to explore the tradeoffs and synergies among performance indicators. Points of attention: the word ‘technologies’ is used in a rather loose and broad manner here, relates not only technological options, but encompasses any productive or management practice/activity that is carried out on-farm or in-landscape. the word ‘optimization’ is always difficult and immediately points to decision making and coercion. We have to indicate that optimization algorithms are used to explore the window of opportunities, but not to arrive at ‘perfect’ farms that should be implemented. We see the models as “discussion-support” tools, rather than decision-support. Source: Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. 2014 FAO: The State of Food and Agriculture 2014 Global Hunger Index 2014
- This Initiative studies how to curb the loss of crop and tree biodiversity, and support systems that contribute to more diversity through: Strategies, management and trait identification This area of work encompasses the design of global and national strategies for the conservation of priority crop genetic resources, and the preparation of action plans to implement these strategies. Information services and seed supplies Our researchers gather evidence with farmers, breeders, seed producers, extension agents and natural resource managers about how seed systems function and how to ensure they deliver varieties and species with traits farmers need. Policies, institutions and monitoring We research how policies affect the sharing and conservation of crop and tree diversity and identify incentives for farmers and natural resource managers to conserve, share and use genetic resources. Examples of research under this initiative can be found here http://www.bioversityinternational.org/strategic-framework/genetic-resources/
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