Lost in transaction - Strategies to deal with (in)consistency in distributed systems

Bernd Ruecker
@berndruecker
Lost in transaction?
Strategies to deal with
(in)consistency in distributed systems
Do A
Do B
All or
nothing
+
try {
tx.begin();
doA();
doB();
tx.commit();
} catch (Exception e) {
tx.rollback();
}
@Transactional
public void createCustomer(Customer cust) {
// ...
}
Or simply:
Once upon a time:
A
C
I
D
Atomicity
Consistency
Isolation
Durability
Distributed systems
Distributed systems
Distributed systems
But there is two-phase commit (XA)!!
TX
Coordinator
Resource
Managers
Prepare
Phase
Commit
Phase
Pat Helland
“
Distributed Systems Guru
Worked at Amazon,
Microsoft & Salesforce
Pat Helland
Grown-Ups Don’t Use
Distributed Transactions
“
Distributed Systems Guru
Worked at Amazon,
Microsoft & Salesforce
Starbucks does not use two phase commit
https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/ramblings/18_starbucks.html
Photo by John Ingle
Eric Brewer
Atomicity
Consistency
Isolation
Durability
http://pld.cs.luc.edu/courses/353/spr11/notes/brewer_keynote.pdf
That means
Do A
Do B
Temporarily
inconsistent
Eventually
consistent
again
t
Consistent
Local
ACID
Local
ACID
1 (micro-)service
1 aggregate
1 program
1 resource
Violates „I“
of ACID
Youmightknowthisfrom:
Do A
Do B
Temporarily
inconsistent
Eventually
consistent
again
t
Consistent
Photo by Gerhard51, available under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 license.
„Building on Quicksand“ Paper
A
C
I
D
2.0Pat Helland
Associative
Commutative
Idempotent
Distributed
2.0
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
a + b = b + a
f(x) = f( f(x) )
„Building on Quicksand“ Paper
Pat Helland
Requirement: Idempotency of services!
Photo by pixabay, available under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 license.
Requirement: Idempotency of services!
Photo by Chr.Späth, available under Public Domain.
Associative
Commutative
Idempotent
Distributed
2.0
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
a + b = b + a
f(x) = f( f(x) )
„Building on Quicksand“ Paper
Pat Helland
Distributed
It is impossible to
differentiate certain
failure scenarios:
Independant of
communication style!
Service
Provider
Client
Network problems
Credit
Card
Payment
charge
Strategy: retry
Credit
Card
Payment
Charge Credit Card
cardNumber
amount
Charge Credit Card
cardNumber
amount
transactionId
Not idempotent
Idempotent
has to be idempotent
charge
Strategy: Cleanup
Credit
Card
Payment
charge
Make sure it is
not charged!
Cancel charge
cardNumber
amount
transactionId
Raise
payment failed
Some communication challenges
require state.
Strategy: Stateful retry
Credit
Card
Payment
charge
Strategy: Stateful retry
Credit
Card
Payment
charge
Make sure it is
not charged!
Warning:
Contains Opinion
Berlin, Germany
bernd.ruecker@camunda.com
@berndruecker
Bernd Ruecker
Co-founder and
Developer Advocate of
Camunda
Let‘s use a lightweight OSS workflow engine for this:
Payment
Stateful retry
Credit
Card
REST
Stateful retry & cleanup
Credit
Card
Payment
REST
Live hacking
https://github.com/flowing/flowing-retail/tree/master/rest
Embedded Engine Example (Java)
https://blog.bernd-ruecker.com/architecture-options-to-run-a-workflow-engine-6c2419902d91
Remote Engine Example (Polyglot)
https://blog.bernd-ruecker.com/architecture-options-to-run-a-workflow-engine-6c2419902d91
A relatively common pattern
Service
(e.g. Go)
Kafka / Rabbit
RDMS
1. Receive
4. Send additional events
2. Business Logic
3. Send
response? ACK
Out-of-order messages
https://www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com/patterns/messaging/Resequencer.html
Lost in transaction - Strategies to deal with (in)consistency in distributed systems
Lost in transaction - Strategies to deal with (in)consistency in distributed systems
That means
Do A
Do B
Temporarily
inconsistent
Eventually
consistent
In case of failure:
Compensate or apologise
t
Consistent
https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/pathelland/2007/05/15/memories-guesses-and-apologies/
Lost in transaction - Strategies to deal with (in)consistency in distributed systems
Compensation – the classical example
Saga
book
hotel
book
car
book
flight
cancel
hotel
cancel
car
1. 2. 3.
5.6.
In case of failure
trigger compensations
book
trip
2 alterntive approaches: choreography & orchestration
Event-driven choreography
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
Trip
booked
Flight
booked
Trip
requested
Hotel
booked
Car
booked
Request
trip
Event-driven choreography
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
Trip
failed
Trip
requested
Hotel
booked
Car
booked
Request
trip
Flight
failed
Car
canceled
Hotel
canceled
Perform undo
(cancel car booking)
Perform undo
(cancel hotel)
The danger is that it's very easy to make
nicely decoupled systems with event
notification, without realizing that you're
losing sight of that larger-scale flow, and
thus set yourself up for trouble in future
years.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/201701-event-driven.html
The danger is that it's very easy to make
nicely decoupled systems with event
notification, without realizing that you're
losing sight of that larger-scale flow, and
thus set yourself up for trouble in future
years.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/201701-event-driven.html
The danger is that it's very easy to make
nicely decoupled systems with event
notification, without realizing that you're
losing sight of that larger-scale flow, and
thus set yourself up for trouble in future
years.
https://martinfowler.com/articles/201701-event-driven.html
Classical example
Saga
book
hotel
book
car
book
flight
cancel
hotel
cancel
car
1. 2. 3.
5.6.
In case of failure
trigger compensations
book
trip
If your transaction involves 2 to 4 steps,
choreography might be a very good fit.
However, this approach can rapidly become confusing
if you keep adding extra steps in your transaction
as it is difficult to track which services listen to
which events. Moreover, it also might add a cyclic
dependency between services as they have to
subscribe to one another’s events.
Denis Rosa
Couchbase
https://blog.couchbase.com/saga-pattern-implement-business-transactions-using-microservices-part/
Microservice pioneers
have become aware
Implementing changes in the process
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
Trip
failed
Trip
requested
Hotel
booked
Car
booked
Request
trip
Flight
failed
Car
canceled
Hotel
canceled
We have a new basic agreement
with the car rental agency and
can cancel for free within 1 hour
– do that first!
Implementing changes in the process
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
Trip
failed
Trip
requested
Hotel
booked
Car
booked
Request
trip
Flight
failed
Car
canceled
Hotel
canceled
You have to adjust all services and redeploy at the same time!
We have a new basic agreement
with the car rental agency and
can cancel for free within 1 hour
– do that first!
Photo by born1945, available under Creative Commons BY 2.0 license.
What we wanted
Photo by Lijian Zhang, available under Creative Commons SA 2.0 License and Pedobear19 / CC BY-SA 4.0
Orchestration
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
Trip
booked
Request
trip
Book
hotel
Hotel
booked
Car
booked
Flight
booked
Book
car
Book
flight
Orchestration
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
Trip
booked
Request
trip
Book
hotel
Hotel
booked
Car
booked
Flight
booked
Book
car
Book
flight
We have a new basic agreement
with the car rental agency and
can cancel for free within 1 hour
– do that first!
You have to adjust one service and redeploy only this one!
Describe orchestration with BPMN
Trip
Trip
booked
Request
trip
The workflow is part of the service
Trip
The workflow is part of the service
Trip
Payment
The workflow is part of the service
Trip
Payment
Workflow engine itself can run
decentralized or centralized
Caitie McCaffrey | @caitie
Saga Execution Coordinator (SEC)
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
Trip
booked
Request
trip
SEC
Saga Execution Coordinator (SEC)
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
SEC Requirement:
Resilient and scalable
Owned by
executed by
Saga Execution Coordinator (SEC)
Hotel
Flight
Car
Trip
SEC Requirement:
SEC is resilient and scalable
„Can this really handle 15k
requests per second?“
Lost in transaction - Strategies to deal with (in)consistency in distributed systems
Lost in transaction - Strategies to deal with (in)consistency in distributed systems
Graphical models?
Clemens Vasters
Architect at Microsoft
http://vasters.com/archive/Sagas.html
Clemens Vasters
Architect at Microsoft
http://vasters.com/archive/Sagas.html
Clemens Vasters
Architect at Microsoft
http://vasters.com/archive/Sagas.html
BPMN
Business Process
Model and Notation
ISO Standard
Living documentation for long-running behaviour
Visual HTML reports for test cases
BizDevOps
Saga with AWS Step Functions
https://theburningmonk.com/2017/07/applying-the-
saga-pattern-with-aws-lambda-and-step-functions/
Visibility gets easy when you know where to look
Thoughts on the state machine | workflow engine market
Thoughts on the state machine | workflow engine market
OSS Workflow or
Orchestration Engines
Stack Vendors,
Pure Play BPMS
Low Code Platforms
Homegrown frameworks
to scratch an itch
Integration Frameworks
Cloud Offerings
Uber, Netflix, AirBnb, ING, … AWS Step Functions,
Azure Durable Functions, …
Camunda, Zeebe, jBPM,
Activiti, Mistral, …
PEGA, IBM, SAG, …
Apache Airflow,
Spring Data Flow, …
Apache Camel,
Balerina, …
Data
Pipelines
Does it support stateful operations?
Does it support the necessary flow logic?
Does it support BizDevOps?
Does it scale?
My personal pro-tip for a shortlist ;-)
OSS Workflow or
Orchestration Engines
Stack Vendors,
Pure Play BPMS
Low Code Platforms
Homegrown frameworks
to scratch an itch
Integration Frameworks
Cloud Offerings
Data
Pipelines
Camunda & Zeebe
Recap
• Grown ups don‘t use distributed transactions
but eventual consistency
• Idempotency is super important in distributed systems
• Some consistency challenges require state
• Know some strategies
• Stateful retry & cleanup
• Saga / Compensation
• Apologies
Thank you!
bernd.ruecker@camunda.com
@berndruecker
https://bernd-ruecker.com
https://blog.bernd-ruecker.com
https://github.com/flowing
https://www.infoq.com/articles/events-
workflow-automation
With thoughts from http://flowing.io
@berndruecker | @martinschimak
Contact:
Slides:
Blog:
Code:
https://www.infoworld.com/article/3254777/
application-development/
3-common-pitfalls-of-microservices-
integrationand-how-to-avoid-them.html
https://thenewstack.io/5-workflow-automation-
use-cases-you-might-not-have-considered/
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